Local symmetry-driven interfacial magnetization and electronic states in (ZnO)n/(w-FeO)n superlattices.

Superlattices constructed with the wide-band-gap semiconductor ZnO and magnetic oxide FeO, both in the wurtzite structure, have been investigated using spin-polarized first-principles calculations. The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of the (ZnO)n/(w-FeO)n superlattices were studied in great detail. Two different interfaces in the (ZnO)n/(w-FeO)n superlattices were identified and they showed very different magnetic and electronic properties. Local symmetry-driven interfacial magnetization and electronic states can arise from different Fe/Zn distributions at different interfaces or spin ordering of Fe in the superlattice. The local symmetry-driven interfacial magnetization and electronic states, originating either from different Fe/Zn distribution across interfaces I and II, or by spin ordering of Fe in the superlattice, can be identified. It was also found that, in the case of the ferromagnetic phase, the electrons are more delocalized for the majority spin but strongly localized for the minority spin, which resulted in interesting spin-dependent transport properties. Our results will pave the way for designing novel spin-dependent electronic devices through the construction of superlattices from semiconductors and multiferroics.

Influence of Zr aggregation on Li-ion conductivity of amorphous solid-state electrolyte Li-La-Zr-O.

In our study, we investigated the influence of the local structure of amorphous Li-La-Zr-O (a-LLZO) on Li-ion conductivity using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). A-LLZO has shown promising properties in inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites, making it a potential candidate for solid electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium batteries. The low Li-ion conductivity of a-LLZO is currently limiting its practical applications. Our findings revealed that the homogeneous distribution of Zr-O polyhedra within the pristine structure of a-LLZO contributes to enhanced Li-ion conductivity. By reducing the interconnections among Zr-O polyhedra, the AIMD-simulated a-LLZO sample achieved a Li-ion conductivity of 5.78 × 10-4 S/cm at room temperature, which is slightly lower than that of cubic LLZO (c-LLZO) with a Li-ion conductivity of 1.63 × 10-3 S/cm. Furthermore, we discovered that Li-ion conductivity can be influenced by adjusting the elemental ratios within a-LLZO. This suggests that fine-tuning the composition of a-LLZO can potentially further enhance its Li-ion conductivity and optimize its performance as a solid electrolyte in lithium batteries.

Quantum spin Hall effect in tilted penta silicene and its isoelectronic substitutions.

Silicene, a competitive two-dimensional (2D) material for future electronic devices, has attracted intensive attention in condensed matter physics. Utilizing an adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA), we identify a topological allotrope of silicene, named tilted penta (tPenta) silicene. Based on first-principles calculations, the geometric and electronic properties of tPenta silicene and its isoelectronic substitutions (Ge, Sn) are investigated. Our results indicate that tPenta silicene exhibits a semimetallic state with distorted Dirac cones in the absence of spin-orbit coupling (SOC). When SOC is considered, it shows semiconducting behavior with a gap opening of 2.4 meV at the Dirac point. Based on the results of invariant ( = 1) and the helical edge states, we demonstrate that tPenta silicene is a topological insulator. Furthermore, the effect of isoelectronic substitutions on tPenta silicene is studied. Two stoichiometric phases, i.e., tPenta Si0.333Ge0.667 and tPenta Si0.333Sn0.667 are found to retain the geometric framework of tPenta silicene and exhibit high stabilities. Our calculations show that both tPenta Si0.333Ge0.667 and tPenta Si0.333Sn0.667 are QSH insulators with enlarged band gaps of 32.5 meV and 94.3 meV, respectively, at the HSE06 level, offering great potential for practical applications at room temperature.

OsRELA Regulates Leaf Inclination by Repressing the Transcriptional Activity of OsLIC in Rice.

Leaf angle is one of the most important agronomic traits in rice, and changes in leaf angle can alter plant architecture to affect photosynthetic efficiency and thus determine grain yield. Therefore, it is important to identify key genes controlling leaf angle and elucidate the molecular mechanisms to improve rice yield. We obtained a mutant rela (regulator of leaf angle) with reduced leaf angle in rice by EMS mutagenesis, and map-based cloning revealed that OsRELA encodes a protein of unknown function. Coincidentally, DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE 2 (DEP2) was reported in a previous study with the same gene locus. RNA-seq analysis revealed that OsRELA is involved in regulating the expression of ILI and Expansin family genes. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that OsRELA is able to interact with OsLIC, a negative regulator of BR signaling, through its conserved C-terminal domain, which is essential for OsRELA function in rice. The binding of OsRELA can activate the expression of downstream genes repressed by OsLIC, such as OsILI1, a positive regulator of leaf inclination in rice. Therefore, our results suggest that OsRELA can act as a transcriptional regulator and is involved in the regulation of leaf inclination by regulating the transcriptional activity of OsLIC.

Inorganic Lead-Free B-γ-CsSnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Using Diverse Electron-Transporting Materials: A Simulation Study.

B-γ-CsSnI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are simulated employing diverse electron-transporting layers (ETLs, including TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, GaN, C60, and PCBM), and a comparative study has been made. Both regular and inverted planar structures are simulated. Effects of the thickness of absorbers and ETLs, doping of ETLs, and interface trap states on the photovoltaic performance are studied to optimize the device structures. The regular structures have larger short-circuit current density (J sc) than the inverted structures, but the inverted structures have larger fill factor (FF). All of the simulated optimal PSCs have similar open-circuit voltages (V oc) of ∼0.96 V. The PSCs with TiO2 ETLs have the best photovoltaic performance, and the optimum structure exhibits the highest efficiency of 20.2% with a V oc of 0.97 V, J sc of 29.67 mA/cm2, and FF of 0.70. The optimal PSCs with ZnO, GaN, C60, and PCBM ETLs exhibit efficiencies of 17.88, 18.09, 16.71, and 16.59%, respectively. The optimal PSC with SnO2 ETL exhibits the lowest efficiency of 15.5% in all of the simulated PSCs due to its cliff-like band offset at the SnO2/CsSnI3 interface. Furthermore, the increase of interface trap density and capture cross section is found to reduce the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. This work contributes to designing and fabricating CsSnI3 PSCs.

Histidine kinase MHZ1/OsHK1 interacts with ethylene receptors to regulate root growth in rice.

Ethylene plays essential roles during adaptive responses to water-saturating environments in rice, but knowledge of its signaling mechanism remains limited. Here, through an analysis of a rice ethylene-response mutant mhz1, we show that MHZ1 positively modulates root ethylene responses. MHZ1 encodes the rice histidine kinase OsHK1. MHZ1/OsHK1 is autophosphorylated at a conserved histidine residue and can transfer the phosphoryl signal to the response regulator OsRR21 via the phosphotransfer proteins OsAHP1/2. This phosphorelay pathway is required for root ethylene responses. Ethylene receptor OsERS2, via its GAF domain, physically interacts with MHZ1/OsHK1 and inhibits its kinase activity. Genetic analyses suggest that MHZ1/OsHK1 acts at the level of ethylene perception and works together with the OsEIN2-mediated pathway to regulate root growth. Our results suggest that MHZ1/OsHK1 mediates the ethylene response partially independently of OsEIN2, and is directly inhibited by ethylene receptors, thus revealing mechanistic details of ethylene signaling for root growth regulation.

Potential Factors Affected Safety and Efficacy of Transcatheter Plug Closure for Pediatric Hemoptysis with Anomalous Bronchial Arteries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventional care in pediatric hemoptysis for anomalous bronchial arteries (BAs) and to identify the potential factors resulting in hemoptysis recurrence. METHODS: 20 children complained of hemoptysis were diagnosed with anomalous BAs. All patients received transcatheter plug occlusion in Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The safety and efficacy were evaluated according to clinical symptoms and images monitoring of enrolled subjects grouped as recurrence group and nonrecurrence group. The potential factors causing hemoptysis recurrence were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS: No deaths were recorded in a follow-up. Otherwise, hemoptysis recurrence was found in 8 subjects for 14 times, accounting for about 40%. Compared with nonrecurrence group, it indicated a statistical significance in hemoglobin levels (P=0.049), mycoplasma pneumonia particle assays (MP-PA) titers (P=0.030), and number of anomalous BAs (P=0.020). Meanwhile, 50% recurrent scenarios were associated with a respiratory infection by microbiological assessment before transcatheter plug occlusion. The repeat occlusion was applied for unclosed BAs leading to visual recurrent hemoptysis, the average interval time of which was 5.4 ± 3.6 mon. CONCLUSION: The data from this retrospective study have shown that transcatheter plug occlusion is a relatively safe procedure with a low mortality. The number of abnormal BAs has been identified as a highly significant predictor of recurrence, and the role of MP and other potential factors should be verified in a multicenter, larger sample size, and randomized controlled trial.

What is the position of pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific drug therapy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: It is commonly reported a limitation of therapeutic strategy in Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) historically. This qualitative systematic review is conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific drug therapy (PAH-SDT) for ES patients for a clinical therapeutic strategy based on evidence. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases have been systematically reviewed up to January 2019. Two reviewers independently conducted a literature search, quality evaluation, and data extraction. The occurrence of death, deterioration, and adverse events (AEs) has respectively been described as a count or percentage. Meta-analysis was conducted by Stata 15.1, and weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were recorded for continuous data. Randomized-effect model or fixed-effect model was applied according to the heterogeneity test. RESULTS: Fifteen citations recruiting 456 patients associated with ES were eventually pooled, which involved 4 RCTs, 6 prospective studies, and 5 retrospective studies. Within the first year, it indicated PAH-SDT significantly ameliorated exercise capacity in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) (I = 60.5%; WMD: 53.86 m, 95% CI [36.59, 71.13], P < .001), functional class (FC) (WMD = -0.71, 95% CI [-0.98, -0.44], P < .001) and Borg dyspnea index (WMD = -1.28, 95% CI [-1.86, -0.70], P < .001), in addition to hemodynamics, especially mean pulmonary arterial pressure by 5.70 mmHg (WMD = -5.70 mmHg, 95% CI [-8.19, -3.22], P < .001) and pulmonary vascular resistance by 4.20 wood U (WMD: -4.20, 95% CI [-7.32, -1.09], P = .008), but unsatisfactory effects in oxygen saturation at exercise (P = .747). In a prolonged medication, bosentan, a dual ERA, has been proved acting an important role in improving exercise tolerance of patients with ES (6MWD: I = 47.5%; WMD: 88.68 m, 95% CI [54.05, 123.3], P < .001; FC: I = 0.0%; WMD = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.10, -0.19], P = .006). While a nonsignificant change of 6MWD was noted in a long-term therapy of ambrisentan (P = .385). There existed rare evidence about the efficacy and safety of macitentan, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i), and prostanoids in a prolonged medication. Most AEs were recorded as mild to moderate with PAH-SDT, but about 4.3% individuals treated with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) suffered from serious ones, and 3.9% suffered from death. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis proved PAH-SDT as a safe and effective role in ES in an early stage. However, in a long-term treatment, bosentan has been supported for a lasting effect on exercise tolerance. A further multicenter research with a large sample about pharmacotherapy of ES is necessary.

A super-stretchable boron nanoribbon network.

We have studied the mechanical properties of a two-dimensional (2D) boron nanoribbon network (BNRN) subjected to a uniaxial or a biaxial tensile strain using first principles calculations. The results show that the 2D BNRN is super-stretchable. The critical tensile strains of the BNRN in the χ-h1 phase along the a- and b-directions are 0.51 and 0.41, respectively, and that for the biaxial strain reaches an ultrahigh value of 0.84. By analyzing the B-B interatomic distance, coordination number and charge distribution, it is found that with increasing biaxial tensile strain, the χ-h1 BNRN undergoes two structural phase transitions, which are characterized by breaking of the B-B bonds and the partial transformation of the nanoribbon-like structures into chain-like structures. The strain-induced phase transitions significantly reduce the strain energy. We also discuss the elastic constants, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratios. The super-stretchable and flexible mechanical properties of the BNRNs, together with their superior transport properties, make BNRNs useful in a wide range of applications in nanoscale electronic devices.

The efficiency of endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan for pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oral bosentan has been widely applied in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD). A systemic review and meta-analysis was conducted for a therapeutic evaluation of oral bosentan in both adult and pediatric patients with PAH-CHD. The acute responses and a long-term effect were respectively assessed in a comparison with baseline characteristics, and the improvement of exercise tolerance was analyzed. METHODS: PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of clinical controlled trails or observational studies have been searched for a recording of bosentan effects on the PAH-CHD participants. For mortality and rate of adverse events (AEs), it was described in detail. Randomized-effects model or fixed-effects model was used to calculate different effective values with a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were pooled in this review, and 3 studies enrolled the pediatric patients. Among all studies, 456 patients were diagnosed with PAH-CHD, and 91.7% were treated with oral bosentan. With a term less than 6 months of bosentan therapy, there existed a significant improvement in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and the World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), but no such differences in Borg dyspnea index scores (BDIs) and the resting oxygen saturation (SpO2). Although with a prolonged treatment, not only 6MWD and FC, but also the resting SpO2 and heart rate were changed for a better exercise capability. Additionally, compared with the basic cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, it showed a statistically significant difference in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRi). Although a limitation of pooled studies with comparative outcomes of different terms, outcomes presented a lower WHO-FC which contributes to a success in a prolonged treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bosentan in PAH-CHD is well established and still requires clinical trials for an identification of its efficiency on CHD patients for an optimized period lessening a serious complication and the common AEs.

FOXO1 inhibition potentiates endothelial angiogenic functions in diabetes via suppression of ROCK1/Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Diabetes-induced endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and neovasculariza-tion impairment constitute vascular complications with limited treatment regimens.Transcription factor FOXO1 is a key angiogenic regulator and plays a pathologic role in progression of diabetes.The pres-ent study was designed to determine the involvement of FOXO1 in impaired EC function and post-isch-emic neovascularization in diabetes and investigate underlying mechanisms.RESULTS We found that FOXO1-selective inhibitor AS1842856 improved blood flow recovery and capillary density in ischemic hindlimb,and rescued the delay of wound closure with a concomitant augmentation of mean perfusion rate in diabetic mice. In vitro,treatment with AS1842856 or FOXO1 siRNA abrogated high glucose-in-duced apoptosis and ameliorated capillary tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HU-VECs). FOXO1 inhibition relieved alterations in mitochondrial networks and significantly suppressed the over production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species(mtROS)induced by high glucose in ECs. Expression of dynamin-relatedprotein-1 (Drp1) and phosphorylation at Ser616, a protein required for mitochondrial fission, were enhanced by hyperglycemia, which could be neutralized by FOXO1 inhibition. Moreover, the transcription of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), which phosphorylates Drp1 at Ser616, was shown by luciferase assay to be directly regulated by FOXO1. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that FOXO1 is critical to preserve mitochondrial quantity and func-tion in ECs,and FOXO1 may serve as a therapeutic target for microvascular complications of diabetes.

New crystal structure prediction of fully hydrogenated borophene by first principles calculations.

New crystal structures of fully hydrogenated borophene (borophane) have been predicted by first principles calculation. Comparing with the chair-like borophane (C-boropane) that has been reported in literature, we obtained four new borophane conformers with much lower total-energy. The most stable one, washboard-like borophane (W-borophane), has energy about 113.41 meV/atom lower than C-borophane. In order to explain the relative stability of different borophane conformers, the atom configuration, density of states, charge transfer, charge density distribution and defect formation energy of B-H dimer have been calculated. The results show that the charge transfer from B atoms to H atoms is crucial for the stability of borophane. In different borophane conformers, the bonding characteristics between B and H atoms are similar, but the B-B bonds in W-borophane are much stronger than that in C-borophane or other structures. In addition, we examined the dynamical stability of borophane conformers by phonon dispersions and found that the four new conformers are all dynamically stable. Finally the mechanical properties of borophane conformers along an arbitrary direction have been discussed. W-borophane possesses unique electronic structure (Dirac cone), good stability and superior mechanical properties. W-borophane has broad perspective for nano electronic device.

High anisotropy of fully hydrogenated borophene.

We have studied the mechanical properties and phonon dispersions of fully hydrogenated borophene (borophane) under strains by first principles calculations. Uniaxial tensile strains along the a- and b-direction, respectively, and biaxial tensile strain have been considered. Our results show that the mechanical properties and phonon stability of borophane are both highly anisotropic. The ultimate tensile strain along the a-direction is only 0.12, but it can be as large as 0.30 along the b-direction. Compared to borophene and other 2D materials (graphene, graphane, silicene, silicane, h-BN, phosphorene and MoS2), borophane presents the most remarkable anisotropy in in-plane ultimate strain, which is very important for strain engineering. Furthermore, the phonon dispersions under the three applied strains indicate that borophane can withstand up to 5% and 15% uniaxial tensile strain along the a- and b-direction, respectively, and 9% biaxial tensile strain, indicating that mechanical failure in borophane is likely to originate from phonon instability.

Callose synthesis during reproductive development in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

Callose, a linear ß-1,3-glucan molecule, plays important roles in a variety of processes in angiosperms, including development and the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Despite the importance of callose deposition, our understanding of the roles of callose in rice reproductive development and the regulation of callose biosynthesis is limited. GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE genes encode callose synthases (GSLs), which function in the production of callose at diverse sites in plants. Studies have shown that callose participated in plant reproductive development, and that the timely deposition and degradation of callose were essential for normal male gametophyte development. In this mini-review, we described conserved sequences found in GSL family proteins from monocotyledonous (Oryza sativa and Zea mays) and dicotyledonous (Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max) plants. We also describe the latest findings on callose biosynthesis and deposition during reproductive development and discuss future challenges in unraveling the mechanism of callose synthesis and deposition in higher plants.

Angiogenesis：molecular mechanism and related diseases / 中国病理生理杂志

Angiogenesis is the process of capillary formation from the existing blood vessels, which is regulated by many cytokines.Balance of these cytokines plays an important role in angiogenesis.Unbalance of these cytokines, lead-ing to excessive or insufficient blood vessel, relates to a variety of diseases, such as tumor, ophthalmic diseases and wound healing.Recently, it has been observed that angiogenesis is also involved in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. This review mainly discusses the molecular mechanism of angiogenesis and related diseases, and emphasizes the value of targeting angiogenesis as a strategy to develop drugs for those diseases.

Degenerate Effect on the Mobility of Holes in Graphane: A Study Based on Density Functional Theory Coupled with Deformation Potential Theory.

The traditional deformation potential method is not able to calculate the charge mobility of heavily doped degenerate semiconductors, in which inter-band scattering is not negligible. To theoretically predict the charge mobility of such semiconductors, an improved deformation potential method is required, in which the deformation potential constant is decomposed into two parts (hydrostatic and uniaxial terms) based on k⋅p theory to incorporate the inter-band scattering between degenerate valence bands. We propose a new method to calculate the heavy- and light-hole mobilities of graphane. The proposed method produces more appropriate values than the traditional methods. Hence, the new method can be applied to other 2D materials with degenerate bands.

Comparison of Tension-Band Wiring With the Cable Pin System in Patella Fractures: A Randomized Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcome of tension-band wiring (TBW) with the cable pin system (CPS) for transverse fractures of the patella. DESIGN: Randomized prospective study. SETTING: Academic Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: From February 2008 to December 2011, 73 consecutive patients with transverse fractures of the patella were prospectively enrolled in this study. INTERVENTION: The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: one group was treated using the CPS, and the other group was treated using the modified TBW. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The clinical outcome assessment included analyses of the radiographic images, the modified Hospital for Special Surgery scoring system, and complications. RESULTS: The follow-up time ranged from 12 to 29 months. All fractures healed, with a union rate of 100%. The fracture healing time was significantly shorter in the CPS group (8.51 ± 2.59 weeks, n = 34) compared with the TBW group (11.79 ± 3.04 weeks, n = 39). Postoperative complications in the CPS and TBW groups were observed in 1 and 9 patients, respectively, a difference that was statistically significant. The mean Hospital for Special Surgery score for the CPS group (90.53 ± 5.19 points) was significantly higher than that for the TBW group (81.36 ± 12.71 points). CONCLUSIONS: The CPS is a viable option for transverse fractures of the patella and is associated with a shorter healing time, fewer complications, and better function than TBW. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Posthospital Discharge Medical Care Costs and Family Burden Associated with Osteoporotic Fracture Patients in China from 2011 to 2013.

Objectives. This study collected and evaluated data on the costs of outpatient medical care and family burden associated with osteoporosis-related fracture rehabilitation following hospital discharge in China. Materials and Methods. Data were collected using a patient questionnaire from osteoporosis-related fracture patients (N = 123) who aged 50 years and older who were discharged between January 2011 and January 2013 from 3 large hospitals in China. The survey captured posthospital discharge direct medical costs, indirect medical costs, lost work time for caregivers, and patient ambulatory status. Results. Hip fracture was the most frequent fracture site (62.6%), followed by vertebral fracture (34.2%). The mean direct medical care costs per patient totaled 3,910¥, while mean indirect medical costs totaled 743¥. Lost work time for unpaid family caregivers was 16.4 days, resulting in an average lost income of 3,233¥. The average posthospital direct medical cost, indirect medical cost, and caregiver lost income associated with a fracture patient totaled 7,886¥. Patients' ambulatory status was negatively impacted following fracture. Conclusions. Significant time and cost of care are placed on patients and caregivers during rehabilitation after discharge for osteoporotic fracture. It is important to evaluate the role and responsibility for creating the growing and inequitable burden placed on patients and caregivers following osteoporotic fracture.

Ethylene responses in rice roots and coleoptiles are differentially regulated by a carotenoid isomerase-mediated abscisic acid pathway.

Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) act synergistically or antagonistically to regulate plant growth and development. ABA is derived from the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Here, we analyzed the interplay among ethylene, carotenoid biogenesis, and ABA in rice (Oryza sativa) using the rice ethylene response mutant mhz5, which displays a reduced ethylene response in roots but an enhanced ethylene response in coleoptiles. We found that MHZ5 encodes a carotenoid isomerase and that the mutation in mhz5 blocks carotenoid biosynthesis, reduces ABA accumulation, and promotes ethylene production in etiolated seedlings. ABA can largely rescue the ethylene response of the mhz5 mutant. Ethylene induces MHZ5 expression, the production of neoxanthin, an ABA biosynthesis precursor, and ABA accumulation in roots. MHZ5 overexpression results in enhanced ethylene sensitivity in roots and reduced ethylene sensitivity in coleoptiles. Mutation or overexpression of MHZ5 also alters the expression of ethylene-responsive genes. Genetic studies revealed that the MHZ5-mediated ABA pathway acts downstream of ethylene signaling to inhibit root growth. The MHZ5-mediated ABA pathway likely acts upstream but negatively regulates ethylene signaling to control coleoptile growth. Our study reveals novel interactions among ethylene, carotenogenesis, and ABA and provides insight into improvements in agronomic traits and adaptive growth through the manipulation of these pathways in rice.