Effects of Combined Endurance and Resistance Eccentric Training on Muscle Function and Functional Performance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adherence to treatment and efficacy of an eccentric-based training (ECC) program on peripheral muscle function and functional exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DESIGN: Prospective, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: The cardiopulmonary rehabilitation unit of a tertiary subacute referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty (N=30) stable inpatients (mean age 68±8 years; FEV1 44±18% of predicted) with COPD were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Inpatients were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of a combined endurance and resistance ECC (n=15) or conventional training (CON; n=15). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quadriceps peak torque (PT) was the primary outcome measure for muscle function. Rate of force development (RFD), muscle activation and quality (quadriceps PT/leg lean mass), 6-min walk distance (6MWD), 4-meter gait speed (4mGS), 10-meter gait speed, 5-repetition sit-to-stand (5STS), dyspnea rate, and mortality risk were the secondary outcomes. Evaluations were performed at baseline and repeated after 4 weeks and 3 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Quadriceps PT, RFD, and muscle quality improved by 17±23% (P<.001), 19±24%, and 16±20% (both P<.05) within the ECC group. Besides, a significant between-group difference for RFD (56±94 Nm/s, P=.038) was found after training. Both groups showed clinically relevant improvements in 6MWD, 4mGS, dyspnea rate, and mortality risk, with no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION: Combined endurance and resistance ECC improved lower limbs muscle function compared with CON in inpatients with COPD. In contrast, ECC did not further improve functional performance, dyspnea, and mortality risk. ECC may be of particular benefit to effect on skeletal muscle function in patients with COPD.

Reduction of surface charging effects in laser ablation ionisation mass spectrometry through gold coating.

In femtosecond Laser Ablation Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (fs-LIMS) short laser pulses are used to ablate, atomise, and ionise solid sample material shot-by-shot. When ablating non-conductive samples electric charging of the surface can occur. Depending on the geometry of the instrument, the surface charge can influence the spread of the ablation plume and reduce spectral quality. Methods to reduce surface charging were investigated using a non-conductive geological sample and a miniature fs-LIMS system with a co-linear ablation geometry. Pausing five seconds between consecutive laser bursts fired on non-coated material improved the spectral quality by giving surface charges more time to dissipate. However, best mass spectrometric results were achieved after the sample was sputter coated with a thin gold layer, as a conductive sample surface hinders charge build-up. Consequently, gold coating allowed operation of the laser system at much higher laser pulse energies improving sensitivity and reliability. It also removed the need to pause between laser bursts, speeding up the measurement acquisition.

Cross-sectional quantitative validation of the paediatric Localized Scleroderma Quality of Life Instrument (LoSQI): A disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure.

BACKGROUND: The Localized Scleroderma Quality of Life Instrument (LoSQI) is a disease-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure designed for children and adolescents with localized scleroderma (LS; morphea). This tool was developed using rigorous PRO methods and previously cognitively tested in a sample of paediatric patients with LS. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the LoSQI in a clinical setting. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from four specialized clinics in the US and Canada were included in the analysis. Evaluation included reliability of scores, internal structure of the survey, evidence of convergent and divergent validity, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: One hundred and ten patients with LS (age: 8-20 years) completed the LoSQI. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the use of two sub-scores: Pain and Physical Functioning, and Body Image and Social Support. Correlations with other PRO measures were consistent with pre-specified hypotheses. LIMITATIONS: This study did not evaluate longitudinal validity or responsiveness of scores. CONCLUSION: Results from a representative sample of children and adolescents with LS continue to support the validity of the LoSQI when used in a clinical setting. Future work to evaluate the responsiveness is ongoing.

Muscle function and functional performance after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective observational study.

This study aimed to measure changes in different properties of skeletal muscles and evaluate their contribution and relationship to changes in functional performance after pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD outpatients attending 5 weeks of conventional PR were recruited. Functional performance [5-repetitions sit-to-stand (5STS), and 4-m gait speed (4mGS)], and muscle function (maximal isometric strength, power, force control, and relative concentric and eccentric activation during 5STS) were assessed after PR and 3 months of follow-up. Twenty patients (71 years; 52% of predicted FEV1) completed the study. 4mGS and relative concentric activation during 5STS decreased respectively by 7.7% and 26% between the beginning of PR and follow-up. Quadriceps strength, power, and force control improved by 10.4%, 27.3%, and 15.2%, respectively, from the beginning of PR to follow-up the relative eccentric activation during 5STS explained 31% of the variance in 4mGS changes. In conclusion, functional performance appeared to decline after conventional PR, whereas several properties of skeletal muscles were maintained at follow-up in COPD outpatients. Of note, eccentric contractions might play a role in the improvement of functional performance. Therefore, future studies with interventional design should include eccentric training in PR programs during clinical COPD practice.

Gender Diverse Representation in Patient Simulation: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE: Despite recent advocacy for transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) health competencies in medical education, there is little guidance on how to represent diverse gender identities for clinical skills training. Published literature is one of few resources available to inform educators' decisions, so this study aims to summarize how medical education scholarship portrays TGNB identities in patient simulation. METHOD: This scoping review used PRISMA guidelines with search strings encompassing diverse gender identities and patient simulation. This search was completed in July 2021, and all years of publication were included. The authors completed a 3-tiered review to identify relevant studies and then extracted data to summarize how TGNB patients were portrayed and training outcomes. RESULTS: After screening 194 total articles, 44 studies met the criteria for full review. Of these, 22 studies involved TGNB simulated patient cases. Within these, 15 (68%) reported the specific gender identities represented in the patient case, revealing mostly binary transgender identities. Sixteen studies (73%) reported the gender identities of all actors who portrayed the patient. The identities of all patients and actors matched in only 10 articles (45%), indicating that most programs portray TGNB identities with cisgender or unspecified standardized patients. Nearly all studies reported desirable learner outcomes. Several noted the advantage of authenticity in recruiting TGNB actors and the need to achieve more accurate representation of TGNB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Educators are increasingly representing TGNB identities in clinical skills training. These results show a lack of nonbinary representation and discrepancies between TGNB patient cases and standardized patient identities. These data also suggest that simulation programs need and desire better recruitment strategies within TGNB communities. Because TGNB communities are not a monolith, reporting out and analyzing gender identities of simulation cases and people hired to portray TGNB patients helps ensure that TGNB care is taught effectively and respectfully.

Isolated Resistance Training Programs to Improve Peripheral Muscle Function in Outpatients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aims to establish which isolated resistance training (RT) programs have been used in outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their impact on all aspects of peripheral skeletal muscle function. Electronic databases were systematically searched up to June 2021. The eligibility criteria were: (1) randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of supervised and isolated RT programs in outpatients with COPD and (2) RT programs lasting 8-12 weeks, (3) including at least one outcome measure related to trainable muscle characteristics. Initially, 6576 studies were identified, whereas 15 trials met the inclusion criteria. All the included trials reported that isolated RT improved both upper and lower limbs' maximal strength. Muscle endurance and power also increased after RT but received less attention in the analysis. Furthermore, few studies assessed the effect of RT on muscle mass and cross-sectional area, reporting only limited improvement. Isolated RT programs carried out 2-3 days a week for 8-12 weeks improved skeletal muscle function in individuals with COPD. The RT program should be specifically focused to the trainable muscle characteristic to be improved. For this reason, we further encourage the introduction of a detailed assessment of muscle function and structure during the pulmonary rehabilitation practice.

Can a causal relationship be established between acoustic neuroma and occupational exposure to non-ionizing radiations from mobile devices? Comparison between scientific literature data and medico-legal methodology.

BACKGROUND: Over the process of establishing the causal relation-ship, medical and legal methodologies may be at variance over the definitional standards and terminologies applied, which can hinder the activities of expert witnesses. OBJECTIVES: The article's authors have set out to assess whether, and under what conditions, a causal relationship can be established between acoustic neuroma and exposure to non-ionizing radiation from mobile communication devices. METHODS: The study design is a Systematic Review. The authors have drawn upon a 2020 Turin Court of Appeals ruling which found such a causal relationship in a somewhat peculiar case: rare tumor and exposure to non-ionizing radiation of unusually long and regular dura-tion. The case presents several peculiarities, herein analyzed in light of a) scientific evidence relative to the etiopathogenesis of the neuroma; b) available medico-legal literature defining causality evaluation criteria, and lastly c) court filings in regard to the probability standards applied to prove causal relationship. RESULTS: A direct tie cannot be proven, not even in cases of sub-stantially intense and lengthy exposure, if the medico-legal standards applied are not consistent enough to prove that nexus is more likely than not. DISCUSSION: Several elements suggest a causal relationship is unlikely: a) a dearth of evidence on humans; b) rats exposed to such radiation have developed cardiac tumors, not in their ears; c) exposure has caused no tumors in mice; d) the length of exposure is incompat-ible with tumor size and type. That fourth point only concerns the case herein explored, whereas the first three have a general scope of validity. The main limitation of the present study design is the heterogeneity among the included studies. Retrospective and prospective studies have been included, which may be a source of bias.

Feasibility of subacute rehabilitation for mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 disease: a retrospective case series.

In this case series study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a subacute rehabilitation program for mechanically ventilated patients with severe consequences of COVID-19 infection. Data were retrospectively collected from seven males (age 37-61 years) who were referred for inpatient rehabilitation following the stay in the ICU (14-22 days). On admission, six patients were still supported by mechanical ventilation. All patients were first placed in isolation in a special COVID unit for 6-22 days. Patients attended 11-24 treatment sessions for the duration of rehabilitation stay (13-27 days), including 6-20 sessions in the COVID unit. The treatment included pulmonary and physical rehabilitation. The initially nonventilated patient was discharged prematurely due to gallbladder problems, whereas all six mechanically ventilated patients were successfully weaned off before transfer to a COVID-free unit where they stayed for 7-19 days. At discharge, all patients increased limb muscle strength and thigh circumference, reduced activity-related dyspnea, regained functional independence and reported better quality of life. Rehabilitation plays a vital role in the recovery of seriously ill post-COVID-19 patients. Facilities should develop and implement plans for providing multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatments in various settings to recover functioning and prevent the development of long-term consequences of the COVID-19 disease.

Commentary - Heroin purity and adulteration: an updated snapshot from the Italian Early Warning System.

Not Available.

Drug-facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA): a serious underestimated issue.

OBJECTIVE: Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a nonconsensual sexual act in which the victim is incapacitated or unconscious due to the effects of alcohol, a drug and/or other intoxicating substances. Dozens of drugs (including ethanol) can potentially be used to commit sexual assaults, but γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and flunitrazepam are the most common "date rape drugs". MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multidisciplinary databases were browsed using the following search terms: "drug-facilitated sexual assault", "chemical submission", "date rape", "rape drugs", and "drink-spiking". Moreover, a search for reports was conducted on Institutional websites to identify documentation published by international agencies or institutions. Articles and reports were independently evaluated by each author. RESULTS: There are no accurate estimates of the number of DFSA occurring each year, although assaults are increasingly reported. Many DFSA, however, are still not reported. Victims are reluctant to report incidents because of embarrassment, guilt or perceived responsibility, or because they do not clearly remember the assault. Moreover, most of the drugs typically used in sexual assaults are rapidly metabolized, making them undetectable in routine drug screenings. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the substances involved in DFSA, with the exception of alcohol, are under international control and scheduled under the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. However, several psychotropic substances and antihistamines used in sexual assaults are still not under international control, allowing for trafficking, often via the Internet and courier. The absence of international control makes it difficult to obtain accurate data on the nature and the extent of the problem.

E2 and Erns isotype-specific antibody responses in serum and oral fluid after infection with classical swine fever virus (CSFV).

Oral fluid sampling for the detection of classical swine fever virus infection provides a relatively inexpensive method for conducting active CSF surveillance. The purpose of this study was to detect CSFV nucleic acid and antibody in serum and oral fluid samples in a group of 10 pigs infected with the moderate CSFV strain, Paderborn. Based on clinical signs, outcome, and other results, pigs were placed into one of three disease outcome groups; Acute, Chronic and Recovered. Oral fluid and serum samples were analyzed for the presence of CSFV nucleic acid along with E2 and Erns surface protein-specific IgM, IgG and IgA responses. The results were summarized into a timeline of detection events beginning with the appearance of E2-IgM in serum (3 DPI) followed by CSFV nucleic acid in serum (6 DPI), CSFV nucleic acid in oral fluid (8 DPI), E2-IgG in serum (20 DPI), and E2-IgG in oral fluid (24 DPI). The results show that a combination of molecular and serological analyses of oral fluid can be incorporated into CSF surveillance.

Fighting obesity in children from European World Health Organization member states. Epidemiological data, medical-social aspects, and prevention programs.

Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health chal-lenges of this century. Overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. In the WHO European Region one child out of 3, is overweight or obese. Over 60% of children who are overweight before puberty will be overweight in early adulthood. Children and adolescents, aged 5-19 have shown rising obesity rates in almost all nations, including where the situation was far from alarming 40 years ago. Several nations have seen the prevalence almost double: Israel has gone from 5.8% in 1975 to 11.9% in 2016, Andorra from 6.2% to 12.8%, and Malta from 7.4% to 13.4%. Analyzing overweight and obesity, we can see that they follow similar trends and patterns. In 1975 the majority of European countries had a prevalence less than 10% and obesity less than 5%, while no European country had overweight prevalence higher than 30% and obe-sity higher than 10%. In 2016 the trend reversed, showing a worrying increase in the number of European countries with a high prevalence of overweight (over 30%) and obesity (over 10%) (Fig. 1)(29). Starting from the analysis of epidemiological data on obesity in the WHO European Region, the paper analyzes the adopted prevention programs in order to assess their effectiveness and figure out the best strategies to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative reported that children tend to overeat and not to do enough physical exercise. Different preventive programs have identified different areas of action and corresponding measures: consumption of healthy foods, physical exercise, care before conception and during pregnancy, early childhood, school age children, weight management, monitoring and evaluation. Primary prevention is essential to reduce obesity incidence: it is easier to act on the adoption of healthy eating habits than intervene with diets on children who already have weight issues. Working on pre-vention programs represents an investment for the future of children's health. By simply acting on prevention, particularly on body weight reduction, it could be possible to tackle the spreading of correlated di-seases. Therefore, prevention programs ought to be prioritized priority at a national and international level.

Weight loss facilitates reduction of left ventricular mass in obese hypertensive patients: The Campania Salute Network.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reduction of left ventricular mass index (LVMi) during antihypertensive treatment is less likely to occur in obese subjects. The aim of the study was to assess whether weight loss influences reduction of LVMi in treated, obese, hypertensive patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: From the Campania Salute Network registry, we identified 1546 obese hypertensive patients (50 ± 9 years, 43% women) with more than 12 months follow-up. Echocardiographic reduction of LVMi was considered as achievement of normal values (<47 g/m2.7 in women or <50 g/m2.7 in men) or a reduction of ≥10% during follow-up. Weight loss was considered as ≥5% reduction in body weight, and occurred in 403 patients (26%) during a median follow-up of 50 months (IQrange:31-93). Median weight loss was 8.6% (IQrange:6.5-12). Patients with weight loss had higher baseline body mass index (p < 0.05), while there was no difference in age, sex, duration of hypertension, prevalence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome and average blood pressure during follow-up. During follow-up, 152 patients (9.8%) exhibited reduction of LVMi. Reduction of LVMi was more frequent (12.9% vs 9.1%, p < 0.030) in patients losing weight than in those who did not. In logistic regression analysis, weight loss was associated with reduction of left ventricular mass index (OR 1.51 [95%CI 1.02-2.23], p = 0.039), independent of significant associations with younger age, lower average systolic blood pressure during follow-up, longer follow-up time and higher LVMi at baseline. CONCLUSION: In treated obese hypertensive patients, weight loss during follow-up promotes significant reduction of LVMi, independent of baseline characteristics and blood pressure control.

Guidelines, good practices and best clinical health practices: valuable guidance for physicians and judges?

Enactment of law n. 24, 8th March 2017, (so-called "Gelli-Bianco" law), has given rise to substantial innovations in the realm of medical liability: on the one hand, an attempt has been made towards redefining the boundaries of professional liability, for the purpose of curbing the use of "defensive medicine"; on the other hand, there is the effort to delineate good medical conduct by means of "institutionalization" and a greater degree of consistency of guidelines and good clinical health care practices. There are, however, thought-provoking cues concerning the relationship between the two concepts, which can be sensibly developed, even in light of international scientific literature. This paper has been designed to critically analyze both principles and their relation within the framework of the newly enacted piece of legislation denominated "Gelli-Bianco", in light of the Italian jurisprudence while at the same time, searching for common ground in international law, particularly Anglo-Saxon countries, aiming to clarify the lawmakers' ultimate goal as well as the law's practical scope of application.

Medico-legal aspects of tort law patient safeguards within the Gelli-Bianco piece of legislation.

The authors aim to put into context the recently passed piece of Italian legislation known as "Gelli-Bianco", in an effort to highlight the root causes and the underlying motives that led to its enactment. The new law's innovative aspects are elaborated on, in terms of treatment safety and civil liability of health care professional and providers. The report's main purpose is to shed light on the alleged benefits, against the backdrop of the worrisome data from recent years, gathered from case-based analysis of adverse events and related costs, without overlooking the likely challenges associated with innovations that are meant to affect complex systems with conflicting interests at play.

Is the team leading surgeon criminally liable for his collaborators' errors? Judges confirm responsibility and condemn an otorhinolaryngologist.

SUMMARY: In current healthcare, delivery of medical and surgical treatment takes place in a multidisciplinary manner. This raises the problem of distinguishing the conditions under which the person who has properly carried out his duties, respecting the related leges artis, can be held responsible for damages materially caused by another member of the medical team. Jurisprudence has developed the so-called "principle of trust" for which every member of the team can rely on the fact that other members are acting in compliance with the leges artis of their specialisation. The Supreme Court has limited the application of this principle. The authors examine the jurisprudence on responsibility of the team in otolaryngology and conclude that individual liability should be limited to the specific expertise of the individual specialist.

Is increased uric acid a risk factor or a defensive response? The Campania Salute Network.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Circulating uric acid (UA) is positively associated with body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, blood pressure (BP), markers of inflammation, and altered lipid profile. UA has also anti-oxidative properties which might be beneficial for cardiovascular (CV) system. It is still debated whether or not UA is independently associated with increased CV morbidity and/or mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied prognostic impact of UA in 8833 hypertensive adults (mean age 53 ± 12 yrs, 3857 women) from the Campania Salute Network, without prevalent CV disease and more than stage 3 CKD. We calculated standardized UA Z-score, adjusted for age, sex, glomerular filtration rate, and BMI. Low and high UA and UA Z-score quartiles were compared to the 2 middle quartiles assumed to be "normal". Prevalence of obesity and diabetes was higher in low and high than in normal UA Z-score group (all p < 0.001). Systolic BP, left ventricular mass, carotid intima thickness were significantly higher and ejection fraction was reduced in the presence of high UA Z-score (all p < 0.001). Over 33-months average follow-up, incident major CV end-points (MACE) were not significantly different among low, normal and high UA or UA Z-score. In the latter analysis, however, incident MACE tended to be more frequent in the low than the high UA Z-score. Despite the results of multivariable analyses, the effect of less aggressive therapy in low UA Z-score cannot be excluded with certainty. CONCLUSION: In treated hypertensive patients, high levels of UA normalized for major biological determinants do not independently predict CV outcome. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02211365.

The credibility of testimony from minors allegedly victims of abuse within the Italian legislative framework.

The authors aim to analyze the key aspects related to the testimony of children who might have been victims of sexual harassment and abuse. The issue of medico-legal psychiatric assessment of minors who claim to have been sexually abused is extremely contentious and widely-debated, not only due to the growing spread of such claims, but also on account of the technical challenges it raises. For these reasons, national as well as European lawmakers have intervened by enacting new legislation, and scientific communities have established new sets of guidelines aimed at improving the overall conditions under which a child is called to testify as well as the process through which depositions are collected and evaluated, so as to ensure that any assessment of the reliability of the testimony is scientifically grounded. The authors also highlight the importance of regulatory measures meant to minimize the risk that the questioning of a child might negatively affect his or her emotional balance by limiting and lessening stressful conditions and anxiety, which may traumatize and irretrievably scar the child. Moreover, they stress the importance of dealing with the social issue of child abuse by strengthening a preventive set of measures.

Medical use of cannabis: Italian and European legislation.

This review illustrates some brief considerations of the medical use of cannabis recently issued in Italy. History and uses of cannabis throughout centuries and different countries are illustrated together with a description of botany and active phytocannabinoids. Then, medical use of cannabis anti-pain treatment for patients resistant to conventional therapies is described in case of chronic neuropathic pain, spasticity, for anticinetosic and antiemetic effect in nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, for appetite stimulating effect in cachexia, anorexia, loss of appetite in cancer patients or patients with AIDS and in anorexia nervosa, hypotensive effect in glaucoma resistant to conventional therapies and for reduction of involuntary body and facial movements in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Italian most recent legislation on medical cannabis is detailed with some law proposals, also showing the inconsistent legislation within European Union. Some final considerations of future studies are also reported.

Law on advance health care directives: a medical perspective.

The paper's authors aim to elaborate on law 22 dicembre 2017, n. 219 , designed to regulate informed consent practices and advance health care directives", which has sparked a passionate debate centered on the substantial innovation achieved over the past decades in bio-medical science and at the same time, the noteworthy accomplishments made in enforcing human and personal rights. Within the paper, article three is delved into, which covers the creation of the so-called DAT ("Disposizioni anticipate di trattamento", advance health care directives), by which patients, in light of possible future incapacity to choose, can express their convictions and decisions on how to be treated and their consent or dissent to undergo treatments and procedures, including artificial nutrition and hydration. The authors peruse the new law's provisions through a medical perspective, and observe how they are heavily tilted towards patient choice, thus making doctors little more than mere tools of such decisions.