[Meta analysis on the correlation between Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family strains and drug resistance].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between Beijing genotype (Beijing family) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and drug resistance. METHODS: A computer retrieval of Medline, Embase, SCI, EBSCO, CNKI, Weipu and Wanfang databases from 1990 to 2010 was conducted. A total of 525 articles exploring the relationship of Beijing genotype of MTB and drug resistance were found through literature search. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a Meta-subgroup analysis was conducted in Beijing genotype of MTB and drug resistance. RESULTS: A total of 38 articles were selected, including 22 articles on isoniazid resistance, 24 articles on rifampin resistance, 19 articles on ethambutol resistance, 18 articles on ethambutol resistance, 26 articles on multi-drug resistance (MDR). Meta-subgroup analysis showed that in China, there was an association between Beijing genotype and resistance to rifampin, ethambutol and MDR: rifampin (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.13 - 2.31), ethambutol (OR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.16 - 2.40), MDR (OR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.20 - 2.68); in Russia, there was an association between Beijing genotype and resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and MDR: isoniazid (OR = 4.82, 95%CI: 3.19 - 7.29), rifampin (OR = 4.84, 95%CI: 3.84 - 6.10), ethambutol (OR = 3.32, 95%CI: 2.51 - 4.40), MDR (OR = 5.42, 95%CI: 3.36 - 8.74); in Vietnam, there was an association between Beijing genotype and resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and MDR: isoniazid (OR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.55 - 2.91), rifampin (OR = 4.71, 95%CI: 3.01 - 7.36), ethambutol (OR = 3.78, 95%CI: 1.63 - 8.77), MDR (OR = 4.21, 95%CI: 1.58 - 11.18); in other countries, there was an association between Beijing genotype and resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and MDR: isoniazid (OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.19 - 2.42), rifampin (OR = 2.48, 95%CI: 1.92 - 3.19), ethambutol (OR = 3.04, 95%CI: 2.13 - 4.33), MDR (OR = 2.36, 95%CI: 1.52 - 3.68). CONCLUSION: Beijing genotype of MTB was positively associated with three kinds of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol) and MDR, and the relationship intensity was different in different countries.

[A study on indicator system for early-warning on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome epidemic].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an early-warning indicator system on outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome by Delphi method seeking expert advices. METHODS: Firstly, the literature review and the experts meeting method were used to formulate the initiator frame work and indicators. A two-round consultation was used to filter indicators, discuss the boundary of indicators and determine the weighting coefficient among 25 experts from 14 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. The relative weightiless of indicators was determined by the weight coefficients method. RESULTS: The experts' average length of service in prevention and control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was (23.80 ± 11.70) years. The positivity coefficients of the two-round experts were 100% and 72%. Kendall's coefficients of the two-round consultation were 0.50 (χ(2)(R) = 148.95, P < 0.01) and 0.54 (χ(2)(R) = 212.63, P < 0.01) and opinions among experts became consistent and the consultation had achieved the need of forecast. Four first-class indicators (host animals, risk population, social environment and case-related indicators) and 14 second-class indicators were filtered to develop the indicators system. The weight coefficients of the first-class indicators were 0.28, 0.23, 0.23 and 0.26. CONCLUSION: The early-warning index system of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome has been established and it could provide a reference for the forest and warning of HFRS outbreak.

Association of HLA-DQB1 gene polymorphisms with outcomes of HBV infection in Chinese Han population.

BACKGROUND: Host genetic factors and environmental factors including hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype are widely studied for the different outcomes of HBV infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) plays an important role in the immunological reaction to HBV infection. AIMS: To explore whether the HLA-DQB1 allele polymorphisms are associated with the outcome of HBV infection in a Chinese Han population. PATIENTS: One hundred and thirty three HBV subjects with spontaneous recovery and 151 chronic hepatitis B patients were recruited into this case-control study in the Beijing area of China. METHODS: Sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) was used to detect 13 alleles of HLA-DQB1 gene and 13 alleles of HLA-DRB1 gene. Multivariate logistic regression model was performed to detect the association of candidate factors with outcome of HBV infection by SAS 9.1.2 software package. RESULTS: The frequency of HLA-DQB1*0502 allele in the chronic hepatitis B group was significantly higher than that in the group with spontaneous recovery independent of HLA-DRB1 (odds ratio 95%CI 1.8-190). In this study there was no evidence to indicate that cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption was associated with the outcome of HBV infection. CONCLUSION: HLA-DQB1*0502 is independently associated with the outcome of HBV infection and is one host genetic factor affecting HBV infection outcome. At the same time, we can not rule out the possibility that excluded genes and alleles may also affect outcome.

[Association of haplotype formed on HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 alleles with outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of haplotype of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 alleles with outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection in Han population of north China. METHODS: Two hundred and seven chronic hepatitis B (HB) patients, two hundred and twelve chronic asymptomatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers (HBV carrier) and one hundred and forty-eight self-limited HBV infection were investigated for HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 alleles by sequence specific-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP). RESULTS: The frequency of DRB1*04-DQA1*0301 haplotype was 10.03% in self-limited HBV infection subjects, significantly higher than that in chronic HB patients (3.66%) (P=0.0005)ûthe frequency of DRB1*15/*16-DQA1*0102 haplotype was 6.80% in self-limited HBV infection subjects, significantly higher than 1.94% in chronic HB patients (P=0.0012) and 1.65% in asymptomatic HBV carriers (P=0.0004)ûwhile the frequency of DRB1*04-DQA1*0302 haplotype was 3.10% in chronic HB patients, higher than that in self-limited HBV infection subjects (0.39%) (P=0.0077). CONCLUSION: Individuals with different haplotypes composed of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 might have different outcomes of HBV infection.

[Association of polymorphisms of human leucocyte antigen -DRB1 and -DQA1 allele with outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection in Han population of north China].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of polymorphisms of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) -DRB1 and -DQA1 region allele with outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Han population of north China. METHODS: A total of 207 chronic hepatitis B (HB) patients, 212 chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers (HBV carrier), and 148 self-limited HBV infection were recruited to examine the association between gene polymorphisms and outcomes of HBV infection. Polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) technique was used to genotype HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 loci. RESULTS: The frequency of HLA-DQA1 * 0301 in chronic HB patients (14.81%) was significantly lower than those in HBV carriers (25.24%) and self-limited HBV infection subjects (25.00%) (Pc = 0.002; Pc = 0.007). The frequency of HLA-DQA1 * 0102 in self-limited HBV infection subjects (8.78%) was significantly higher than those in chronic HB patients (2.18%) and HBV carriers (1.89%) (Pc = 0.000; P = 0.000). In addition, the frequency of HLA-DQA1 * 0302 in self-limited HBV infection subjects (4.05%) was significantly lower than that in chronic HB patients (11.41%) (Pc = 0.005). HLA-DQA1 * 0302 was demonstrated to be risk factors of chronic HBV (OR = 3.913, P = 0.0006), while HLA-DQA1* 0102 and HLA-DQA1 * 0301 to be protective factors against chronic HBV (OR = 0.200, P = 0.0004; OR = 0.258, P = 0.0000) after age, sex, smoking and drinking were adjusted by logistic regression analysis. There were positive interactions between drinking and HLA-DQA1 * 0102 [interaction index (II) = 1.49] or HLA-DQA1 * 0302 (II = 12.12). There were negative interactions between drinking and HLA-DQA1 * 0301 (II = 0.78) CONCLUSIONS: The subjects with HLA-DQA1 * 0302 allele have an increased risk to chronic HB infection compared with other subjects without this allele, while HLA-DQA1 * 0301 and HLA-DQA1 * 0102 are associated with HBV clearness. Gene-environment interaction can affect the outcomes of HBV infection.

[Association of TNFA polymorphisms with the outcomes of HBV infection].

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the TNFA promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with the outcomes of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection in Chinese Han population. METHODS: One hundred and forty-eight self-limited HBV infection subjects and 207 chronic hepatitis B patients were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence specific primer-PCR(PCR-SSP) were used to detect the SNPs of five sites in TNFA promoter (-238G/A, -308G/A, -857C/T, -863C/A, -1031T/C). The frequency distributions of genotypes and haplotypes in different groups were analyzed by EPI and EH programs. RESULTS: The frequencies of -238GG genotype in chronic hepatitis B patients were significantly higher than that in self-limited infection subjects (P=0.02). The frequencies of -857TT genotype in chronic hepatitis B patients were clearly lower than that in self-limited infection subjects (P=0.02). Haplotypic frequencies of GGCCT (-238/-308/-857/-863/-1031) in chronic hepatitis B patients was significantly lower than that in self-limited infection subjects (P=0.03), and the frequencies of haplotype GGCAT or GGTAT in chronic hepatitis B patients were clearly higher than those in self-limited infection subjects (P=0.0001; P=0.004). CONCLUSION: TNFA promoter polymorphisms are important host genetic factors affecting the outcomes of HBV infection.

Association of -238G/A polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region with outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese Han population.

AIM: To clarify whether -238G/A polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter region was associated with outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Han population of northern China, and to analyze the gene-environment interaction between -238G/A polymorphism and cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted to analyze the association of TNF-alpha gene promoter polymorphism with HBV infection outcomes. A total of 207 patients with chronic hepatitis B (HB) and 148 cases of self-limited HBV infection from Ditan Hospital and Shunyi District Hospital in Beijing, respectively were recruited. History of smoking and alcohol drinking was inquired by a questionnaire. The -238G/A polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene promoter was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: The frequencies of GG and GA genotypes were 98.07% and 1.93% in chronic HB patients and 93.24% and 6.76% in self-limited HBV infection individuals, respectively (chi(2)=5.30, P=0.02). The frequency of G allele was significantly higher in patients with chronic HB that in individuals with self-limited HBV infection (99.03% vs 96.62%, chi(2)=5.20, P=0.02). Only modestly increased risk of onset of chronic HB was found in smokers (OR=1.40, 95% CI: 0.87-2.28, P=0.14) and drinkers (OR=1.26, 95%CI: 0.78-2.05, P=0.32). There was a positive interaction between genotype GG and cigarette smoking with an interaction index (II) of 2.95, or alcohol consumption with an II of 1.64. CONCLUSION: The -238G/A polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene promoter region is independently associated with different outcomes of HBV infection.