White piedra on pediatric scalp: A case report.

This case report describes a rare fungal infection, piedra alba, in a 5-year-old female initially misdiagnosed. Treatment with 2 % ketoconazole shampoo led to significant regression within a week, without the need for hair cutting. We discuss the importance of early and accurate diagnosis, highlighting potential hair damage and complications in immunocompromised cases. Dermatoscopy aided diagnosis, and 2 % ketoconazole demonstrated efficacy, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach and dermatological follow-up.

Sebaceous breast carcinoma.

Breast sebaceous carcinoma is one of the rarest breast neoplasms, with less than 30 cases reported worldwide. Due to the rarity, the new WHO classification of breast tumors grouped these tumors among the ductal carcinoma. A detailed description of these cases is relevant due to the insufficient knowledge about the prognosis of this neoplasm. We report the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the breast in an 81-year-old woman with a right breast nodule. The tumor was composed of nests of a varying mixture of sebaceous cells with abundant slightly vacuolated cytoplasm, surrounded by smaller oval-to-fusiform cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm without vacuolization. No lymph node metastases were present. The immunohistochemical reactions were positive for GATA3, EMA, CD15, and GCDFP15 (focal staining), and negative for RE, RP, and HER-2. The tumor was classified as triple-negative. Morphologically, the differential diagnoses included skin sebaceous carcinoma, lipid-rich carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, and glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma. Most of the previously reported cases were positive for RE and RP, which generally was associated with a better prognosis. However, some cases presented a more aggressive behavior with distant and lymph node metastases.

Measurement of Pubofemoral Distance in the Diagnosis of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Sensitivity and Specificity.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of measurement of the pubofemoral distance (PFD) for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), using the Graf method as the reference standard. METHODS: This was a prospective diagnostic accuracy study evaluating 1980 hips in at-risk neonates. The PFD measurement and the Graf method were performed at the same opportunity, with the hips in the same position (slightly flexed, adducted, and medially rotated). RESULTS: In our sample, the prevalence of DDH, defined as Graf type IIb or higher, was 15.6%. The mean PFD for dysplastic hips was 3.5 mm (median, 3.3 mm), whereas it was 3.0 mm (median, 2.9 mm) for nondysplastic hips. In both groups, there was a significant overlap between the PFD measurements and the Graf classifications. The PFD cutoff with the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 3.0 mm, which was found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 63.6 and 62.2%, respectively, with positive and negative predictive values of 31.2 and 71.4%, respectively, for the diagnosis of DDH. CONCLUSION: Measurement of the PFD shows good overall accuracy for the diagnosis of DDH. However, given its low-positive predictive value, it should not be considered to be a replacement for the Graf method.

Estratégias de aprendizado que funcionam: prática de estudo espaçado / Effective Learning Strategies: Practice Spaced Study

Adotar estratégias de estudo que sejam eficientes é algo óbvio. Não tão óbvio é determinar quais estratégias funcionam realmente. O esforço mental e o tempo gasto são fortes sugestões indiretas de uma pressuposta eficácia, mas isso é um erro. Colocadas lado a lado, muitas estratégias de força bruta se revelam fracas para se alcançar memorização, aprendizado e raciocínio. Dentre as estratégias de estudo que foram efetivamente testadas e mostraram resultados consistentes e positivos, temos a prática de estudo espaçado (DL). O DL consiste em estudar fazendo interrupções programadas entre as sessões de estudo, sendo os intervalos entre as sessões bastante variáveis (segundos, minutos, horas, dias, semanas ou meses). Comparado com o estudo em bloco único (ML), o DL é bastante superior. Há algumas teorias para explicar essa superioridade verificada: processamento deficiente, codificação variada, consolidação e recuperação de estudo. Seja qual for o real motivo da sua eficiência, adotá-la seria uma medida inteligente e necessária em tempos de excesso de estímulos e escassez de tempo. Infelizmente não há consenso dos autores acerca dos intervalos ideais, mas alguns dados combinados com o contexto de estudo indicam que é possível se chegar em intervalos realistas que trabalhem a favor de um bom aprendizado.

Sebaceous breast carcinoma

ABSTRACT Breast sebaceous carcinoma is one of the rarest breast neoplasms, with less than 30 cases reported worldwide. Due to the rarity, the new WHO classification of breast tumors grouped these tumors among the ductal carcinoma. A detailed description of these cases is relevant due to the insufficient knowledge about the prognosis of this neoplasm. We report the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the breast in an 81-year-old woman with a right breast nodule. The tumor was composed of nests of a varying mixture of sebaceous cells with abundant slightly vacuolated cytoplasm, surrounded by smaller oval-to-fusiform cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm without vacuolization. No lymph node metastases were present. The immunohistochemical reactions were positive for GATA3, EMA, CD15, and GCDFP15 (focal staining), and negative for RE, RP, and HER-2. The tumor was classified as triple-negative. Morphologically, the differential diagnoses included skin sebaceous carcinoma, lipid-rich carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, and glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma. Most of the previously reported cases were positive for RE and RP, which generally was associated with a better prognosis. However, some cases presented a more aggressive behavior with distant and lymph node metastases.

Fake news: só mais uma enxugada de gelo / Fake news: just another ice wipe

Fake news é um novo nome para uma coisa velha. Esse problema, no formato atual, começou em 2016 na campanha à presidência dos EUA. Embora citado e comentado em demasia, é um assunto essencial, pois a desinformação parece estar avançando perigosamente em alguns campos da área da saúde. Os movimentos antivacina, negacionistas do aquecimento climático e até mesmo "terraplanistas" estão muitas vezespautando o debate. A chegada da Internet e das redes sociais potencializou o fenômeno das fake news, criando novas dinâmicasde disseminação de notícias falsas. A atual polarização política, câmeras de eco, arrastes emocionais e as teorias da dissonânciacognitiva e da racionalização motivada ajudam a entender o fenômeno. Combater esse tsunami de desinformação que afeta vários campos do conhecimento é um assunto premente, dadas as nocivas consequências das notícias falsas na sociedade. Além dos grupos de checagem organizados por veículos de imprensa tradicional, a educação e conscientização do público é um ponto central nessa guerra. Mas essa é uma empreitada complexa, devido aos arrastes emocionais que parecem neutralizar a capacidade crítica que pessoas instruídas deveriam ter. Na fotografia atual parecemos estar enxugando gelo, mas a persistência nessa luta é essencial para nos contrapormos à deseducação científica.

Assessment of analytical techniques for characterization of crystalline clopidogrel forms in patent applications

The aim of this study was to evaluate two important aspects of patent applications of crystalline forms of drugs: (i) the physicochemical characterization of the crystalline forms; and (ii) the procedure for preparing crystals of the blockbuster drug clopidogrel. To this end, searches were conducted using online patent databases. The results showed that: (i) the majority of patent applications for clopidogrel crystalline forms failed to comply with proposed Brazilian Patent Office guidelines. This was primarily due to insufficient number of analytical techniques evaluating the crystalline phase. In addition, some patent applications lacked assessment of chemical/crystallography purity; (ii) use of more than two analytical techniques is important; and (iii) the crystallization procedure for clopidogrel bisulfate form II were irreproducible based on the procedure given in the patent application.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar dois aspectos importantes em um pedido de patente de formas cristalinas de fármacos: (i) caracterização físico-química das formas cristalinas e (ii)o procedimento de preparo da forma II do fármaco clopidogrel, um blockbuster de vendas. Realizaram-se buscas em bancos de dados patentários on line. Os resultados mostraram que (i) a maioria dos pedidos de patente de formas cristalinas do clopidogrel não se adequam com proposta do INPI devido ao número insuficiente de técnicas analíticas utilizadas na caracterização da fase cristalina. Ainda, em alguns pedidos de patente não há a presença da avaliação da pureza química/cristalográfica; (ii) a importância de se utilizar mais de duas técnicas de avaliação e (iii) que não foi possível a reprodução da cristalização com o procedimento apresentado no pedido de patente.

Ponseti Brasil: a national program to eradicate neglected clubfoot - preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: After hearing about the reproducible and excellent results of the Ponseti method for clubfoot treatment, a group of Brazilian orthopaedic surgeons organized and participated in a standardized national program to teach the Ponseti technique in 21 different cities across Brazil. METHODS: A total of 21 Ponseti symposiums were organized in a standard fashion from January, 2007 to December, 2008. They consisted of a two-day program with lectures, hands-on cast application, and discussion of local clinical cases presented by orthopaedic surgeons. Thirteen Brazilian orthopaedic surgeons, who had been trained by the University of Iowa or centers recognized by them, taught the method. Financial support for travel was provided by an English charity: La Vida (Vital Investment for Developing Aid in Latin America). The physicians who attended the symposiums answered questionnaires before and after the training. RESULTS: About 7% of the 8000 orthopaedic surgeons in Brazil (556 orthopaedic surgeons) were trained. These orthopaedic surgeons stated that they had treated about 4905 babies in the previous year via other methods, including extensive surgery. Seventeen percent of the surgeons did not know about the Ponseti technique at the start of the symposium. Eighty-eight percent reported they felt able to treat children with the Ponseti technique after the symposium. Ninety-four percent of respondents reported that the symposium changed their way of treating clubfoot CONCLUSIONS: These Ponseti symposiums brought about an exchange of medical information and empowered the participants. This program is a good educational tool which can be used in eradicating neglected clubfoot in Brazil.

Retinoic acid modulation of thyroid dual oxidase activity in rats and its impact on thyroid iodine organification.

The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) mediates iodide uptake into the thyrocytes, which is important for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid disorders. Decreased ability to uptake iodide in thyroid carcinomas reduces the efficacy of radioiodine therapy, and retinoic acid (RA) treatment reinduces iodide uptake. The effectiveness of treatment depends not only on iodide uptake but also on the ability of thyrocytes to organify iodine, which is catalyzed by thyroperoxidase (TPO) in the presence of H(2)O(2). Our goal was to determine the influence of RA on thyroid iodide uptake, iodine organification, and TPO and dual oxidase (DuOx) activities. Normal rats were treated with all-trans-RA or 13-cis-RA (100 or 1500 microg/100 g body weight (b.w.), s.c.) for 14 and 28 days. The 2 h thyroid radioiodine content significantly decreased in rats treated with all-trans-RA (100 microg/100 g b.w.) for 14 days. In this group, NIS function and TPO activity were unchanged, whereas DuOx activity was significantly decreased, which might have contributed to the decrease in iodine organification. Both doses of 13-cis-RA for 28 days increased the 15 min thyroid radioiodine uptake, while the 2 h radioiodide uptake increased only in rats treated with the highest dose of 13-cis-RA. While TPO activity did not change, H(2)O(2) generation was increased in this group, and serum thyroxine levels were normal. Since radioiodine half-life in the thyroid gland is important for treatment efficacy, our results highlight the importance of correctly choosing the RA isomer, the time and the dose of treatment, in order to improve the efficacy of radioiodine therapy.

Retinoic acid effects on thyroid function of female rats.

AIMS: Retinoic acid is widely used in dermatological treatment and thyroid cancer management; however its possible side-effects on normal thyroid function remains unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of retinoic acid on thyroid function of adult female rats. MAIN METHODS: Female Wistar rats were treated with all-trans-retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid for 14 and 28 days. Then, rats were killed and thyroid function was evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: Serum T4 and thyrotropin levels remained unchanged, while serum T3 increased in animals treated with all-trans-retinoic acid for 14 days. No changes were observed in hepatic or renal type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1) activities, while thyroid D1 was higher in animals treated for 14 days with all-trans-retinoic acid, which could be related to the increased serum T3 levels. 13-cis retinoic acid increased thyroid iodide uptake after 28 days. These results show effects of retinoic acid treatment on these thyroid proteins: sodium/iodide symporter and deiodinase. SIGNIFICANCE: Retinoic acid is able to interfere with normal thyroid function, increasing thyroid type 1 deiodinase activity, serum T3 levels and sodium/iodide symporter function. However, the effects are time- and retinoic acid isomer-dependent. Since serum thyrotropin levels did not change in any group, the effects observed are probably mediated by a direct retinoic acid effect on the normal thyroid.

Genetic diversity of environmental Aspergillus flavus strains in the state of São Paulo, Brazil by random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Aspergillus flavus is a very important toxigenic fungus that produces aflatoxins, a group of extremely toxic substances to man and animals. Toxigenic fungi can grow in feed crops, such as maize, peanuts, and soybeans, being thus of high concern for public health. There are toxigenic and non-toxigenic A. flavus variants, but the necessary conditions for expressing the toxigenic potential are not fully understood. Therefore, we have studied total-DNA polymorphism from toxigenic and non toxigenic A. flavus strains isolated from maize crops and soil at two geographic locations, 300 km apart, in the Southeast region of Brazil. Total DNA from each A. flavus isolate was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification with five randomic primers through the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of the data, based on bootstrap analyses, led us to conclude that RAPD was not suitable to discriminate toxigenic from non toxigenic strains. But the present results support the use of RAPD for strain characterization, especially for preliminary evaluation over extensive collections.

Genetic diversity of environmental Aspergillus flavus strains in the state of São Paulo, Brazil by random amplified polymorphic DNA

Aspergillus flavus is a very important toxigenic fungus that produces aflatoxins, a group of extremely toxic substances to man and animals. Toxigenic fungi can grow in feed crops, such as maize, peanuts, and soybeans, being thus of high concern for public health. There are toxigenic and non-toxigenic A. flavus variants, but the necessary conditions for expressing the toxigenic potential are not fully understood. Therefore, we have studied total-DNA polymorphism from toxigenic and non toxigenic A. flavus strains isolated from maize crops and soil at two geographic locations, 300 km apart, in the Southeast region of Brazil. Total DNA from each A. flavus isolate was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification with five randomic primers through the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of the data, based on bootstrap analyses, led us to conclude that RAPD was not suitable to discriminate toxigenic from non toxigenic strains. But the present results support the use of RAPD for strain characterization, especially for preliminary evaluation over extensive collections.

Comparação entre os diagnósticos clínicos e os achados de necropsia: análise retrospectiva de 680 pacientes / Correlation between clinical and autopsy diagnoses: a retrospective analysis of 680 patients

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concordância entre os diagnósticos clínicos e os achados anatomopatológicos obtidos por meio do exame necroscópico, a fim de determinar a frequência com que a necropsia revela diagnósticos principais inesperados, que são relevantes para a causa do óbito. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 680 necropsias realizadas no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2002. Para a comparação entre os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos utilizou-se a classificação de Goldman, e fez-se a correlação segundo o sexo, a idade do paciente, a unidade de internação e o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Foram utilizados, como fonte de dados, os pedidos de necropsia, preenchidos pelos médicos-assistentes, e os laudos finais de necropsia. RESULTADOS: A necropsia confirmou os diagnóticos principais formulados pela clínica em 69 por cento das amostras. Em relação aos casos discordantes, 18% foram classificados como classe I (com potencial impacto na sobrevida do paciente) e 13% como classe II (sem o questionável impacto na sobrevida do paciente). Os principais diagnósticos discordantes mais frequentes foram doenças do aparelho circulatório (acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e miocardiopatia hipertrófica), moléstias infecciosas (meningite bacteriana, tuberculose miliar e neurotoxoplasmose) e neoplasias (linfomas). CONCLUSõES: Evidenciou-se significativa discordância entre os diagnóticos clínicos e anatomopatológicos post mortem, mostrando que a necropsia ainda é um procedimento importante para o esclarecimento diagnóstico, bem como para a melhoria dos serviços de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the discrepancies between clinical and postmortem diagnoses in order to determine the frequency of relevant missed diagnoses detected at autopsy. METHOD: Six hundred and eighty patients autopsied at the Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brazil, between January 1997 and December 2002 were retrospectively investigated. Agreement between clinical and postmortem findings was compared using Goldman's system. Medical records and final autopsy reports were reviewed. RESULTS: Major clinical diagnoses were confirmed in 69 percent of analyzed autopsies. Eighteen percent of cases were classified as Goldman class I missed diagnosis (if known before death, might have led to prolonged survival) and 13 percent as class II (clinically missed major diagnosis for which survival would not have been changed). Most frequent missed major diagnoses were cardiovascular diseases (cerebral hemorrhagic infarction, congestive heart failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), infectious diseases (purulent meningitis, miliar tuberculosis and neurotoxoplasmosis) and neoplasia (lymphoma). CONCLUSION: This study has found significant disagreement between clinical and postmortem examinations and reinforces the importance of autopsy in improving clinical diagnosis and in providing data that could be integrated in quality assurance programs.

Proposta de um método de avaliação quantitativa da postura deitada baseado em fotografia / A proposal of photography-based quantitative evaluation of layed posture

Atualmente, não são encontráveis referências na literatura em saúde sobre critérios objetivos e práticos para a prescrição e adequação de colchões. Objetivo: propor um método quantitativo de avaliação da postura deitada baseado em fotografia digital e validá-lo. Material E Métodos: Foram avaliados 25 voluntários normais. Os voluntários receberam marcadores adesivos e colocaram-se em decúbito dorsal e lateral sobre 2 colchões de diferentes densidades. Foram feitas fotografias digitais, que foram analisadas em um programa de computador. Dois observadores obtiveram o valor das inclinações dos seguimentos corporais, e estes valores foram comparados aos valores fornecidos por um padrão ouro. Resultados: A análise dos dados mostrou que a validade, a reprodutibilidade intra-observador, a reprodutibilidade inter-observadores e a responsividade do método proposto foram estatisticamente significantes, com excelentes valores de concordância (acima de 0,9). Houve duas excessões, em situações específicas, que não invalidam o método como um todo. Conclusão: O método proposto tem características metodológicas adequadas para ser usado clinicamente e em pesquisa. Relevância: O sistema descrito pode ser usado em pesquisas futuras sobre o alinhamento da postura deitada a fim de orientar grupos populacionais sobre qual tipo de colchão lhes é mais adequado.

Análise laboratorial de marcha na mielomeningocele de nível lombar baixo e instabilidade unilateral do quadril / Laboratorial analysis of the myelomeningocele gait of lower lumbar level and unilateral hip instability

Este estudo examina a influência da instabilidade unilateral do quadril sobre a marcha de pacientes portadores de mielomeningocele, nível lombar baixo e instabilidade unilateral do quadril. Foram estudados através da análise laboratorial de marcha, 20 pacientes deambuladores comunitários utilizando goteiras e muletas, com luxação ou subluxação unilateral do quadril. , Os pacientes foram sub divididos em dois grupos. Grupo 1 (10 pacientes) , que não apresentavam contraturas do quadril (flexão e/ou adução) ou as apresentavam de forma simétrica entre os lados; e Grupo 2 (10 pacientes), que apresentavam contraturas assimétricas de quadril A cinemática do quadril e da pelve foi analisada no sentido de se avaliar a simetria entre o lado envolvido e o oposto. Sete pacientes do Grupo 1 e 2 do Grupo 2 apresentaram marcha simétrica. Marcha assimétrica foi encontrada em 3 pacientes do Grupo 1 e 7 pacientes do Grupo 2. A assimetria na marcha relacionou-se principalmente com a presença de contraturas de quadril unilaterais ou bilaterais mas assimétricas. Demonstrou-se que a assimetria da marcha não pode ser atribuída somente à instabilidade do quadril, mas parece estar mais relacionada com presença de contraturas unilaterais ou assimétricas e cujo tratamento deveria ser o objetivo em detrimento de reduções cirúrgicas do quadril.

Time course of virus-like particles (VLPS) double-stranded RNA accumulation in toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus

Two strains of Aspergillus flavus, non-toxigenic NRRL 6550 and toxigenic NRRL 5940, were studied over a period of 44 days, in order to detect the presence of virus-like particles (VLPs) by means of electron microscopy (EM) and nucleic acids electrophoresis. Only the toxigenic strain contained VLPs, presenting three-segmented dsRNA. An increase in VLPs number was observed during the exponential phase of fungal growth, up to day 12 of culture; after this, higher levels of aflatoxin production in toxigenic NRRL 5940 mycelia occurred in parallel with decreased VLPs replication.

Time course of virus-like particles (VLPs) double-stranded rna accumulation in toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus

Two strains of Aspergillus flavus, non-toxigenic NRRL 6550 and toxigenic NRRL 5940, were studied over a period of 44 days, in order to detect the presence of virus-like particles (VLPs) by means of electron microscopy (EM) and nucleic acids electrophoresis. Only the toxigenic strain contained VLPs, presenting three-segmented dsRNA. An increase in VLPs number was observed during the exponential phase of fungal growth, up to day 12 of culture; after this, higher levels of aflatoxin production in toxigenic NRRL 5940 mycelia occurred in parallel with decreased VLPs replication.

Neste trabalho, foram estudadas duas cepas de Aspergillus flavus não toxigênica (NRRL 6550) e toxigênica (NRRL 5940). As cepas foram cultivadas durante 44 dias objetivando a pesquisa de partículas semelhantes a vírus (VLPs), por meio de microscopia eletrônica e pesquisa de ácidos nucléicos, através de eletroforese. Somente as cepas toxigênicas continham "VLPs", as quais apresentaram 3 segmentos de RNA de fita dupla. Um aumento no número de "VLPs" foi observado com 12 dias de cultivo, período correspondente a fase exponencial de crescimento de A. flavus.

Alteraçöes no fêmur distal em crianças com tíbia vara de Blount / Alterations in distal femur in children with Blount's tibia vara

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as alterações radiográficas no fêmur distal de crianças portadoras de tíbia vara de Bount. Grupo A - Foram avaliadas as radiografias de 19 crianças com Tíbia Vara de Blount (total de 29 tíbias comprometidas, 11 bilaterais). Grupo B - No grupo controle foram analisadas as radiografias obtidas dos joelhos de 18 crianças que sofreram trauma no joelho sem sinais de lesão óssea. A faixa etária média do Grupo A foi de 29,4 meses e do Grupo B 36,6 meses. Nas duas amostras foram analisados os ângulos de Levine e Drennan (LD), metafísico-diafisário do fêmur distais (MDFD), ângulo tíbio-femoral (TF) em decúbito dorsal e as alterações distais do fêmur. Os resultados mostram que as crianças com deformidades angulares apresentaram ângulos de LD, MDFD e TF aumentados e uma maior incidência de alteração distal do fêmur em relação ao grupo controle.

Pé torto eqüinovaro congênito / Talipes. Congenital talipes equinovarus

O pé torto eqüinovaro congênito (PTC) é uma patologia complexa cuja etiologia näo foi ainda totalmente elucidada. Caracteriza-se por inversäo e eqüinismo do retropé associado à inversäo e aduçäo do médio e antepé. Anatomicamente, o defeito primário é a subluxaçäo medial e plantar do complexo articular talocalcâneo-navículo-cubóide que ocorre durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Seu tratamento permanece contrvertido e dificilmente encontramos duas abordagens semelhantes, cruenta e incruenta