Epidemiological and numerical simulation of rabies spreading from canines to various human populations in mainland China.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of humans due to rabies in China has been declining in recent years, but it is still a significant public health problem. According to the global framework, China strives to achieve the goal of eliminating human rabies before 2030. METHODS: We reviewed the epidemiology of human deaths from rabies in mainland China from 2004 to 2018. We identified high risk regions, age and occupational groups, and used a continuous deterministic susceptibility-exposure-infection-recovery (SEIR) model with periodic transmission rate to explore seasonal rabies prevalence in different human populations. The SEIR model was used to simulate the data of human deaths from rabies reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). We calculated the relative transmission intensity of rabies from canines to different human groups, and they provided a reliable epidemiological basis for further control and prevention of human rabies. RESULTS: Results showed that human deaths from rabies exhibited regional differences and seasonal characteristics in mainland China. The annual human death from rabies in different regions, age groups and occupational groups decreased steadily across time. Nevertheless, the decreasing rates and the calculated R0s of canines of various human groups were different. The transmission intensity of rabies from canines to human populations was the highest in the central regions of China, in people over 45 years old, and in farmers. CONCLUSIONS: Although the annual cases of human deaths from rabies have decreased steadily since 2007, the proportion of human deaths from rabies varies with region, age, gender, and occupation. Further enhancement of public awareness and immunization status in high-risk population groups and blocking the transmission routes of rabies from canines to humans are necessary. The concept of One Health should be abided and human, animal, and environmental health should be considered simultaneously to achieve the goal of eradicating human rabies before 2030.

Large-area rainbow holographic diffraction gratings on a curved surface using transferred photopolymer films.

We report the fabrication of large-area holographic diffraction gratings on a curved surface from transferred photopolymer films by introducing a water-soluble interlayer. The holographic gratings on a curved surface have a diffraction efficiency of ∼63%, which is ∼80% of the recorded holographic film on a flat surface. By transferring a recorded holographic grating to a flat substrate, we obtained rainbow holographic gratings under white light illumination. This can be explained by the deformation of the holographic gratings. Our result provides a low-cost method for fabricating diffraction optical elements on a curved surface for optical systems.

In Situ Fabrication of Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal-Embedded Polymer Composite Films with Enhanced Photoluminescence for Display Backlights.

A simple and versatile in situ fabrication of MAPbX3 nanocrystal-embedded polymer composite films is developed by controlling the crystallization process from precursor solutions. The composite films exhibit enhanced photoluminescence properties, improved stability, and excellent piezoelectric and mechanical properties. Applications of these composite films as color converters in liquid-crystal-display backlights are demonstrated, showing bright potential in display technology.