Draft Genome Sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain M0605, Which Causes Severe Mortalities of Shrimps in Mexico.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), causes high mortalities in cultured shrimps in Asia (L. Tran et al., Dis. Aquat. Organ. 105:45-55, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02621). Here, we report the draft genome sequence of one Mexican strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes similar clinical signs in diseased shrimps.

Virulence of Vibrio harveyi responsible for the "Bright-red" Syndrome in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Vibrio harveyi (Vh) CAIM 1792 strain was isolated from Litopenaeus vannamei affected with "Bright-red" Syndrome (BRS). The strain grew in 1-10% NaCl, at 15-35°C and was resistant to ampicillin (10 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg) and oxytetracycline (30 µg). The lowest MIC was for enrofloxacine (0.5 µgml(-1)). The in vivo and in vitro toxicity of bacterial cells and the extracellular products (ECPs) of Vh CAIM 1792 grown at 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% NaCl were evaluated. Adherence ability, enzymatic activities and siderophore production of bacterial cell was tested. The ECPs exhibited several enzymatic activities, such as gelatinase, amylase, lipase, phospholipase and caseinase. These ECPs displayed a strong cytotoxic effect on HELA cell line at 6 and 24 h. Challenges using 10(3) CFU g(-1) caused opacity at the site of injection and over 80% shrimp mortality before 24 h p.i. (post-injection). Mortality caused by the ECPs was higher than mortalities with bacteria, especially in the first hours p.i. Bacteria were re-isolated from hemolymph samples of moribund shrimp and identified as Vh CAIM 1792 by rep-PCR. Histological analysis of shrimp L. vannamei injected with Vh CAIM 1792 revealed generalized necrosis involving skeletal muscle (MU) at the injection site, the lymphoid organ (LO), heart and connective tissues. Melanization within the MU at the site of injection was also observed as well as hemocytic nodules within the hearth and MU at 168 h p.i. LO was the target organ of BRS. Necrosis of the MU at the injection site was the main difference in comparison to other shrimp vibriosis.

'Bright-red' syndrome in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is caused by Vibrio harveyi.

Since July 2005, recurrent outbreaks of vibriosis have occurred in shrimp farms in northwestern Mexico. Moribund Litopenaeus vannamei associated with mass mortalities were lethargic and displayed red discoloration spots on their abdomen, and hence were called 'bright-reds' by farmers. Shrimp submitted for diagnosis were examined using wet tissue mounts, bacteriological assays and their respective minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and histology. A dominant yellow bacterial colony was isolated in thiosulphate citrate bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar and identified by molecular methods as Vibrio harveyi strain CAIM 1792. Pathogenicity of the V. harveyi strain was demonstrated in L. vannamei. The lowest MIC against Vibrio isolates from bright-red shrimp was obtained with enrofloxacine (3.01, SD = 5.96 pg ml(-1)). Histology detected severe necrosis in lymphoid organ tubules, muscle fibers, and connective tissue, as well as melanization and hemocytic nodules associate with microcolonies of Gram-negative bacilli. Bacteria from severely affected shrimp were dispersed from the haemocoel to other tissues causing a systemic vibriosis. The data indicate that V. harveyi strain CAIM 1792 is the cause of bright-red syndrome (BRS) and represents a threat to the Mexican shrimp farming industry.

Eficacia y segurida de altas dosis de simvastatina en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia, la experiencia peruana / Efficacy and safety of dose simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia, the peruvian experience

Los inhibidores de la enzima HMG-CO A reductasa son en la actualida el tratamiento mas efectivo con que contamos para pacientes con hipercolesterolemia,aunque en algunos de estos pacientes el uso de dosis estandares de estas drogas no son suficientes para alcanzar los niveles de LDL colesterol recomnedados por el NCEP, y dosis mayores son deseables.Hemos disenado el presente estudio para evaluar la eficacia y tolerabilida de dosis altas(80 mg) de simvastatina en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia.En diseno aleatorizado y adoble ciego reclutamos 38 pacientes con niveles de LDL colesterol por encima de 160 mg/dl ytrigliceridos por debajo de 350/mg/dl y fueron tratados con simvastatina 40 u 80mg por espacio de 24 semanas.Simvastatina 80mg/dia redujo LDL colesterol por 54.4 por cento,con una reduction significativamente mayor del 20.5 por cento con respecto a simvastatina40 mg;hdh colesterol se incremento en 16 por cento y 15 por cento respectivamente.Ambas dosis fueron bien toleradas y sin deferencia significativa en cuanto a eventos adversos

Polipectomía colonoscópica pediátrica / Pediatric colonoscopy polipectomy

Los pólipos rectocolónicos son relativamente frecuentes en la infancia y constituyen una de las mayores causas de sangrado rectal. La polipectomía endoscópica, por su baja morbilidad y mortalidad, ha revolucionado su tratamiento. Entre el 1º de octubre de 1985 y el 31 de mayo de 1994, se resecó por endoscopía, 122 pólipos rectocolónicos, en 88 pacientes pediátricos. Cuarenticinco (51.1 por ciento) de los pacientes fueron hombres y 43 (48.9 por ciento) fueron mujeres. Entre 1 y 5 años se encontro el mayor número de pacientes, correspondieron a 44 casos (50 por ciento). La localización más frecuente fué el recto en 95 (77.9 por ciento). Respecto a tamaño, 63 de los pólipos (51.6 por ciento) midieron entre 1 y 2 cm, diámetro mayor. Sesentitrés pacientes (83 por ciento tuvieron pólipo único, 10 (11.4 por ciento) tuvieron dobles y en 1 paciente se encontró 12 pólipos. Noventiseis (78.7 por ciento) fueron pediculados, siendo ésta la forma más frecuente. Histológicamente el más común fué el pólipo juvenil en 106 casos (87.6 por ciento). Las polipectomías fueron hechas sin uso de anestesia general y en forma ambulatoria. No tuvimos ninguna complicación en el procedimiento. Se concluye que la polipectomía colonoscópica es un método útil, sencillo y seguro para el tratamiento de pólipos rectocolónicos en niños