Dietary salt restriction increases plasma lipoprotein and inflammatory marker concentrations in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Dietary salt restriction has been reported to adversely modify the plasma lipoprotein profile in hypertensive and in normotensive subjects. We investigated the effects of the low sodium intake (LSI) on the plasma lipoprotein profile and on inflammation and thrombosis biomarkers during the fasting and postprandial periods. METHODS: Non-obese, non-treated hypertensive adults (n=41) were fed strictly controlled diets. An initial week on a control diet (CD, Na=160 mmol/day) was followed by 3 weeks on LSI (Na=60 mmol/day). At admission and on the last day of each period, the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was monitored and blood was drawn after an overnight fasting period and after a fat-rich test meal. RESULTS: The dietary adherence was confirmed by 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Fasting triglyceride (TG), chylomicron-cholesterol, hsC-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations, renin activity, aldosterone, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were higher, but non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were lower on LSI than on CD. For LSI, areas under the curve (AUC) of TG, chylomicron-cholesterol, apoB and the cholesterol/apoB ratio were increased, whereas AUC-NEFA was lowered. LSI did not modify body weight, hematocrit, fasting plasma cholesterol, glucose, adiponectin, leptin, fibrinogen and factor VII (FVII), and AUC of lipoprotein lipase and of lipoprotein remnants. CONCLUSION: LSI induced alterations in the plasma lipoproteins and in inflammatory markers that are common features of the metabolic syndrome.

The human cholesteryl ester transfer protein I405V polymorphism is associated with plasma cholesterol concentration and its reduction by dietary phytosterol esters.

We examined the relationships of I405V cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), Taq1B CETP and apolipoprotein (apo)E polymorphisms with the pattern of response to dietary plant sterol ester (PSE) by plasma lipids and CETP concentrations as well as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity. Subjects with moderate primary hypercholesterolemia (20-60 y old; 50 women; 10 men) consumed margarine (20 g/d) without (placebo) or with PSE (2.8 g/d = 1.68 g/d phytosterols) for 4 wk each period, in a crossover, double-blind study. Plasma CETP concentration was measured by ELISA; endogenous LCAT activity was expressed as the percentage of esterification (30 min incubation) of the subjects' (14)C-unesterified cholesterol HDL. PSE reduced concentrations of plasma total cholesterol (TC) (10%) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (12%). In relation to the I405V CETP polymorphism, the percentage reductions in TC with consumption of PSE for the II, IV and VV phenotypes were 7.2, 4.2 and not significant, respectively, whereas LDL-C significant reductions occurred only for II (9.5%). However, the CETP concentration diminished only in the II phenotype.

[Food phytosterol ester efficiency on the plasma lipid reduction in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects]. / Eficiência dos Esteres de Fitoesteróis Alimentares na Redução dos Lípides Plasmáticos em Hipercolesterolêmicos Moderados.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at relating the pattern of response to dietary plant sterol ester (PSE) treatment of plasma lipids concentrations and apo E polymorphisms. METHODS: Patients (20-60y old: 50 women; 10 men) with primary moderate hypercholesterolemia were fed margarine (20g/d), received no treatment (placebo), and were fed PSE (2.8g/d = 1.68 phytosterols), during 3 periods of 4 weeks each, in a crossover, double-blind study. DNA was extracted from white blood cells for the apo E polymorphisms. RESULTS: PSE treatment significantly lowered TC and LDL-C 10% and 12%, respectively, in relation to the baseline, and 6% and 8% in relation to the placebo phase, but HDL-C and TG levels were not modified. In regard to the apo E genotyping, no significant difference occurred between apo E 3/3 and apo E (3/4). CONCLUSION: Dietary plant sterol ester (PSE) treatment reduced cholesterolemia, and the reduction of LDL-C in absolute values was more pronounced when the initial LDL - C concentration were elevated.

Eficiência dos ésteres de fitoesteróis alimentares na reduçäo dos lípides plasmáticos em hipercolesterolêmicos moderados / Food phytosterol ester efficiency on the plasma lipid reduction in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects

OBJETIVO - Avaliar o efeito dos ésteres de fitoesteróis (FE) da dieta, em funçäo dos diferentes genótipos de apo E, sobre os lípides plasmáticos em indivíduos moderadamente hipercolesterolêmicos. MÉTODOS - Pacientes moderadamente hipercolesterolêmicos (20 a 60 anos de idade; 50 mulheres e 10 homens), mantidos em dieta habitual, receberam margarina (20g/dia) enriquecida com fitoesteróis (2,8g/dia=1,68g de FE), ou margarina normal (placebo), por dois períodos de quatro semanas cada, em estudo duplo cego e cruzado. RESULTADOS - Fitoesteróis reduziram significativamente o colesterol total e o LDL-colesterol, respectivamente, em 10 por cento e 12 por cento quando comparado à fase basal de admissäo ao programa, e 6 por cento e 8 por cento quando comparado à fase placebo. O HDL-colesterol e a trigliceridemia näo se modificaram. CONCLUSÄO - Ésteres de fitoesteróis da dieta reduziram a colesterolemia e a reduçäo do LDL-colesterol foi mais pronunciada nos indivíduos que apresentavam valores maiores de LDL-colesterol, quando admitidos no estudo. Em relaçäo ao sinótipo de apo E näo houve diferença significativa entre apo E 3/3 e apo E 3/4