Implicación ocular en el tratamiento con radiofrecuencia pulsada del ganglio esfenopalatino / Ocular involvement in sphenopalatine ganglion pulsed radiofrequency

El tratamiento con radiofrecuencia pulsada del ganglio esfenopalatino es una opción importante a tener en cuenta respecto al tratamiento intervencionista en casos refractarios de neuralgia del trigémino o dolores faciales atípicos, dado el fácil acceso a su localización. A pesar de que las complicaciones de esta técnica son raras y es un procedimiento bastante seguro, a nivel oftalmológico cabe reseñar su importancia por las relaciones anatómicas de este ganglio (AU)

Pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the sphenopalatine ganglion is an important interventional treatment in refractory cases of trigeminal neuralgia or atypical facial pain, given the easy access to its location. Despite the fact that complications from this technique are rare and it is a fairly safe procedure, ophthalmologists should know about it due to the anatomical relations of this ganglion (AU)

Ocular involvement in sphenopalatin ganglion pulsed radiofrequency.

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment of the sphenopalatine ganglion is an important interventional treatment in refractory cases of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or atypical facial pain, given the easy access to its location. Despite the fact that complications from this technique are rare and it is a fairly safe procedure, ophthalmologists should know about it due to the anatomical relations of this ganglion.

Pressurized GRAS solvents for the green extraction of phenolic compounds from hibiscus sabdariffa calyces.

An environmental friendly extraction procedure has been tested to extract phenolic compounds from H. sabdariffa calyces using pressurized GRAS solvents. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was performed to evaluate the influence of the main operational conditions: temperature (40-200 °C) and solvent composition based on aqueous hidroalcoholic solutions (0-100% ethanol). Phenolic composition of experimental extracts analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS showed that higher temperatures and greater ethanol percentages drove to solvents with lower dielectric constants, which resulted in extracts with major quantities of phenolic compounds. An exception was the extraction of cyanidin-3-sambubioside that could only be quantified in extracts performed at the lowest temperature (40 °C) due to its thermal sensibility. In addition, a RSM was carried out with the aim to maximize the extraction of total phenolic content. To this end, the predicted optimal extraction conditions by RSM were 200 °C and 100% (v/v) of ethanol. Results showed that temperature and ethanol percentage had a significant influence on the extraction of total phenolic compounds (p value < 0.05). The mathematical model pointed out 200 °C of temperature and 100% of ethanol as the optimum conditions to perform the isolation of phenolic compounds by means of pressurized GRAS solvents.

Byproduct Generated During the Elaboration Process of Isotonic Beverage as a Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds.

Agro-industrial byproducts are considered good sources of macronutrients and phytochemicals. Fruit and vegetable residues (FVR), obtained after the production of an isotonic beverage, have previously been characterized containing 80% insoluble dietary fibers from total fibers (48.4%), 26% available carbohydrates, 9.5% proteins and 5% lipids. Nevertheless, fruit and vegetables provide phytochemicals which have been related to human health such as phenolic compounds. The loss of specific compounds over the production process is related to their partitioning between fruit and vegetables and byproducts. However, phenolic profile of FVR remains unknown. This work is focused on the evaluation of FVR as a natural source of these bioactive compounds. For this purpose, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) has been proposed as extraction technique for recovering phenolic compounds from FVR. The experimental variables were temperature and percentage of solvent (ethanol and water). Phenolic compounds extracts were characterized by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and a discussion about phenolic and macronutrient interactions was established. Globally, 88 compounds were tentatively identified: phenolic acids (28), flavonoids (32), and other polyphenols (28). The PLE conditions applied yielded different breaking matrix-analyte interactions leading to an increase in the number of compounds. The highest phenolic acids content was achieved with high temperature while lower temperatures were more efficient in extracting flavonoid. By establishing the phenolics profile in food byproducts such as FVR, it is possible to more effectively apply these byproducts as nutraceutical, food or pharmaceutical ingredients. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Flow diagram of bioactive compounds recovering from isotonic beverage byproduct is proposed using pressurized liquid extraction. The plant-bioactives mechanism relies on fruit and vegetable byproducts changes under different extraction conditions. The obtained extracts can most effectively be applied as nutraceuticals or as ingredients in food or pharmaceutical inputs.

[Follow-up of a diploma course graduates in the teaching of medicine]. / Seguimiento de egresados de un diplomado en enseñanza de la medicina.

Certification in Medical Education; Strategy for Educational Formation. Origins and Follow-Up. This study is a review of the problem of educational formation in terms of an international context, and determinant factors of this need are analyzed, barriers or limitations that have prevented such a formation are highlighted, and some development proposals for educational training are offered. It is also a description of the actions that the Facultad de Medicina (Medical School) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico) implemented from 1965 to 1996 to promote educational training. In 1997, the Diplomado en Enseñanza de la Medicina began as a new possibility for educational training. The first certification course ran in 1997, and there have been 18 courses to date, eight the Medical School and 10 at external institutions. In 1999, a follow-up questionnaire was answered by physicians trained under the certification program. Results showed that training received in the certification course had a positive effect on teaching skills of physicians who attended it, thus establishing the program as a good option for medical teachers.

Seguimiento de egresados de un diplomado en enseñanza de la Medicina / Follow-Up of a Diploma Course Graduates in the Teaching of Medicine

El presente trabajo plantea en primer término el problema de la formación docente en el contexto internacional, destacando los factores determinantes de esta necesidad, las barreras o limitantes que han impedido esta formación y algunas propuestas de desarrollo de la formación docente. A continuación, presenta una de las acciones que la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México realiza a favor de la formación docente, el Diplomado en Enseñanza de la Medicina, surgido como una necesidad sentida de un grupo de docentes, deformar profesores capacitados en la enseñanza de su disciplina, con lo cual se abrió una nueva posibilidad de formación docente. El diplomado, que inició en l997, a la fecha se ha impartido en 18 ocasiones, ocho en la Facultad de Medicina y las demás en sedes externas. A cuatro años de su inicio se envió un cuestionario de seguimiento a una muestra representativa de los egresados. Los resultados mostraron que existen repercusiones favorables en el ejercicio docente de los médicos formados en el diplomado, con lo cual se constituye en una buena opción para los docentes.

Certification in Medical Education; Strategy for Educational Formation. Origins and Follow-Up. This study is a review of the problem of educational formation in terms of an international context, and determinant factors of this need are analyzed, barriers or limitations that have prevented such a formation are highlighted, and some development proposals for educational training are offered. It is also a description of the actions that the Facultad de Medicina (Medical School) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico) implemented from 1965 to 1996 to promote educational training. In 1997, the Diplomado en Enseñanza de la Medicina began as a new possibility for educational training. The first certification course ran in 1997, and there have been 18 courses to date, eight the Medical School and 10 at external institutions. In 1999, a follow-up questionnaire was answered by physicians trained under the certification program. Results showed that training receivedin the certification course had a positive effect on teaching skills of physicians who attended it, thus establishing the program as a good option for medical teachers.