Acute hepatitis at the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Sumatra/Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

A retrospective study was done during 1984-1988 in the pediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital revealing 41 cases of acute hepatitis, consisted of 61.0% boys and 39.0% girls. The majority of patients were below five years of age (68.3%). There were 37.1% cases with malnutrition. The common symptoms were fever, jaundice, vomiting and dark urine. On laboratory examination there were 10 cases with positive HBs Ag. Accompanying diseases were malnutrition, bronchopneumonia, anemia, bronchitis and pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 63.4% of patients were healed, 29.3% discharged against medical advice and 7.3% died because of bronchopneumonia and hepatic coma.

Factors influencing the practice of bottle feeding in infants at the well-child clinic Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

From July to August 1988, a cross sectional analytical study on factors influencing bottle-feeding practice in infants at the Well-Child Clinic Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan, was conducted by using a designated interview and questionnaire. The sample size was determined by a standard formula. The purpose of this study was to define factors influencing bottle-feeding practice in infants. During that period, 264 cases were studied. Of 85 infants age 0-3 months, 10 infants (11.7%) were exclusively bottle-fed, 35 (41.2%) bottle- and breast fed and 40 (47.1%) exclusively breast-fed. The practice of bottle feeding seemed to increase with age. In 85 infants of 7-12 months old, 28 (32.9%) were bottle-fed, 29 (34.2%) breast and bottle-fed, and 28 (32.9%) breast-fed. The main reason to use bottle-feeding was that the mother worked outside the house as in the group of infants with working-mothers 30.7% were bottle-fed. In relation to mother's education, it seemed that the practice of bottle-feeding was more frequently found in infants of high-educated mothers (26%). The one child families preferred bottle-feeding more (30.7%). Based on the family income, it seemed that the higher the income, the more they tended to give bottle-feeding. In the age group of 0-6 months, there were 176 well-nourished babies of which 74 were (42.1%) breast feeding, 75 (42.6%) breast- and bottle-feeding, and 27 (15.3%) bottle-feeding. Whereas, of 54 wellnourished babies aged 7-12 months, 15 infants (27.7%) were breast-fed, 20 (37.7%) breast- and bottle-fed, and 19 (35.2%) bottle-fed.

Study on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatitis B virus carrier state in children at two Mobil Oil Indonesia locations in Indonesia.

Between May and July 1985, a cross-sectional study on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatitis B virus carrier state was conducted in children at two locations of Mobil Oil Indonesia i.e. Jakarta and Medan. Two main groups of Mobil Oil Indonesia population namely "employees" and "dependents" were also included in this study. From each subject, 10 ml of venous blood was taken and the sera separated and kept in a freezer at the temperature of -20 degrees C before sending them to the laboratories and tested with reagents produced by the Abbott Laboratory for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc by radioimmunoassay (AUSRIA II-125, AVSAB and CORAB respectively). The test of blood samples from Jakarta population was done by the "the PRODIA LABORATORY" in Jakarta, while the test of blood samples from Medan was conducted by "the PATH LABORATORY" in Singapore which is nearer from Medan than Jakarta. The result of HBV markers test from 197 children were as follows: Incubation period of carrier state (HBsAg+) 1%; acute hepatitis B or persistent carrier state (HBsAg + and anti-HBc +) 0.5%; recovery/immune (anti-HBs + and anti-HBc +) 3.5%; immunization without infection or recovery with loss of detectable anti-HBc (anti-HBs +) 2% and acute hepatitis B (Window period) or recovery with loss of detectable antiHBs (anti-HBc +) 5%. The conclusion is that hepatitis B virus infection in a low percentage was found in children of Mobil Oil Indonesia population.

Immunization in the Well Baby Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

A retrospective study on an immunization programme was carried out in the Well Baby Clinic, Child Health Department, School of Medicine, University of North Sumatera, Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan from January to December 1986. Of the 5951 total visits (an average of 495 visits each month) 3960 were primary and 1991 secondary visits. Most were first children in the family (39.9%) of which 37.6% were from one child families. Of 3275 live births 57.6% were immunized with BCG immediately after birth. The average BCG immunization visits to the Well Baby Clinic was 17 visits/day. When compared with DPT I and polio I visits we recorded a decrease of 27.1% for DPT II; 47.9% DPT III; 27.4% polio II; and 49.1% polio III respectively. Daily coverage of measles immunization visits was 4.6%. Complete immunization among the under-one-year-old children was 5.7% of which 44.9% were of the 9-12 months old group. The simultaneous immunization (BCG, DPT, polio, measles) comprised 0.5% of all visits. 4.1% of all visits were not immunized of which 36.5% was because they were beyond the immunization schedule.

Oxyuriasis at the Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan.

During the period of 3 months (February-April 1987), a prospective study on oxyuariasis among children had been conducted at Child Health Department of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan. All children over 8 months of age were included in this study. The diagnosis was based on the modified Scoth's technique. Oxyuriasis ova were found in 21 out 119 children (17.65%). The peak incidence was found in the school age.

Seven diseases as main causes of death in Department of Child Health, Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital.

PIP: This retrospective study of the main causes of child mortality was conducted within the Department of Child Health, Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital, between January-December 1986. The main causes were: bronchopneumonia, encephalitis, purulent meningitis, serous meningitis, sepsis, tetanus, and several malnutrition. Case fatality rates were: 29%, 44%, 41%, 31%, 47%, 12%, and 18%, respectively.^ieng