[Diagnosis of infected kidney cysts in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease].

AIM: to improve the differential diagnosis of infected cysts in patients with ADPKD and to reduce false-positive rate of MR-urography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a total of 33 patients with ADPKD who underwent bilateral nephrectomy from 2015 to 2020 were included in the retrospective single-center study. In the group 1 (n=17) patients with histologically confirmed infected cyst (s) were included, while in the group 2 (n=16) there were patients without infected cysts. The frequency of symptoms (pain in the loin area, fever), the level of leukocytes in blood and urine, C-reactive protein (CRP) and the results of kidney MRI were compared. RESULTS: Pain, fever, leukocytosis, leukocyturia, and increased CRP levels were significantly associated with infected cysts. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI was 88.2% and 43.8%, respectively. The infected cysts were characterized by a significantly (p=0.004) lower value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC): 0.67+/-0.2110-3 mm2/s (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.79), versus 1.2+/-0.5910-3 mm2/s (95% CI 0.89-1.5) in group 2. According to ROC analysis, the ADC value at the cut-off point was 0.8310-3 mm2/s. The frequency of infected cysts during histological examination increased when the volume of the cyst was more than 13 ml. In multivariate analysis, only the CRP level was a reliable predictor of the presence of infected cysts. ROC analysis showed that the CRP level at the cut-off point was 83 mg/L (sensitivity 70.6%, specificity 75%). CONCLUSION: In case of fever, pain in the loin area and high CRP level in patients with ADPKD, it is necessary to exclude infected cysts. MRI of the kidneys with the determination of the ADC level in cysts with limited diffusion on diffusion-weighted images is a highly informative method that allows to clarify the content of cysts.

[Laparoscopic resection of the transplanted kidney for renal cell carcinoma T1N0M0].

Laparoscopic resection of the transplanted kidney has been very rarely reported in the literature. On the one hand, this is due to the extremely low incidence of tumors of renal transplants. On the other hand, these patients are usually managed by open surgery due to difficulties in laparoscopic resection because of the scar tissue in the kidney area. Other options, though rarely performed, are cryosurgery and radiofrequency ablation of the tumor. In this article we report our own experience with a patient who underwent laparoscopic resection of renal transplant for renal cell carcinoma T1aN0M0 19 years after kidney transplantation. The tumor sized 27 cm was found incidentally by routine ultrasound. The operative time was 115 minutes, the renal ischemia time - 28 min. No intra- and postoperative complications were observed. Histological examination revealed renal cell carcinoma, surgical margins were negative. The patient was discharged on the 7th day after the surgery, no graft dysfunction was observed.

[Bilateral nephrectomy in patients with end-stage renal failure and chronic active pyelonephritis].

This study analyzed the results of bilateral nephrectomy in 14 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and chronic active pyelonephritis. Seven patients had urosepsis, and 10 patients had a purulent form of pyelonephritis, which was one-sided in 7 of them. In the early postoperative period, on average, after 9.3 days, 9 patients died. Statistically significant risk factors for death were: chronic hemodialysis, long-term antibiotic therapy, and existing sepsis. Intraoperative complications and postoperative morbidity were not significantly associated with death. The study results imply the need of differentiated approach to bilateral nephrectomy in patients with ESRD and risk factors for fatal outcome. It must be performed on the strong indications since the intervention does not lead to eradication of sepsis. It is advisable to perform "preventive, sanation" bilateral nephrectomy in the "cold period" in patients at risk for developing urosepsis.

[The first national experience of laparoscopic removal of the transplanted kidney].

As a rule, the excision of a non-functioning renal graft in late (over 12 months) post-transplant period is performed using Fedorov subcapsular technique. This is because the kidney is embedded in scar tissue due to immune response to the allograft. This surgical approach is associated with the two major complications: bleeding during surgery or early postoperative hematoma and infection of hematoma confined in the remaining kidney capsule. To reduce blood loss and the risk of inflammatory complications, we, for the first time, carried out laparoscopic transplantectomy in a 42 year old female patient using the extracapsular technique. The operative time was 245 min, intraoperative blood loss - 350 ml. The patient was discharged to outpatient treatment on the 10th day. For the first time, such a surgery was successfully performed in 2010 in Turkey; in 2014 robotic transplantectomy was reported in the United States. No data on laparoscopic transplantectomy was found in the available national sources.

[BILATERAL NEPHROURETERECTOMY WITH CYSTOPROSTATECTOMY AD BLOC AND LYMPHADENECTOMY IN A PATIENT WITH END-STAGE RENAL FAILURE AND CANCER OF THE URINARY BLADDER T2BN0M0].

The article introduces a clinical example of a patient who was first diagnosed with bladder cancer, which contributed to the development of end-stage renal failure. Initially, given the significant upper urinary tract retention and post renal acute renal failure, the patient underwent bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy. Taking into account periodic gross hematuria, cystoscopy and transurethral electrocoagulation and biopsy of bladder tumor were performed and bladder cancer was identified. Despite adequate functioning of nephrostome drainage and daily urine output up to 3000 ml, kidney failure was not resolved. After creation of an arteriovenous fistula, a hemodialysis program was launched. The patient continued to experience persistent gross hematuria, he had a hectic fever, which was estimated as a symptom of acute pyelonephritis. The patient was scheduled for bilateral nephroureterectomy, cystoprostatectomy as the only option to remove the source of bleeding and infection. The operation was carried out without complications. The patient is currently maintained on chronic hemodialysis and followed by an oncologist at the place of residence; there are no data of bladder