[Perceptions and representations of workplace bullying: a comparative analysis between Italy and France]. / Percezioni e rappresentazioni del mobbing: un'analisi comparativa tra Italia e Francia.

SUMMARY: The aim of this research is to analyse the phenomenon of workplace bullying in two countries: Italy and France and trying to understand the differences among them. The words used to refer to it are respectively "mobbing" in Italy and "harcèlement moral" in France. The research analyse the phenomenon's characteristics through the opinion of an expert sample, belonging to different areas linked to their cultural background. They were selected by the researchers for their expertise and experience on this topic. The tool used was a semi-structured interview conducted in vivo by the researcher. The data resulting were processed as follow: a qualitative analysis was conducted through the production of short synthesis for each interview; a quantitative analysis was conducted through the attempt to standardize the qualitative answers in percentage data. The results shows the existence of different phenomenon's characteristics in the two countries.

[Understanding the complex, multifaceted and multifactorial psychosocial risks]. / Comprendre les risques psychosociaux complexes, multiformes et multifactoriels.

Fatigue, anxiety, harassment, burnout, stress, etc., the psychosocial risk category brings together multidimensional (physiological, psychological, social...) heterogeneous and complex problems and pathological entities. These aspects are also associated with significant ideological and socio-economic issues (employer liability, cost to the community ...). Thus, how can we make sense of this increase in complaints? Is work harder now than it used to be?

[The meaning of nursing work, a fragile collective construction]. / Le sens du travail infirmier, une construction collective fragile.

The meaning of nursing work depends on many personal, social and structural aspects: choices, standards, expectations, resources, training, team, management and organisation. It is a fragile construction, which must be re-examined every day to ensure nurses are not over-committed and to avoid burnout.

A sociological stance on fatigue and tiredness: Social inequalities, norms and representations.

Fatigue is complex, representing simultaneously a physiological, psychological and social phenomenon. The sociological approach attempts to understand the experience of fatigue and its characterization at diverse periods and in various social contexts. After giving a sociological history of different forms of fatigue through the ages (acedia, melancholy, neurasthenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, etc.), this article proposes a social epidemiology of fatigue in the current period. Objectification of working and living conditions allows us to illustrate social inequalities in fatigue and exhaustion, but seems to contradict dominant social representations of fatigue today. It invites a critical discussion of contemporary theories of fatigue (such those of Alain Ehrenberg or Byung-Chul Han), which consider that fatigue is a condition of modern man, overwhelmed by his freedom. More modestly, analysis of the fatigue presented here rests on the capacity to be able to find a good balance between too much investment in work or life (which is exhausting) and not enough investment (which leads to boredom and lack of self-fulfillment). This balance depends on fragile and specific social norms in different professional or social circles and cannot be defined a priori.

[Job satisfaction, a collective collaboration]. / Le plaisir au travail, une construction collective.

Pleasure at work must not be understood as a personal variable or as the automatic consequence of a pleasant environment. On the contrary, it is a case of constructing, as a group, the conditions for pleasure at work, linked to the quality of social relations, the feeling of accomplishment and recognition.