How the Sima de los Huesos was won.

Although the first discovery of a human fossil in the Sima de los Huesos took place in 1976, systematic excavations did not begin there until 1984. Since then, this site has been continuously excavated in month-long camps. The site is dated by different radiometric techniques to between 430,000 and 300,000 years ago. Until the 2023 campaign, just over 7000 human fossils have been recovered, constituting the largest collection of fossils prior to Homo sapiens ever discovered. The fossils correspond to a minimum of 29 individuals of both sexes and different ages at death, from preadolescents to a specimen of advanced age. Comparative anatomy and ancient DNA studies both suggest that this is a population closely related to Homo neanderthalensis. The great variety and extraordinary quality of the fossils recovered have allowed us to carry out a series of investigations that have greatly increased our knowledge about the evolution of Homo in the Middle Pleistocene. Among the most important discoveries, it has been possible to establish body size and proportions, the confirmation that the origin of the accumulation of human fossils was of an anthropic nature, that those past humans took care of disabled individuals and who were capable of having an oral language almost as complex and efficient as that of our own species.

Mapping sexual dimorphism signal in the human cranium.

The study of sexual dimorphism in human crania has important applications in the fields of human evolution and human osteology. Current, the identification of sex from cranial morphology relies on manual visual inspection of identifiable anatomical features, which can lead to bias due to user's expertise. We developed a landmark-based approach to automatically map the sexual dimorphism signal on the human cranium. We used a sex-known sample of 228 individuals from different geographical locations to identify which cranial regions are most sexually dimorphic taking into account shape, form and size. Our results, which align with standard protocols, show that glabellar and supraciliary regions, the mastoid process and the nasal region are the most sexually dimorphic traits (with an accuracy of 73%). The accuracy increased to 77% if they were considered together. Surprisingly the occipital external protuberance resulted to be not sexually dimorphic but mainly related to variations in size. Our approach here applied could be expanded to map other variable signals on skeletal morphology.

Mapping environmental crime to characterize human impacts on islands: an applied and methodological research in Canary Islands.

Environmental crimes are a global issue due to the damage they cause to landscapes and ecosystems. This study focused on characterizing environmental crimes in the Canary Islands (Spain). Four categories of environmental crimes related to construction, mining and tilling, solid waste, and liquid waste) were defined and analysed. A total of 28 databases were generated, corresponding to each of the 7 major islands and each environmental crime typology. Each database was linked to information on land use and the socioeconomic and physical characteristics of the territory. For each database, firstly a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted, followed by the generation of a regularized Random Forest model with the aim of identifying characteristics that may be related to the location of environmental crimes. The results showed that, in most cases, proximity to residential accommodations, agricultural areas and industrial zones act as the main explanatory features of the distribution of environmental crimes. Furthermore, a marked pattern of concentration of environmental crimes in the coastal belt of the islands was observed, mainly associated with urban-tourist development since the 1960s and 1970s.

Metabolomic profiling of glucose homeostasis in African Americans: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRAS-FS).

INTRODUCTION: African Americans are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to examine metabolomic signature of glucose homeostasis in African Americans. METHODS: We used an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic approach to comprehensively profile 727 plasma metabolites among 571 African Americans from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRAS-FS) and investigate the associations between these metabolites and both the dynamic (SI, insulin sensitivity; AIR, acute insulin response; DI, disposition index; and SG, glucose effectiveness) and basal (HOMA-IR and HOMA-B) measures of glucose homeostasis using univariate and regularized regression models. We also compared the results with our previous findings in the IRAS-FS Mexican Americans. RESULTS: We confirmed increased plasma metabolite levels of branched-chain amino acids and their metabolic derivatives, 2-aminoadipate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, glutamate, arginine and its metabolic derivatives, carbohydrate metabolites, and medium- and long-chain fatty acids were associated with insulin resistance, while increased plasma metabolite levels in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathway were associated with insulin sensitivity. We also observed a differential ancestral effect of glutamate on glucose homeostasis with significantly stronger effects observed in African Americans than those previously observed in Mexican Americans. CONCLUSION: We extended the observations that metabolites are useful biomarkers in the identification of prediabetes in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes in African Americans. We revealed, for the first time, differential ancestral effect of certain metabolites (i.e., glutamate) on glucose homeostasis traits. Our study highlights the need for additional comprehensive metabolomic studies in well-characterized multiethnic cohorts.

Relación entre discurso desorganizado, funciones cognitivas y funcionamiento social en personas con esquizofrenia / Relationship between disorganized speech, cognitive functions and social functioning in people with schizophrenia

La esquizofrenia comprende un gran abanico de disfunciones cognitivas, conductuales y emocionales; entre otras dificultades las personas con esquizofrenia muestran discurso desorganizado, también llamado trastorno formal del pensamiento o trastorno del discurso. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar y encontrar asociaciones entre el discurso desorganizado, la atención, la alteración cognitiva, y la relación que tienen con la gravedad y la funcionalidad social y adaptativa de los pacientes con esquizofrenia de evolución crónica que residen en una institución. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo correlacional y explicativo para la investigación, con 71 pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia crónica con diferentes escalas clínicas, escalas de evaluación cognitivas y escalas de funcionamiento social. Los resultados muestran que las personas con esquizofrenia tienen dificultades en todas las áreas evaluadas. Se observa que el habla desconectada o desorganizada correlaciona de manera positiva con la función cognitiva, la gravedad clínica y el funcionamiento social. Como conclusión, se observan una serie de asociaciones entre estas variables y es necesario tenerlas en cuenta para realizar una correcta intervención con esta población. (AU)

People with schizophrenia exhibit a wide range of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dysfunctions; among other difficulties, people with schizophrenia show disorganized speech, also called formal thought disorder or discourse disorder. The aim of this work is to analyze and find associations between disorganized speech, attention, cognitive impairment, and their relationship with the severity and social and adaptive functioning of patients with schizophrenia of chronic evolution living in an institution. A descriptive correlational and quantitative explanatory design is carried out with 71 patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia with different clinical scales, cognitive assessment scales and social functioning scales. The results show that people with schizophrenia have difficulties in all the areas assessed. Disconnected or disorganized speech is found to correlate positively with cognitive function, clinical severity, and social functioning. In conclusion, several associations between these variables are observed and need to be considered for proper intervention with this population. (AU)

Taphonomic skeletal disturbances in the Sima de los Huesos postcranial remains.

The postcranial skeleton of fossil hominins is crucial for reconstructing the processes that occurred between the time of death and the recovery of the bones. Thousands of postcranial skeletal fragments from at least 29 hominin individuals have been recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Spain. This study's primary objective is to address the main taphonomic features of the postcranial remains from the Sima de los Huesos sample, including antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem skeletal disturbances. We present an updated assessment of the bone surface modification analysis, the fracture pattern analysis, and the skeletal part representation to facilitate interpretation of the biostratinomic and fossil-diagenetic processes in this large paleoanthropological collection. We conclude that carnivores (probably bears) had limited access to the hominin bones and complete bodies were probably placed in the site.

The Neandertal nature of the Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos mandibles.

The recovery of additional mandibular fossils from the Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos (SH) site provides new insights into the evolutionary significance of this sample. In particular, morphological descriptions of the new adult specimens are provided, along with standardized metric data and phylogenetically relevant morphological features for the expanded adult sample. The new and more complete specimens extend the known range of variation in the Atapuerca (SH) mandibles in some metric and morphological details. In other aspects, the addition of new specimens has made it possible to confirm previous observations based on more limited evidence. Pairwise comparisons of individual metric variables revealed the only significant difference between the Atapuerca (SH) hominins and Neandertals was a more vertical symphysis in the latter. Similarly, principal components analysis of size-adjusted variables showed a strong similarity between the Atapuerca (SH) hominins and Neandertals. Morphologically, the Atapuerca (SH) mandibles show nearly the full complement of Neandertal-derived features. Nevertheless, the Neandertals differ from the Atapuerca (SH) mandibles in showing a high frequency of the H/O mandibular foramen, a truncated, thinned and inverted gonial margin, a high placement of the mylohyoid line at the level of the M3, a more vertical symphysis and somewhat more pronounced expression of the chin structures. Size-related morphological variation in the SH hominins includes larger retromolar spaces, more posterior placement of the lateral corpus structures, and stronger markings associated with the muscles of mastication in larger specimens. However, phylogenetically relevant features in the SH sample are fairly stable and do not vary with the overall size of the mandible. Direct comparison of the enlarged mandibular sample from Atapuerca (SH) with the Mauer mandible, the type specimen of H. heidelbergensis, reveals important differences from the SH hominins, and there is no morphological counterpart of Mauer within the SH sample, suggesting the SH fossils should not be assigned to this taxon. The Atapuerca (SH) mandibles show a greater number of derived Neandertal features, particularly those related to midfacial prognathism and in the configuration of the superior ramus, than other European middle Pleistocene specimens. This suggests that more than one evolutionary lineage co-existed in the middle Pleistocene, and, broadly speaking, it appears possible to separate the European middle Pleistocene mandibular remains into two distinct groupings. One group shows a suite of derived Neandertal features and includes specimens from the sites of Atapuerca (SH), Payre, l'Aubesier and Ehringsdorf. The other group includes specimens that generally lack derived Neandertal features and includes the mandibles from the sites of Mauer, Mala Balanica, Montmaurin and (probably) Visogliano. The two published Arago mandibles differ strongly from one another, with Arago 2 probably belonging to this former group, and Neandertal affinities being more difficult to identify in Arago 13. Outside of the SH sample, derived Neandertal features in the mandible only become more common during the second half of the middle Pleistocene. Acceptance of a cladogenetic pattern of evolution during the European middle Pleistocene has the potential to reconcile the predictions of the accretion model and the two phases model for the appearance of Neandertal morphology. The precise taxonomic classification of the SH hominins must contemplate features from the dentition, cranium, mandible and postcranial skeleton, all of which are preserved at the SH site. Nevertheless, the origin of the Neandertal clade may be tied to a speciation event reflected in the appearance of a suite of derived Neandertal features in the face, dentition and mandible, all of which are present in the Atapuerca (SH) hominins. This same suite of features also provides a useful anatomical basis to include other European middle Pleistocene mandibles and crania within the Neandertal clade.

Trastorno del lenguaje y vocabulario receptivo en pacientes con esquizofrenia de edad avanzada / Language disorder and receptive vocabulary in elderly patients with schizophreni

Objetivo: Estudiar las características del lenguaje y del vocabulario receptivo en 50 pacientes que padecen esquizofrenia y 5 que padecen trastorno esquizoafectivo, todos de evolución crónica. Método: Se sigue un diseño descriptivo correlacional y explicativo con un método de recogida de datos cuantitativo; se aplican la escala Thought, Language and Communication (TLC) y el test Peabody. Resultados: Los participantes tienen una media de 61.47 años (σ=8.00), llevan internados en el centro una media de 19.47años (σ=10.29). Con la TLC se evalúan dos dimensiones del trastorno del pensamiento: la hipoproductividad y la desconexión verbal. La desconexión correlaciona positivamente con el Peabody y los años de ingreso, mientras que la subproducción verbal correlaciona con años de ingreso y edad. El Peabody correlaciona con el grado de formación, con los años de ingreso y con la desconexión de TLC. Conclusiones Los participantes presentan alteraciones del lenguaje, particularmente pobreza del habla y desconexión verbal con puntuaciones que varían de leve a moderado. Los pacientes más formados comprenden mejor el vocabulario. La subproducción verbal es mayor con más edad y con más años de ingreso, mientras que la desconexión es mayor en los pacientes con más años de ingreso. Presentan mayores dificultades en la comprensión del vocabulario cuando aumentan los años de ingreso y cuando tienen más dificultades en la desconexión.(AU)

Objective: To study the characteristics of language and receptive vocabulary in 50 patients suffering from schizophrenia and 5 suffering from schizoaffective disorder, all with chronic evolution. Method: A descriptive, correlational, and explanatory design with a quantitative data collection method was used, applying the Thought, Language and Communication (TLC) scale and the Peabody Test. Results: The participants have a mean age of 61.47years (σ=8.00), they have been in the centre for an average of 19.47years (σ=10.29). Two dimensions of thought disorder are assessed with the TLC: hypoproductivity and verbal disengagement. Disconnectedness correlates positively with the Peabody and years of entry, whereas verbal underproduction correlates with years of entry and age. The Peabody correlates with the degree of education, and with years of entry, and TLC disconnection. Conclusions: Participants present language impairment, particularly poor speech and verbal disconnection with scores ranging from mild to moderate. The more educated patients have a better understanding of vocabulary. Verbal underproduction is higher with older age and more years of admission. Disconnection is higher in patients with more years of admission. They present greater difficulties in understanding vocabulary as the years of admission increase, and when they have more difficulties in disconnection.(AU)

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Fatigue Inventory in Hemodialysis Patients during a Dialysis Day: A Preliminary Report.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) in hemodialysis patients. During a dialysis day, patients completed both 9-item BFI and 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II questionnaires. The psychometric properties of the BFI were assessed in terms of reliability and validity. The BFI had an overall Cronbach's coefficient alpha of .92. Inter-item correlation coefficients between BFI items ranged from .38 to. 81 (all p < .0001). Exploratory factor analysis revealed bidimensional factor structure of the BFI-fatigue "severity" and fatigue "interference" explaining 11.0% and 62.0% of the total variance in the data set, respectively. In criterion validity analysis, BFI composite score correlated significantly with the total BDI-II score-Pearson correlation coefficient .40 (p < .0001). These preliminary results support the satisfactory psychometric properties of the BFI in assessing fatigue among hemodialysis patients during a dialysis day in a clinic setting.

Fingerprints as Predictors of Schizophrenia: A Deep Learning Study.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: The existing developmental bond between fingerprint generation and growth of the central nervous system points to a potential use of fingerprints as risk markers in schizophrenia. However, the high complexity of fingerprints geometrical patterns may require flexible algorithms capable of characterizing such complexity. STUDY DESIGN: Based on an initial sample of scanned fingerprints from 612 patients with a diagnosis of non-affective psychosis and 844 healthy subjects, we have built deep learning classification algorithms based on convolutional neural networks. Previously, the general architecture of the network was chosen from exploratory fittings carried out with an independent fingerprint dataset from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The network architecture was then applied for building classification algorithms (patients vs controls) based on single fingers and multi-input models. Unbiased estimates of classification accuracy were obtained by applying a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. STUDY RESULTS: The highest level of accuracy from networks based on single fingers was achieved by the right thumb network (weighted validation accuracy = 68%), while the highest accuracy from the multi-input models was attained by the model that simultaneously used images from the left thumb, index and middle fingers (weighted validation accuracy = 70%). CONCLUSION: Although fitted models were based on data from patients with a well established diagnosis, since fingerprints remain lifelong stable after birth, our results imply that fingerprints may be applied as early predictors of psychosis. Specially, if they are used in high prevalence subpopulations such as those of individuals at high risk for psychosis.

Geometric morphometric analysis of the bony labyrinth of the Sima de los Huesos hominins.

The bony labyrinth contains phylogenetic information that can be used to determine interspecific differences between fossil hominins. The present study conducted a comparative 3D geometric morphometric analysis on the bony labyrinth of the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins. The findings of this study corroborate previous multivariate analyses of the SH hominin bony labyrinth. The analysis of the semicircular canals revealed the SH hominin canal morphologies appear closer to those of the Neandertals than to those of Homo sapiens. This is attributable to a Neandertal-like ovoid anterior canal, and mediolaterally expanded, circular posterior canal. However, the SH hominins lack the increased torsion in the anterior canal and the inferior orientation of the lateral canal seen in Neandertals. The results of the cochlear analysis indicated that, although there is some overlap, there are notable differences between the SH hominins and the Neandertals. In particular, the SH hominin cochlea appears more constricted than in Neandertals in the first and second turns. A principal component analysis of the full bony labyrinth separated most SH hominins from the Neandertals, which largely clustered with modern humans. A covariance ratio analysis found a significant degree of modularity within the bony labyrinth of all three groups, with the SH hominins and Neandertals displaying the highest modularity. This modular signal in the bony labyrinth may be attributable to different selective pressures related to locomotion and audition. Overall, the results of this study confirm previous suggestions that the semicircular canals in the SH hominins are somewhat derived toward Neandertals, while their cochlea is largely primitive within the genus Homo.

Modularity of the wrist in extant hominines.

Wrist shape varies greatly across primates and previous studies indicate that the numerous morphological differences among them are related to a complex mixture of phylogeny and function. However, little is known about whether the variation in these various anatomical differences is linked and to what extent the wrist bones vary independently. Here, we used 3D geometric morphometrics on a sample of extant hominines (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Gorilla beringei), to find the model that best describes the covariation patterns among four of the eight carpals (i.e., capitate, lunate, scaphoid, and trapezium). For this purpose, 15 modular hypotheses were tested using the Covariance Ratio. Results indicate that there is a covariation structure common to all hominines, which corresponds to stronger covariation within each carpal as compared to the covariation between carpals. However, the results also indicate that that there is a degree of codependence in the variation of some carpals, which is unique in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, respectively. In humans there is evidence of associated shape changes between the lunate and capitate, and between the scaphoid and trapezium. This covariation between lunate and capitate is also apparent in gorillas, while chimpanzees display the greatest disassociation among carpals, showing low covariation values in all pairwise comparisons. Our analyses indicate that carpals have an important level of variational independence which might suggest a high degree of independent evolvability in the wrists of hominines, and that although weak, the structure of associated changes of these four carpals varies across genera. To our knowledge this is the first report on the patterns of modularity between these four wrist bones in the Homininae and future studies might attempt to investigate whether the anatomical shape associations among carpals are functionally related to locomotion and manipulation.

El trastorno del lenguaje de las personas con esquizofrenia y su relación con la gravedad y la funcionalidad / The language disorder of people with schizophrenia and its relationship with severity and functionality

RESUMEN: Objetivo: estudiar las características del lenguaje en pacientes que padecen esquizofrenia u otros trastornos psicóticos. Método: 55 pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia (50) y trastorno esquizoafectivo (5). Se aplica la escala TLC de Andreasen, la escala EEAG para la funcionalidad, la CGI para la gravedad. Se recogen datos sociodemográficos. Resultados: Las medias son: edad: 61,47 años, internamiento: 19,47 años, CGI: 5,8, EEAG: 32,5. La subescala de desconexión de la TLC puntúa de media: 8,43, y la de Subproducción verbal: 1,2. La desconexión correlaciona negativamente con EEAG, y positivamente con CGI. La Subproducción verbal correlaciona con CGI. Conclusiones: Los participantes presentan un grado de gravedad elevado y de funcionalidad bajo. Presentan alteraciones importantes del lenguaje, particularmente de pobreza del habla, pero también de desconexión verbal. Con puntuaciones que varían de leve a moderado. Ambas subescalas correlacionan con gravedad. Además, la desconexión es mayor en los pacientes con peor funcionalidad. La alteración del lenguaje en esquizofrenia está relacionada con la gravedad y la funcionalidad, lo cual tiene importantes consecuencias en la vida de las personas que padecen esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to study the characteristics of language in patients suffering from schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Method: 55 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (50) and schizoaffective disorder (5). The Andreasen TLC scale, the EEAG scale for functionality and the CGI for gravity are applied. Sociodemographic data are collected. Results: Mean age: 61.47 years, mean years hospitalized: 19.47 years, CGI: 5.8, EEAG: 32.5. The TLC disconnection subscale scores on average: 8.43, and the Verbal Underproduction: 1.2. Disconnection correlates negatively with EEAG, and positively with CGI. Verbal underproduction correlates with CGI. Conclusions: The participants present a high degree of severity and low functionality. They present significant language alterations, poor speech, and verbal disconnection. With scores ranging from mild to moderate. Both subscales correlate with severity. In addition, the Disconnection is greater in patients with worse functionality. Language impairment in schizophrenia is related to severity and functionality, which has important consequences in the lives of people with this disease.

Identification of ESR centers and their role in the TL of natural salt from Lluta, Peru.

In this study, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of natural NaCl from Lluta, Arequipa-Peru was investigated. The number of peaks and the kinetic parameters associated with the TL glow peaks of NaCl sample after gamma-irradiation were analyzed by initial rise and deconvolution method. Defect centers induced in pure salt by gamma irradiation have been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) with a view to identify the centers associated with the TL process in the salt. Thermal annealing experiments indicate the presence of three defect centers. Center I characterized by the g-value 2.011 is identified as an O- ion and relates with the dominant TL peak at 220 °C. Center II with a g-value of 2.0058 is attributed to a F center and is found to correlate with the 128 °C TL peak. Center III has of g-value 2.014 and is also assigned to an O- ion.

Perfil lingüístico de personas adultas con esquizofrenia residentes en un centro sociosanitario / Linguistic profile of adults with schizophrenia residents in a facility health

Las alteraciones lingüísticas son frecuentes en personas con esquizofrenia, es por ello, por lo que se persigue conocer en profundidad el lenguaje de estas personas; y encontrar relaciones entre los resultados del Neurobel y del TLC. La metodología de investigación es cuantitativa. Se aplica la Escala Thought, language, and Communication (TLC) y el Neurobel a 70 pacientes con esquizofrenia y 5 con trastorno esquizoafectivo. Los resultados indican que estos participantes tienen dificultades en todos los ítems que se han medido del TLC en orden de mayor a menor dificultad encontramos las siguientes: pérdida de la finalidad, tangencialidad, contenido, descarrilamiento y falta de lógica. En Neurobel encontramos mejores puntuaciones en la comprensión que en la expresión; pero si tenemos en cuenta los resultados de manera individualizada, se observan mejores resultados en repetición, discriminación de fonemas; y peores resultados en completar oraciones. Como conclusión existe un alto nivel de correlación entre los resultados del Neurobel con los resultados del TLC, lo que es importante ya que puede ser uno de los factores etiológicos de la psicopatología que afecta al lenguaje de los pacientes con esquizofrenia (AU)

Linguistic alterations are frequent in people with schizophrenia, which is why the aim is to gain in-depth knowledge of the language of these people and to find relationships between the results of the Neurobel and the TLC. The research methodology is quantitative. The Thought, language, and Communication Scale (TLC) and the Neurobel were applied to 70 patients with schizophrenia and 5 with schizoaffective disorder. The results indicate that these participants have difficulties in all the items measured in the TLC, in order from most to least difficult: loss of purpose, tangentiality, content, derailment and illogicality. In Neurobel, we found better scores in comprehension than in expression; but if we consider the results individually, we observe better results in repetition, phoneme discrimination; and worse results in sentence completion. In conclusion, there is a high level of correlation between the Neurobel results and the TLC results, which is important as it may be one of the aetiological factors of the psychopathology affecting the language of patients with schizophrenia (AU)

Un caso de síndrome de crouzon con sintomatología psiquiátrica / A case of Crouzon syndrome with psychiatric symptoms

El síndrome de Crouzon es un trastornoautosómico dominante caracterizado por craneosinostosis (cierre prenatal de una o varias suturas craneales) que provoca alteraciones secundarias de los huesos craneales y de la estructura facial. Las características más frecuentes incluyen deformidadesde cráneo y cara: proptosis ocular, exoftalmos y estrabismo divergente, nariz en forma de pico de loro, labio superior corto, maxilar hipoplásico y prognatismo mandibular relativo. La presión intracraneal enalgunos casos puede producir trastornos neurológicos y discapacidad intelectual.Realizamos una breve revisión del concepto y planteamos un caso clínico quepresenta graves alteraciones de conducta con agresividad y escasa respuesta terapéutica. (AU)

Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by craniosynostosis (prenatal closure of one or morecranial sutures) that causes secondary alterations of the cranial bones and facial structure. The most frequent features include skull and facial deformities: ocular proptosis, divergent exophthalmos and strabismus,parrot beak-shaped nose, short upper lip, hypoplastic maxilla, and relative mandibular prognathism. Intracranial pressure in some cases can cause neurological disorders andintellectual disability.We carry out a brief review of the concept and we present a clinical case that presents serious behavior alterations with aggressiveness and little therapeutic response. (AU)

Huellas dactilares como predictores de la esquizofrenia: un estudio de aprendizaje profundo / Fingerprints as Predictors of Schizophrenia: A Deep Learning Study

El vínculo existente entre la formación de huellas dactilares y el crecimiento del sistema nervioso central apunta a un uso potencial delas huellas dactilares como marcadores de riesgo en la esquizofrenia.Sin embargo, la elevada complejidad de los patrones geométricos delas huellas dactilares requiere algoritmos flexibles capaces de caracterizar dicha complejidad. A partir de una muestra inicial de huellasdactilares escaneadas de 612 pacientes con diagnóstico de psicosisno afectiva y 844 sujetos sanos, hemos construido algoritmos declasificación de aprendizaje profundo basados en redes neuronalesconvolucionales. Previamente, se eligió la arquitectura general de lared a partir de ajustes exploratorios realizados con un conjunto dedatos independiente de huellas dactilares del National Institute ofStandards and Technology. A continuación, la arquitectura de la redse aplicó para construir algoritmos de clasificación (paciente frentea controles) basados en modelos de un solo dedo y en modelos devarios dedos. Se obtuvieron estimaciones de la precisión de la clasificación aplicando un esquema de validación cruzada quíntuple.El mayor nivel de precisión de las redes basadas en un solo dedo loalcanzó la red del pulgar derecho (precisión = 68%), mientras quela mayor precisión de los modelos multientrada la obtuvo el modeloque utilizó simultáneamente imágenes de los dedos pulgar, índice ycorazón izquierdos (precisión = 70%). Aunque los modelos ajustadosse basaron en datos de pacientes con un diagnóstico bien establecido, dado que las huellas dactilares permanecen estables durantetoda la vida después del nacimiento, nuestros resultados implicanque las huellas dactilares pueden aplicarse como predictores tempranos de psicosis. Especialmente, si se utilizan en subpoblacionescon alta prevalencia de esquizofrenia, como las de personas con alto riesgo de psicosis. (AU)

The link between fingerprint generation and central nervous system growth points to a potential use of fingerprints as risk markersin schizophrenia. However, the high complexity of fingerprint geometric patterns requires flexible algorithms capable of characterizing such complexity. From an initial sample of fingerprints scanned from 612 patients diagnosed with non-affective psychosis and844 healthy subjects, we have built deep learning classification algorithms based on convolutional neural networks. Previously, thegeneral network architecture was chosen from exploratory fittingsperformed on an independent fingerprint dataset from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The network architecturewas then applied for buinding classification algorithms (patientsvs. controls) based on single-finger models and multi-finger models. Classification accuracy estimates were obtained by applyinga 5-fold cross-validation scheme. The highest level of accuracy ofthe single-finger-based networks was achieved by the right thumbnetwork (accuracy = 68%), whereas the highest accuracy of themulti-input models was obtained by the model that simultaneouslyused images of the left thumb, index and middle fingers (accuracy =70%). Although the fitted models were based on data from patientswith a well-established diagnosis, given that fingerprints remainstable throughout life after birth, our results imply that fingerprintscan be applied as early predictors of psychosis. Especially, if usedin subpopulations with high prevalence of schizophrenia, such as those at high risk for psychosis. (AU)

Cavum septum pellucidum y esquizofrenia. Un caso clínico / Cavum septum pellucidum and schizophrenia. A clinical case

del sistema límbico que forma las paredesmediales de los ventrículos laterales y constade dos láminas, el cavum septum pellucidum(CSP) es una cavidad que aparece cuandoestas láminas no se fusionan.Su incidencia es muy variable, pero lo normales que desaparezca en los primeros mesesde vida. Su presencia puede considerarseuna alteración del neurodesarrollo, teniendoen cuenta su tamaño.Hacemos una revisión histórica de su vinculacióncon la esquizofrenia y otros trastornosmentales. Es poco frecuente en laesquizofrenia y depende del tamaño considerado.Entre el 15 y el 58% sería una tasade prevalencia citada frecuentemente.Presentamos un caso clínico de un pacienteque padece esquizofrenia y abusode fármacos analgésicos y tranquilizantes,con predominio de sintomatología negativa,conductual, cognitiva (aprendizaje verbaldiferido, velocidad de procesamiento, fluidezverbal, etc.) y de lenguaje (pobreza delcontenido del lenguaje, perseveración, tangencialidad,etc.). En la TAC se observa CSPde gran tamaño. (AU)

The septum pellucidum is a componentof the limbic system that forms the medialwalls of the lateral ventricles and consistsof two sheets, the cavum septum pellucidum(CSP) is a cavity that appears when thesesheets do not fuse.Its incidence is highly variable, but it isnormal for it to disappear in the first monthsof life. Its presence can be considered a neurodevelopmentaldisorder, taking into accountits size.We make a historical review of its link withschizophrenia and other mental disorders. Itis rare in schizophrenia and depends on thesize considered. Between 15 and 58% wouldbe a frequently cited prevalence rate.We present a clinical case of a patientsuffering from schizophrenia and abuse ofanalgesic and tranquilizing drugs, with apredominance of negative, behavioral, cognitivesymptoms (delayed verbal learning,processing speed, verbal fluency, etc.) andlanguage (poor content of the language,perseveration, tangentiality, etc.). Large CSPis seen on CT. (AU)

Pneumatosis intestinalis in anorexia nervosa.

We have read the article by Pérez-Santiago L et al. on the conservative or surgical management of pneumatosis intestinalis (PI). Recently we saw a case of a 18-year-old female diagnosed with anorexia nervosa who presented due to general malaise, asthenia, and inability to walk following an episode of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea (10-15 stools daily, some of them bloody). Physical examination revealed signs of malnutrition and dehydration, and a distended, tender abdomen with no signs of peritoneal irritation. Laboratory chemistry tests revealed macrocytic anemia and metabolic alkalosis. An abdominal CT scan showed pancolonic pneumatosis, with greater involvement of the cecum, ascending and transverse colon, as well as pneumoperitoneum and gas in branches of the superior mesenteric and portal veins.