A new scale for comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in Alzheimer's disease.

The Dementia Signs and Symptoms (DSS) Scale documents non-cognitive signs and symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, depression, mania, and behavioral disturbances) in dementia. Patients, informants, and a clinical examiner rated signs and symptoms over the preceding month. Fifty-six Alzheimer's disease patients were administered the DSS, the BEHAVE-AD, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, the Young Mania Rating Scales, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale. DSS subscale scores correlated with corresponding scale scores, confirming construct validity. The DSS subscales were internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha, 0.3 7-0.75) and interrater reliability was high (ICC, 0.92-0.99).

Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway in human astrocytes and gliomas.

Several aspects of the regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway were examined in cultured normal human cortical astrocytes and gliomas of pathological grades I-IV. The generation of radiolabeled CO2 from [1-14C]glucose by the oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway is a saturable process and has a maximum flux rate of 8-9 nmol/hr/mg cell protein. The flux can be blocked by the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetamide but is unaffected by agents which inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. The magnitude of the pentose phosphate flux is directly related to the glioma grade. Grade IV gliomas (glioblastoma) show a pentose phosphate flux rate of approximately 4% of the total glucose flux. The flux rate can be increased by pharmacological agents which decrease the NADPH/NADP+ ratio. Both the activity and the regulation of glioma glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) are altered in high-grade gliomas. While the affinity constants for cofactors in whole homogenates were not significantly different in glioma or normal astrocyte homogenates, normal astrocytes have a lower Km for glucose-6-phosphate and a G6PDH activity which is 10-fold greater than that of gliomas. NADPH is a powerful regulator of G6PDH activity in the normal astrocytes and in gliomas. At a NADPH/NADP+ ratio of 7:1 the normal astrocyte G6PDH is entirely inhibited, while the glioma enzyme is only 70% inhibited even at a ratio of 20:1. Increased metabolic flux through the oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway is apparently due to an altered form of G6PDH.

Enzymes of glucose metabolism in cultured human gliomas: neoplasia is accompanied by altered hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels.

The enzymes of glycolysis and selected enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathways were measured by fluorometric methods in extracts prepared from cultures of normal cortical human astrocytes and from cultures derived from low-grade (II) or high-grade (IV) gliomas. The hexokinase and phosphofructokinase levels of the low-grade glioma-derived line were not significantly different from those of the normal astrocyte cultures. However, the activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase were consistently and significantly increased in the high-grade glioma-derived lines. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly decreased in all glioma-derived lines and by more than 90% in the high-grade-derived lines. Other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway were not significantly different from those of normal astrocytes, or they showed a variation inconsistently related to the neoplastic state. Glucose flux is not apparently regulated to a significant degree of hexokinase in glioma-derived lines, since the measured Vmax values are in substantial excess over the measured flux rates. Reversible binding of hexokinase to the particulate fraction was observed in both the normal astrocytes cultures and the high-grade glioma-derived lines. A twofold displacement of particulate hexokinase by ATP, ADP, 1-O-methylglucose, sorbitol-6-phosphate, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP was observed in the high-grade glioma-derived lines. The degree of displacement by various agents and the basal ratio of free/bound was not significantly different between the transformers and the nontransformants. The hexokinase from both the gliomas and the normal astrocytes was noncompetitively inhibited by the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Phosphofructokinase activity is close to the observed glucose flux rates in both the normal astrocyte and the glioma-derived cultures. The phosphofructokinase activity of normal astrocytes is activated twofold or more by ADP, AMP, fructose-2,6-diphosphate, and Pi. However, these same ligands activate phosphofructokinase by less than twofold in a typical high-grade glioma-derived line. ATP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and citrate inhibit glioma and normal astrocytic phosphofructokinase, but the magnitude of the inhibition is much less than in the glioma-derived lines.

Glucose metabolism in human gliomas: correspondence of in situ and in vitro metabolic rates and altered energy metabolism.

The rates of disappearance of glucose from the medium of 13 human glioma-derived cell lines and one cultured of normal human cortical astrocytes were determined by fluorometric techniques. High-grade glioma-derived cultures showed a range of glucose consumption between 1 and 5 nmol/min/mg protein. Normal astrocyte cultures and cultures derived from grades I-III gliomas had a glucose consumption rate of 2-3 nmol/min/mg protein. Seven high-grade glioma lines were derived from surgical samples taken from patients who had been scanned by 18F-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron computed tomography. The rate of glucose consumption in these high-grade glioma-derived lines was close to the maximum local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglc) measured in situ in the tumors from which the cultures were derived. In cultured glioma-derived lines, approximately one-half of the glucose consumed was recovered as lactate and pyruvate, suggesting a reliance of glioma cells on aerobic glycolysis. ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels were variable in the glioma-derived lines, and ATP was lower in the glioma-derived lines than in the normal astrocytes. Levels and regulation of glycogen differed significantly among the various glioma-derived cell lines. Glycogen content did not diminish as glucose was consumed, suggesting that glycogen utilization is not tightly regulated by the glucose metabolic rate. These results suggest that human glioma-derived cell cultures (1) adequately reflect the metabolic capacity of gliomas in situ and (2) are significantly altered in several aspects of their glycolytic metabolism.