Global Vertical Distribution of Water Vapor on Mars: Results From 3.5 Years of ExoMars-TGO/NOMAD Science Operations.

We present water vapor vertical distributions on Mars retrieved from 3.5 years of solar occultation measurements by Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which reveal a strong contrast between aphelion and perihelion water climates. In equinox periods, most of water vapor is confined into the low-middle latitudes. In aphelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the northern polar cap is confined into very low altitudes-water vapor mixing ratios observed at the 0-5 km lower boundary of measurement decrease by an order of magnitude at the approximate altitudes of 15 and 30 km for the latitudes higher than 50°N and 30-50°N, respectively. The vertical confinement of water vapor at northern middle latitudes around aphelion is more pronounced in the morning terminators than evening, perhaps controlled by the diurnal cycle of cloud formation. Water vapor is also observed over the low latitude regions in the aphelion southern hemisphere (0-30°S) mostly below 10-20 km, which suggests north-south transport of water still occurs. In perihelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the southern polar cap directly reaches high altitudes (>80 km) over high southern latitudes, suggesting more effective transport by the meridional circulation without condensation. We show that heating during perihelion, sporadic global dust storms, and regional dust storms occurring annually around 330° of solar longitude (L S) are the main events to supply water vapor to the upper atmosphere above 70 km.

Fascitis nodular de localización mamaria / Nodular fasciitis of the breast

La fascitis nodular es una neoplasia fibrosa autolimitada, que a menudo se confunde con un sarcoma debido a su rápido crecimiento y a su alta celularidad e índice mitótico. Se caracteriza por lesiones solitarias generalmente localizadas en fascias superficiales o profundas de tejidos blandos, sobre todo en las extremidades superiores y tronco de adultos jóvenes. La fascitis nodular de localización mamaria es excepcional y tanto clínica como radiológicamente puede simular un carcinoma mamario. Describimos los hallazgos clínicos, radiológicos e histopatológicos de un caso de fascitis nodular de localización mamaria en una mujer de 69 años de edad, que se inició con una tumoración palpable en unión de cuadrantes superiores de mama derecha de aparición brusca y rápido crecimiento. La biopsia percutánea caracteriza la lesión. Se realizó biopsia escisional, confirmándose el diagnóstico

Nodular fasciitis is a self-limiting fibrous neoplasm that is often mistaken for a sarcoma due to its rapid growth, cellularity and mitotic activity. It commonly arises in the superficial or deep fascia of the soft tissue, mostly in the upper extremities and trunk of young to middle-aged adults. In the breast, although rare, it can clinically and radiologically mimic a malignant neoplasm. We describe the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings of a case of nodular fasciitis located in the breast in a 69-year-old woman who presented with a palpable mass in the junction of the upper quadrants of the right breast. The mass showed abrupt onset and rapid growth. The lesion was characterized by core biopsy and the diagnosis was confirmed by excisional biopsy

La fiebre intraparto como factor predictivo de parto distócico y resultado neonatal adverso / Intrapartum fever as a predictive factor of dystocic delivery and adverse neonatal outcome

La fiebre intraparto tiene una prevalencia del 10-34%. Se asocia a anestesia epidural, parto prolongado, aumento de partos instrumentales y cesáreas. Estudiamos a 696 mujeres con fiebre intraparto de las 2431 que parieron en nuestro hospital en el año 2011. Las dividimos en 2 grupos en función de que su temperatura sea mayor (o igual) o menor de 38 °C. Analizamos las características del parto y del recién nacido en ambos grupos. La incidencia de fiebre ha sido del 17,4%. En el grupo de fiebre intraparto observamos un trabajo de parto significativamente más largo, el doble de partos instrumentales y 3 veces más de cesáreas. No se observaron diferencias en el test de Apgar ni en el pH de cordón de los recién nacidos

Intrapartum fever has a prevalence of 10-34%. It is associated with epidural analgesia, prolonged labor and an increased incidence of assisted vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery. Of a total of 2431 women who delivered in our hospital in 2011, we studied 696 women with intrapartum fever. They were divided into two groups according to whether their temperature was 38 °C or higher, or was lower than 38 °C. We analyzed the characteristics of the delivery and the newborn in both groups. The incidence of fever was 17.4%. In the intrapartum fever group, labor was significantly longer than in the group without fever, and there were twice as many assisted vaginal deliveries and three times as many cesarean deliveries. There were no differences in the Apgar test or umbilical cord Ph

Riesgo de invasión en carcinoma in situ de mama diagnosticado por biopsia percutánea: estudio retrospectivo / Risk of invasion in breast ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosed by percutaneous biopsy: Retrospective study

Objetivo: El propósito de nuestro estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo de enfermedad invasiva en la anatomía patológica final en pacientes con un diagnóstico inicial de carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) de mama. Métodos: Revisamos retrospectivamente a 188 pacientes estudiadas durante un periodo de 8 años, del 2004 al 2011, con un diagnóstico de CDIS mediante biopsia percutánea. Correlacionamos distintas características clínicas, mamográficas e histológicas con la presencia de invasión tras la escisión. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los casos con o sin invasión respecto a la edad de las pacientes, presencia de calcificaciones, tamaño de lesión, grado nuclear o presencia de necrosis. Los factores de riesgo de invasión fueron la presencia de lesión palpable o de masa en la mamografía. Conclusiones: Las pacientes con lesiones mamarias palpables o masas en la mamografía diagnosticadas de CDIS por biopsia percutánea tienen mayor riesgo de presentar invasión tras la escisión

Objective: To determine risk factors for a pathological diagnosis of invasive disease in patients with an initial diagnosis of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Methods: A total of 188 patients with a diagnosis of DCIS by core needle biopsy over an 8-year period from 2004 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. A variety of clinical, mammographic and histologic features were correlated with the presence of invasion at excision. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between patients with and without invasion in patient age, the presence of calcifications, size of the lesion, nuclear grade, or the presence of necrosis. Risk factors for invasion were a palpable lesion and a mass on mammography. Conclusion: Patients with palpable breast lesions or a mass on mammography diagnosed as DCIS on core needle biopsy are at increased risk for invasion at excision

An extremely high-altitude plume seen at Mars' morning terminator.

The Martian limb (that is, the observed 'edge' of the planet) represents a unique window into the complex atmospheric phenomena occurring there. Clouds of ice crystals (CO2 ice or H2O ice) have been observed numerous times by spacecraft and ground-based telescopes, showing that clouds are typically layered and always confined below an altitude of 100 kilometres; suspended dust has also been detected at altitudes up to 60 kilometres during major dust storms. Highly concentrated and localized patches of auroral emission controlled by magnetic field anomalies in the crust have been observed at an altitude of 130 kilometres. Here we report the occurrence in March and April 2012 of two bright, extremely high-altitude plumes at the Martian terminator (the day-night boundary) at 200 to 250 kilometres or more above the surface, and thus well into the ionosphere and the exosphere. They were spotted at a longitude of about 195° west, a latitude of about -45° (at Terra Cimmeria), extended about 500 to 1,000 kilometres in both the north-south and east-west directions, and lasted for about 10 days. The features exhibited day-to-day variability, and were seen at the morning terminator but not at the evening limb, which indicates rapid evolution in less than 10 hours and a cyclic behaviour. We used photometric measurements to explore two possible scenarios and investigate their nature. For particles reflecting solar radiation, clouds of CO2-ice or H2O-ice particles with an effective radius of 0.1 micrometres are favoured over dust. Alternatively, the plume could arise from auroral emission, of a brightness more than 1,000 times that of the Earth's aurora, over a region with a strong magnetic anomaly where aurorae have previously been detected. Importantly, both explanations defy our current understanding of Mars' upper atmosphere.

Hematoma de mama que simula un cáncer y cáncer de mama que debuta con hematoma / Breast hematoma mimicking carcinoma and breast carcinoma presenting as a hematoma

Algunas lesiones benignas de la mama, como los hematomas, pueden presentarse en la mamografía como lesiones espiculadas y mal definidas sugestivas de malignidad y, por otro lado, lesiones malignas ocultas pueden producir un sangrado y presentarse clínicamente como hematomas de mama. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con una lesión mamográfica sugestiva de carcinoma y en la que los estudios posteriores revelaron la presencia de un hematoma de mama y el caso de otra paciente con un hematoma de mama en el contexto de un tratamiento anticoagulante que requirió drenaje quirúrgico, momento en el que se reveló una aparente lesión maligna subyacente que se confirmó histológicamente

Some benign breast lesions, such as hematoma, may present mammographically asa speculated or ill-defined mass mimicking a carcinoma. Equally, an unknown malignant lesion can bleed and appear clinically as a breast hematoma. We report the cases of two patients: the first patient had a mammographic lesion suggestive of carcinoma that was later revealed to be a breast hematoma. The second patient, who was receiving anticoagulant therapy, had a breast hematoma that required surgical drainage. Surgery revealed an apparently malignant underlying lesion. The malignancy was confirmed by histological analysis

Adenoma de pezón: a propósito de un caso / Adenoma of the nipple: Report of a case

El adenoma de pezón es un tumor benigno poco frecuente de la mujer de mediana edad. Presentamos el caso de un adenoma de pezón y describimos los aspectos clínicos, los procedimientos diagnósticos y el tratamiento

Adenoma of the nipple is an uncommon benign neoplasm occurring in middle-aged women. We present a case of adenoma of the nipple and describe the clinical features, diagnostic procedures and therapy

Quiste de inclusión epidérmica gigante de localización mamaria / Large epidermoid cyst of the breast

Epidermoid cysts are located mainly in the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk andare usually small and asymptomatic. Localization in the breast parenchyma is rare and these cysts may become malignant. We report the case of a 23-year-old breastfeeding woman who presented with a lump protruding from her right breast that grew to more than 10 cm. The diagnosis of epidermal inclusion cyst was confirmed by the pathological examination. Although distinguishing between an epidermoid cyst and a malignant tumor can sometimes be difficult, surgical excision is justified because these cysts can undergo malignant transformation. We discuss images of the breast and surgical specimen of this case and review the literature on the topic

Los quistes epidérmicos se localizan principalmente en el tejido subcutáneo del tronco, y generalmente son pequeños y asintomáticos. Es rara su localización en el parénquima mamario y pueden ser el origen de un proceso patológico maligno. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 23 años en periodo de lactancia, que consulta por presentar una tumoración grande que protruye en la cubierta cutánea mamaria derecha, alcanzando un tamaño superior a 10 cm. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico de quiste de inclusión epidérmica. Aunque a veces el quiste epidérmico es difícil de distinguir de un tumor maligno, la resección quirúrgica está justificada debido a su potencial de malignidad. Se presenta la iconografía de la mama, los especímenes quirúrgicos y se revisa la literatura

Paresia del vi par como primera manifestación de la DM Tipo 2 / VI cranial nerve palsy as a debut of DM type 2

Caso Clínico. Varón de 56 años sin antecedentes personales de interés, que acude a urgencias por diplopia brusca en la mirada horizontal. A la exploración oftalmológica sólo destaca una restricción a la levoversión en el ojo izquierdo (OI), sin alteraciones en la visión biomicroscopía o fundoscopia. La exploración neurológica y el TAC eran normales. No refería otros síntomas, pero en la analítica observamos una glucemia esporádica de 298 mg/dl y una HbA1c 11,7%, criterio diagnóstico de diabetes (DM) tipo 2, de la que fue tratado. Discusión. La DM es una enfermedad metabólica con alto riesgo cardiovascular, en especial para aquellos enfermos con factores de riesgo asociados. Mientras que la DM tipo 1 presenta sintomatología desde su comienzo diagnóstico, la tipo 2 puede pasar desapercibida. Las complicaciones agudas a destacar para estos enfermos son la cetoacidosis y el estado hiperglucémico hiperosmolar. Sin embargo la neuropatía periférica se trata de un infrecuente síntoma debut (AU)

Case Report. 56 year old male with no relevant past medical history. He came to the emergency department with sudden horizontal dyplopia. Ophthalmological examination only revealed a levoversion restriction in his left eye (OS), with no changes in his vision acuity, slit lamp examination or funduscopy. Neurological examination and CT scan were normal. He had no other symptoms, but the analytical observed glucose levels of 298 mg / dl and HbA1c 11.7%, which is a diagnostic criteria for diabetes (DM) type 2, and so he was treated. Discussion. DM is a metabolic disease with high cardiovascular risk, especially for those patients with associated risk factors. While diabetes type 1 has symptoms just after diagnosis, onset type 2 may go unnoticed. Acute complications are ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, however peripheral neuropathy is an uncommon symptom debut (AU)

Trombosis venosa ovárica bilateral idiopática / Idiopathic bilateral ovarian vein thrombosis

La trombosis de la vena ovárica es una afección poco frecuente asociada a estados de hipercoagulabilidad, generalmente en el período puerperal. Presentamos un caso de trombosis bilateral idiopática de la vena ovárica en una mujer con dolor abdominal bajo (AU)

Ovarian vein thrombosis is an uncommon condition associated with hypercoagulatedstatus, generally in the puerperal period. We report a case of idiopathic bilateral ovarian veinthrombosis in a woman with lower abdominal pain (AU)

Hiperplasia ductal atípica de mama: correlación de la biopsia percutánea y los resultados de la biopsia quirúrgica / Atypical ductal hyperplasia of the breast: correlation between the results of percutaneous biopsy and surgical biopsy

Objetivo El propósito fue evaluar la prevalencia del carcinoma hallado en la biopsia quirúrgica de lesiones identificadas como una hiperplasia ductal atípica en la biopsia percutánea de mama. Método Presentamos un estudio retrospectivo de todas las pacientes asintomáticas que tuvieron una hiperplasia ductal atípica en la biopsia percutánea de mama y fueron sometidas a una escisión quirúrgica entre enero de 2002 y diciembre de 2010.ResultadosSesenta y ocho pacientes fueron diagnosticadas de hiperplasia ductal atípica en la biopsia de mama percutánea y fueron evaluadas con una biopsia quirúrgica. Diecisiete (25%) pacientes tuvieron un carcinoma tras la escisión quirúrgica, 10 tuvieron un carcinoma in situ y 7 pacientes un carcinoma invasivo. Analizamos las características mamográficas asociadas a malignidad. Conclusiones El hallazgo de una hiperplasia atípica en la biopsia percutánea de mama es una indicación para la escisión quirúrgica porque frecuentemente corresponde a un cáncer (AU)

Objetive The purpose was to evaluate the prevalence of carcinoma found at surgical biopsy of llesions identified as atypical ductal hyperplasia by percutaneous breast biopsy. Methods We performed a retrospective study of all asymptomatic patients with a result of atypical ductal hyperplasia on percutaneous breast biopsy and who underwent surgical excision from January 2002 to December 2010.ResultsSixty-eight patients were found to have atypical ductal hyperplasia at percutaneous breast biopsy and were evaluated with surgical biopsy. Seventeen patients (25%) had carcinoma at surgical excision, 10 had ductal carcinoma in situ, and 7 patients had invasive carcinoma. The mammographic characteristics associated with malignancy were analyzed. Conclusions A finding of atypical ductal hyperplasia at percutaneous breast biopsy frequently corresponds to cancer and is therefore an indication for surgical excision (AU)

Hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa de la mama (HEPA): estudio clínico, radiológico y patológico de 4 casos / Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast: a clinical, radiologic and pathological study of 4 cases

Generalmente afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva, aunque se ha descrito en pacientes entre 12 y 75 años. Suele presentarse como un hallazgo incidental en el estudio histológico tras cirugía por patología benigna o maligna, aunque ocasionalmente su presentación clínica es como una tumoración mamaria indolora, simulando un fibroadenoma. La biopsia percutánea ecoguiada permite detectar la naturaleza de la lesión y descartar patología maligna, como el angiosarcoma de bajo grado. La hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa (HEPA) es una lesión mamaria poco frecuente, de carácter benigno. Se caracteriza por un sobrecrecimiento benigno de tejido conectivo fibroso que produce numerosos espacios que semejan estructuras vasculares. Se describe una serie de cuatro casos con diferente presentación clínica. Los dos primeros se manifestaron como una tumoración mamaria palpable, única e indolora, el tercero fue un hallazgo histopatológico en la pieza quirúrgica de una cuadrantectomía, realizada como tratamiento de un carcinoma intraductal mamario y el cuarto caso fue en un varón diagnosticado de ginecomastia unilateral (AU)

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a rare benign breast lesion, characterized by a benign overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue of the breast, which produces numerous spaces resembling vascular structures. This entity most commonly affects premenopausal women but cases have been described at all ages ranging from 12 to 75 years. PASH is usually an incidental histological finding after surgery for benign or malignant tumors but may also present as a mass or painless nodule mimicking fibroadenoma. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy allows the type of lesion to be determined and malignancies, such as low grade angiosarcoma, to be excluded. We report four new cases of PASH with distinct clinical presentations. The first two cases presented as a single painless breast mass, the third as anincidental finding in the surgical specimen from a quadrantectomy performed for an intraductal breast carcinoma, and the fourth case occurred in a man with unilateral gynecomastia (AU)

Adenopatía intramamaria metastásica como única manifestación de carcinoma mamario / Metastatic intramammary lymph node as the only manifestation of breast carcinoma

En el 5% de los estudios mamográficos de cribado se detectan adenopatías intramamarias. La ausencia de centro graso, la pérdida del hilio ganglionar, un tamaño superior al centímetro o un crecimiento con respecto a controles previos son motivos suficientes para realizar un estudio histológico de la adenopatía, con el objetivo de descartar enfermedad tumoral. A pesar del avance en los estudios radiológicos de cribado y el empleo generalizado de la técnica de biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela en el tratamiento quirúrgico del carcinoma mamario precoz, el hallazgo de adenopatías intramamarias afectadas por tumor, en el carcinoma de mama infiltrante es generalmente un hallazgo casual durante la cirugía o en el subsiguiente exámen an atomopatológico. En la actualidad existe controversia en cuanto al manejo quirúrgico de la axila ante el hallazgo de una adenopatía intramamaria metastásica. Independientemente, tanto del manejo quirúrgico de la axila, como de la presencia o no de afectación tumoral ganglionar axilar, la afectación metastásica de una adenopatía intramamaria cambia no sólo el pronóstico de la paciente sino también la actitud en cuanto a terapia adyuvante (AU)

Abstract Intramammary lymph nodes are detected in 5% of screening mammographies. Suffi-cient grounds for histological examination to exclude malignancy are the absence of the hilarfatty radiolucent notch, a reduction in the volume of the central echogenic hilum, size greater than 1 cm or an increase in size compared with previous screens. Despite advances in radiological screening and the widespread use of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the surgical treatment of early breast carcinoma, breast cancer metastasis to intramammary lymph nodes is usually an incidental finding during surgery or in subsequent histological examination. The surgical treatment of the axilla in cases of metastatic intramammary lymph nodes is currently controversial. Independently of the surgical management of the axilla and the presence or absence of metastatic axillary lymph node, a finding of a metastatic intramammary lymph node changes not only the patient’s prognosis but also the approach to the use of adjuvant therapy (AU)

Urinary tract injury in gynecologic surgery

Fueron analizadas retrospectivamente 27 pacientes con lesiones del tracto urinario tras cirugía ginecológica durante el periodo de estudio desde el 1 de enero de 2001 al 31 de diciembre de 2009, considerando tipo y momento de la lesión, métodos diagnósticos y manejo de las fístulas urinarias. En los 6276 procedimientos de cirugía ginecológica realizados, sucedieron 27 lesiones urológicas, lo cual supuso una incidencia de 0,43%, incluyendo 12 lesiones ureterales y 15 lesiones vesicales, con una incidencia de 0,19% y 0,24% respectivamente. Las lesiones del tracto urinario fueron diagnosticadas intraoperatoriamente en 15 pacientes (55,5%) y en el postoperatorio en 12 pacientes (44,5%). Las fístulas urinarias aparecieron en 9 pacientes (33%).La mayor parte de las lesiones del tracto urinario secundarias a la cirugía ginecológica tuvieron un resultado óptimo cuando se diagnosticaron temprano y se manejaron correctamente (AU)

We retrospectively analyzed 27 patients with urinary tract injuries who underwent gynecologic surgery from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2009. The type and timing of injury, diagnostic methods and management of urinary fistulas were evaluated.Twenty-seven urological injuries were incurred during 6,276 gynecologic surgical procedures, representing an incidence of 0.43%. There were 12 urethral injuries and 15 bladder injuries, with an incidence of 0.19% and 0.24%, respectively. Urinary tract injury was diagnosed intraoperatively in 15 patients (55.5%) and postoperatively in 12 (44.5%). Urinary fistulas occurred in nine patients (33%).Most of the urinary tract injuries occurring in gynecologic surgery had optimal results when diagnosed early and managed correctly (AU)

Dehiscencia de la pared abdominal y evisceración en cirugía ginecológica / Abdominal wound dehiscence and evisceration in gynecologic surgery

Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con evisceración tratadas en los últimos 9 años. Entre las 3.276 pacientes con patología ginecológica que se sometieron a laparotomía, fueron detectadas 13 evisceraciones. La edad media fue de 66 años. El diagnóstico fue de cáncer ginecológico en 9 pacientes. La cirugía tuvo carácter urgente en 2 pacientes. El hallazgo clínico más frecuente fue el manchado del apósito. La duración media de estancia en el hospital fue de 27 días. Una paciente falleció como consecuencia de la evisceración. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes en nuestra serie fueron la edad superior a 65 años, el cáncer ginecológico, la obesidad exógena y la diabetes. Ya que los factores de riesgo pueden ser previstos, cuando varios se agrupan, deberíamos utilizar refuerzo en el cierre de la pared abdominal (AU)

We performed a retrospective study of patients with evisceration treated in the previous 9 years. Among 3276 patients with gynecologic diseases who underwent laparotomy, 13 eviscerations were detected. The mean age was 66 years. Diagnosis was gynecologic cancer in nine patients. Emergency surgery was performed in two patients. The main clinical finding was staining of the dressing. The mean length of hospital stay was 27 days. One patient died as a result of the evisceration. The most frequent risk factors in our series were age greater than 65 years, gynecologic cancer, exogenous obesity, and diabetes. Because these risk factors can be predicted, when several are grouped together, reinforcement should be used when closing the abdominal wall (AU)

Mars environment and magnetic orbiter scientific and measurement objectives.

In this paper, we summarize our present understanding of Mars' atmosphere, magnetic field, and surface and address past evolution of these features. Key scientific questions concerning Mars' surface, atmosphere, and magnetic field, along with the planet's interaction with solar wind, are discussed. We also define what key parameters and measurements should be performed and the main characteristics of a martian mission that would help to provide answers to these questions. Such a mission--Mars Environment and Magnetic Orbiter (MEMO)--was proposed as an answer to the Cosmic Vision Call of Opportunity as an M-class mission (corresponding to a total European Space Agency cost of less than 300 Meuro). MEMO was designed to study the strong interconnection between the planetary interior, atmosphere, and solar conditions, which is essential to our understanding of planetary evolution, the appearance of life, and its sustainability. The MEMO main platform combined remote sensing and in situ measurements of the atmosphere and the magnetic field during regular incursions into the martian upper atmosphere. The micro-satellite was designed to perform simultaneous in situ solar wind measurements. MEMO was defined to conduct: * Four-dimensional mapping of the martian atmosphere from the surface up to 120 km by measuring wind, temperature, water, and composition, all of which would provide a complete view of the martian climate and photochemical system; Mapping of the low-altitude magnetic field with unprecedented geographical, altitude, local time, and seasonal resolutions; A characterization of the simultaneous responses of the atmosphere, magnetic field, and near-Mars space to solar variability by means of in situ atmospheric and solar wind measurements.

A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express.

The upper atmosphere of a planet is a transition region in which energy is transferred between the deeper atmosphere and outer space. Molecular emissions from the upper atmosphere (90-120 km altitude) of Venus can be used to investigate the energetics and to trace the circulation of this hitherto little-studied region. Previous spacecraft and ground-based observations of infrared emission from CO2, O2 and NO have established that photochemical and dynamic activity controls the structure of the upper atmosphere of Venus. These data, however, have left unresolved the precise altitude of the emission owing to a lack of data and of an adequate observing geometry. Here we report measurements of day-side CO2 non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission at 4.3 microm, extending from 90 to 120 km altitude, and of night-side O2 emission extending from 95 to 100 km. The CO2 emission peak occurs at approximately 115 km and varies with solar zenith angle over a range of approximately 10 km. This confirms previous modelling, and permits the beginning of a systematic study of the variability of the emission. The O2 peak emission happens at 96 km +/- 1 km, which is consistent with three-body recombination of oxygen atoms transported from the day side by a global thermospheric sub-solar to anti-solar circulation, as previously predicted.

South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole.

Venus has no seasons, slow rotation and a very massive atmosphere, which is mainly carbon dioxide with clouds primarily of sulphuric acid droplets. Infrared observations by previous missions to Venus revealed a bright 'dipole' feature surrounded by a cold 'collar' at its north pole. The polar dipole is a 'double-eye' feature at the centre of a vast vortex that rotates around the pole, and is possibly associated with rapid downwelling. The polar cold collar is a wide, shallow river of cold air that circulates around the polar vortex. One outstanding question has been whether the global circulation was symmetric, such that a dipole feature existed at the south pole. Here we report observations of Venus' south-polar region, where we have seen clouds with morphology much like those around the north pole, but rotating somewhat faster than the northern dipole. The vortex may extend down to the lower cloud layers that lie at about 50 km height and perhaps deeper. The spectroscopic properties of the clouds around the south pole are compatible with a sulphuric acid composition.

Tratamiento conservador del embarazo ectópico cornual / Conservative treatment of cornual ectopic pregnancy

El embarazo cornual es una forma infrecuente de embarazo ectópico. El uso de la ecografía vaginal permite hacer un diagnóstico temprano y realizar un tratamiento conservador con metotrexato. La histeroscopia se puede utilizar como técnica complementaria en el seguimiento de estas pacientes. Presentamos 3 casos de embarazo ectópico cornual atendidos en nuestro hospital en el plazo de un año. La introducción de la ecografía vaginal permite hacer un diagnóstico temprano de este tipo de embarazos y plantear un tratamiento conservador con metotrexato, si la situación hemodinámica de la paciente lo permite. De los 3 casos que presentamos, 2 tuvieron una evolución favorable con metotrexato. En el tercer caso se produjo una rotura uterina a pesar del metotrexato y fue necesario realizar una resección cornual de urgencia

Cornual pregnancy is and infrequent type of ectopic pregnancy. With the use of transvaginal ultrasounds we can make an earlier diagnostic and try a conservative treatment with metotrexate. The hysteroscopy can be used as a complementary technique in the following of these patients. We present three cases of cornual ectopic pregnancies diagnosticated in our hospital during a year. With the use of transvaginal ultrasound we can made and early diagnosis and a conservative treatment with methotrexate if the hemodinamyc situation of de patient is good. In two of the cases we observed a satisfactory evolution with the methotrexate. In the third case there was a rupture in the uterus in addition of the methotrexate, and an emergency surgery was needed

Sistemade gestión de la prevención en el manejo de fármacos citostáticos / Prevention management system in the handling of cytostatics

El peligro para los profesionales de la salud que manejan fármacos citotóxicosderiva de la combinación de su toxicidad inherente y del alcancede la exposición.La preparación, administración y eliminación de los fármacos citostáticospuede conllevar la exposición de diversos profesionales de la salud, sinembargo, hay numerosas investigaciones que establecen que el profesionalde Enfermería presenta el mayor riesgo de exposición durante el transcursode sus tareas, en particular durante la preparación del fármaco.La ejecución de un sistema de gestión de la prevención, de acuerdo conlas recomendaciones de la Norma OHSAS 18001(Sistemas de Gestiónde la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional), proporciona la base para que lasorganizaciones pongan en marcha medidas específicas que ayuden a reducirel riesgo, identificando y actuando sobre los peligros relacionadoscon el manejo de fármacos citostáticos.En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta para el desarrollo de un Sistemade Gestión de la Prevención en el Manejo de los Fármacos Citostáticos,que incluye los objetivos del mismo y el programa de actuación

The danger for healthcare professionals who handle cytotoxic drugs derivesfrom the combination of their inherent toxicity and the extent ofthe exposure.The preparation, administration and elimination of cytostatics can entailthe exposure of different healthcare professionals; however, there areseveral research works establishing that the nursing professional runs ahigher risk of exposure during the performance of their tasks, particularlyduring the preparation of the drug.The execution of a prevention management system, in accordance withthe recommendations of the OHSAS 18001 Regulation (OccupationalHealth and Safety Management Scheme), provide the basis for organisationsto start specific measures that help reduce risk, identifying and actingon the dangers that have to do with the management of cytostatics.This paper presents a proposal for the development of a Prevention ManagementSystem for Handling Cytostatics, including the objectives ofsuch system and an action plan