Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma: A Review Based on a Consensus Organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology, ABROVET.

Hemangiosarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm originating in the endothelial cells of blood vessels; they can be classified as non-visceral and visceral types. Non-visceral hemangiosarcomas can affect the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle tissues; visceral hemangiosarcomas can affect the spleen, liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, oral cavity, bones, bladder, uterus, tongue, and retroperitoneum. Among domestic species, dogs are most affected by cutaneous HSA. Cutaneous HSA represents approximately 14% of all HSA diagnosed in this species and less than 5% of dermal tumors, according to North American studies. However, Brazilian epidemiological data demonstrate a higher prevalence, which may represent 27 to 80% of all canine HSAs and 13.9% of all skin neoplasms diagnosed in this species. Cutaneous HSA most commonly affects middle-aged to elderly dogs (between 8 and 15 years old), with no gender predisposition for either the actinic or non-actinic forms. The higher prevalence of cutaneous HSA in some canine breeds is related to lower protection from solar radiation, as low skin pigmentation and hair coverage lead to greater sun exposure. Actinic changes, such as solar dermatosis, are frequent in these patients, confirming the influence of solar radiation on the development of this neoplasm. There are multiple clinical manifestations of hemangiosarcoma in canines. The diagnostic approach and staging classification of cutaneous HSAs are similar between the different subtypes. The definitive diagnosis is obtained through histopathological analysis of incisional or excisional biopsies. Cytology can be used as a presurgical screening test; however, it has little diagnostic utility in cases of HSA because there is a high risk of blood contamination and sample hemodilution. Surgery is generally the treatment of choice for dogs with localized non-visceral HSA without evidence of metastatic disease. Recently, electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as an alternative therapy for the local ablative treatment of different neoplastic types; the use of radiotherapy for the treatment of dogs with cutaneous HSA is uncommon. There is greater consensus in the literature regarding the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy in subcutaneous and muscular HSA; doxorubicin is the most frequently used antineoplastic agent for subcutaneous and muscular subtypes and can be administered alone or in combination with other drugs. Other therapies include antiangiogenic therapy, photodynamic therapy, the association of chemotherapy with the metronomic dose, targeted therapies, and natural products. The benefits of these therapies are presented and discussed. In general, the prognosis of splenic and cardiac HSA is unfavorable. As a challenging neoplasm, studies of new protocols and treatment modalities are necessary to control this aggressive disease.

Influence of type of starch and feeding management on glycaemic control in diabetic dogs.

The present study evaluated the effects of two diets with different starch sources and two feeding methods on the glycaemic control in dogs with diabetes mellitus. The diets had similar nutrient contents (40% starch and 16% dietary fibre), one formulated with 46% of broken rice and the other with 42% sorghum and 10% lentils (as-fed). Ten client-owned diabetic dogs were fed with each diet for 2 months, in a crossover design. Five dogs received NPH human insulin and food every 12 h (feeding method 1), and the other five received insulin every 12 h but were fed three times a day (feeding method 2). In feeding method 2, morning insulin was higher than the evening dose and dogs received the second meal after 4 to 5 h of the morning insulin and meal. Parameters evaluated included insulin dosage, 12- and 8-h glycaemic curves, complete blood count, biochemical profile and urinalysis. Glycaemic curves were analysed by ANOVA with repeated measures. Glycaemic control parameters (fasting, mean, minimum and maximum glycaemia and serum fructosamine) and glucose area under the curve (AUC) were calculated and analysed by paired t test (p < 0.05). In feeding method 1, dogs fed the sorghum-based diet presented lower mean (p = 0.04) and minimum blood glucose concentrations (p = 0.03), and a tendency to lower maximum blood glucose (p = 0.06) and glucose AUC (p = 0.08) than when fed the rice-based diet. When food was provided twice a day, the ingestion of the rice-based diet resulted in higher post-prandial glucose response than the diet with sorghum and lentil. In feeding method 2, there was no effect of diet on the assessed parameters (p > 0.05). No differences in insulin dosage were observed between groups or feeding methods (p > 0.05). Providing two meals a day followed by insulin administration associated with the sorghum- and lentil-based diet improved glycaemic control in diabetic dogs.

Necesidades y sentimientos percibidos por las mujeres ante el diagnóstico de aborto espontáneo / Needs and feelings of women diagnosed of early spontaneus abortion

OBJETIVO: Identificar las necesidades y sentimientos de las mujeres que fueron diagnosticadas de aborto espontáneo precoz en el servicio de urgencias obstétrico-ginecológicas. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo apoyado en cuaderno de campo utilizando la entrevista individual semiestructurada oral como método de recogida de datos. Se realizaron 21 entrevistas y se analizaron los datos clasificándolos en las categorías de necesidades y sentimientos que más comúnmente aparecían entre las entrevistadas. RESULTADOS: Desde el momento del diagnóstico, se sucedieron en las mujeres sentimientos de miedo, angustia, culpabilidad y dudas. Unas situaciones tan frecuentes para los profesionales como es la espera en urgencias o la exploración de mujeres en la mesa ginecológica, son relatadas por éstas como de gran importancia en la vivencia del proceso. La calidad de la información recibida y la empatía de los profesionales que las atendían fueron especialmente significativas para afrontar el tratamiento. El apoyo familiar también fue primordial en la evolución de los sentimientos y en el deseo de un nuevo embarazo. Por último, aportaron sugerencias para mejorar la asistencia profesional, como permitir que la pareja o el familiar las acompañe en la consulta o reducir los tiempos de espera. Valoraron muy positivamente recibir información escrita que pudieran leer en casa. CONCLUSIONES: Además de la atención física, es muy importante que la matrona acompañe, informe y realice seguimiento de este fenómeno, para cuya comprensión y cuidado es fundamental la perspectiva individual de cada mujer

OBJECTIVE: To identify the psychological needs and feelings of women who are diagnosed with early spontaneous abortion in the gynecology emergency rooms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative descriptive study with semi-structured interviews based on a field notebook. We performed 21 interviews and analyzed data classifying them in categories of needs and feelings most commonly found in the interviewed women. RESULTS: After the diagnosis women experienced feelings of fear, anguish, guilt and doubt. Trivial situations for professionals, such as waiting in the emergency room or being examined on the gynecological chair, are emphasized by them. The quality of the received information and the empathy of the healthcare professionals were especially important to accept the treatment. Family support was fundamental in the evolution of the symptoms and in the desire of a new pregnancy. Suggestions to improve healthcare were received such as being accompanied by the husband or a family member while receiving medical assistance in the emergency room, or reducing waiting times. Women valuated positively receiving written information they could read at home. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to nursing care, the midwife can play a relevant role in the support, information and follow-up of this phenomenon, for whose understanding and care the individual perspective of every woman is very important

Serum α-1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid A concentrations in cats receiving antineoplastic treatment for lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE To characterize serum α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations at diagnosis and during treatment in cats with lymphoma. ANIMALS 16 cats with various anatomic forms of lymphoma and 25 healthy cats. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected from healthy cats once and from cats with lymphoma at diagnosis and 2-week intervals until the 12th week of antineoplastic treatment. Serum harvested from blood samples was assessed for AGP and SAA concentrations. Differences in serum AGP and SAA values were investigated between healthy cats and cats with lymphoma (at diagnosis) and, for cats with lymphoma, between diagnosis and various points during treatment. RESULTS Serum AGP and SAA concentrations were higher in cats with lymphoma at diagnosis (median, 832.60 and 1.03 µg/mL, respectively), compared with those in healthy cats (median, 269.85 and 0.10 µg/mL). Treatment resulted in a gradual decrease in serum AGP concentration after 4 weeks and in SAA concentration after 8 weeks of treatment, and these concentrations returned to values comparable with those of healthy cats by 12 weeks of treatment, by which point all cats had achieved complete remission of the disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serum AGP and SAA concentrations in cats with lymphoma were higher at diagnosis than after antineoplastic treatment. Decreases to values established for healthy cats corresponded with achievement of complete disease remission. Serum AGP and SAA may be useful protein markers for monitoring of antineoplastic treatment in cats with lymphoma.

Control de la presión arterial en pacientes en tratamiento con terapia combinada / Control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients on combination therapy

Fundamento y objetivo: El impacto del tratamiento antihipertensivo sobre el control de la presión arterial (PA) es poco conocido. El objetivo del estudio ha sido examinar el grado de control de la PA y su relación con aspectos derivados del tratamiento en hipertensos tratados con 2 o 3 fármacos y atendidos en unidades hospitalarias. Pacientes y método: Se han estudiado 1.337 hipertensos (41% mujeres) con una edad media (DE) de 63 (12) años, en tratamiento con 2 o 3 fármacos antihipertensivos. El grado de control se ha estimado en una única visita, calculando la proporción de pacientes con cifras inferiores a 140/90 mmHg. Resultados: Un total de 767 pacientes (57%) tenían las cifras de PA controladas. El riesgo de mal control tensional se incrementaba con la edad (12% para cada 10 años) y con la presencia de oligoalbuminuria (64% de incremento). En los tratados con 2 fármacos, el grado de control fue del 61%, sin diferencias entre combinaciones fijas o libres. Los tratados con 3 fármacos presentaban tasas de control del 55%, mayores en los que recibían una asociación fija de los 3 antihipertensivos (68%) frente a los 3 fármacos por separado (52%; p = 0,025). Los principios farmacológicos utilizados en las combinaciones no influyeron en el grado de control. Conclusiones: El 57% de los pacientes en tratamiento con 2 o 3 antihipertensivos tiene sus cifras de presión controladas. La presencia de oligoalbuminuria se asocia al mal control. En los tratados con 3 fármacos, la utilización de asociaciones fijas se asocia con mayor control (AU)

Background and aim: The impact of antihypertensive treatment on blood pressure (BP) control is fairly unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of BP control and its relationship with treatment-related factors in hypertensive patients treated with 2 or 3 agents and attended in referral units. Patients and methods: We studied 1,337 hypertensive subjects (41% women) with a mean age (SD) of 63 (12) years, who were receiving 2 or 3 antihypertensive drugs. The degree of BP control was estimated in a single visit by the proportion of patients with BP below 140/90 mmHg. Results: BP was controlled in 767 patients (57%). Lack of BP control was related to older age (12% risk for each 10-year increase) and the presence of microalbuminuria (64% risk increase). In those treated with 2 agents, BP control was 61%, without differences between those treated with fixed-drug or free combinations. BP control in those treated with 3 agents was 55%, higher in those receiving 3 agents in a fixed-drug combination (68%) compared with those on 3 agents administered separately (52%; P = .025). Drug classes used in combinations did not influence the degree of BP control. Conclusions: The degree of BP control in patients treated with 2 or 3 agents is 57%. Microalbuminuria is related to a lack of BP control. In those receiving 3 agents, the use of fixed-drug combinations is associated with better BP control (AU)

[Control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients on combination therapy]. / Control de la presión arterial en pacientes en tratamiento con terapia combinada.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The impact of antihypertensive treatment on blood pressure (BP) control is fairly unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of BP control and its relationship with treatment-related factors in hypertensive patients treated with 2 or 3 agents and attended in referral units. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 1,337 hypertensive subjects (41% women) with a mean age (SD) of 63 (12) years, who were receiving 2 or 3 antihypertensive drugs. The degree of BP control was estimated in a single visit by the proportion of patients with BP below 140/90mmHg. RESULTS: BP was controlled in 767 patients (57%). Lack of BP control was related to older age (12% risk for each 10-year increase) and the presence of microalbuminuria (64% risk increase). In those treated with 2 agents, BP control was 61%, without differences between those treated with fixed-drug or free combinations. BP control in those treated with 3 agents was 55%, higher in those receiving 3 agents in a fixed-drug combination (68%) compared with those on 3 agents administered separately (52%; P=.025). Drug classes used in combinations did not influence the degree of BP control. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of BP control in patients treated with 2 or 3 agents is 57%. Microalbuminuria is related to a lack of BP control. In those receiving 3 agents, the use of fixed-drug combinations is associated with better BP control.

Cartography of neoplasms in dogs from different regions of the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil: a survey (2002-2003) of data from the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, Brazil / Cartografia das neoplasias em cães das diferentes regiões da cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil: um levantamento (2002-2003) dos dados do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil

Improvements in veterinary medicine have resulted in a significant benefit in the life of pets in the last 20 years, and increased pet life expectancy led to an increased prevalence of canine neoplasia. Cancer epidemiology and spatial analysis tools, although well developed for human oncology research, is just beginning to be explored in veterinary oncology. São Paulo city, capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is divided into five regions: North, South, East, West and downtown. The Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP), is located in the West region of São Paulo, Brazil, and admits cases of small and large animals. Canine mammary tumors are so numerous that they are not routinely treated at the HOVET. The aim of this work was to perform a cartographic study to describe the spatial distribution of prevalent cases of neoplasms in dogs from the HOVET. Of the 3,620 cases seen in 2002 and 2003, 380 cases (10.5%) were of dogs affected with benign and malignant neoplasms. No statistical difference was found for the 380 addresses distributed among the five regions of the city. These results showed that the HOVET receives canine patients from all regions of São Paulo and there is a homogeneous spatial distribution of neoplasms. Authors encourage additional broader studies, involving several veterinary hospitals, clinics or laboratories in order to obtain more accurate data on distribution of canine neoplasms in São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Avanços na medicina veterinária resultaram em benefícios significativos na vida de animais de estimação nos últimos 20 anos, e o aumento da expectativa de vida para animais levou a uma maior prevalência de neoplasias em cães. A Epidemiologia do Câncer e as ferramentas de análise espacial, embora bem desenvolvidas na pesquisa oncológica humana, estão começando a serem exploradas na Oncologia Veterinária. A cidade de São Paulo, capital do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, é dividida em cinco regiões: Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e centro. O Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP) está localizado na região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, e admite casos de pequenos e grandes animais. Tumores mamários caninos são tão numerosos que não são tratados na rotina do HOVET. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo cartográfico para descrever a distribuição espacial dos casos prevalentes de neoplasias em cães a partir do HOVET. Dos 3.620 casos atendidos em 2002 e 2003, 380 (10,5%) casos eram de cães acometidos por tumores benignos e malignos. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre a distribuição dos 380 endereços entre as cinco regiões da cidade. Os resultados mostraram que o HOVET atende pacientes caninos de todas as regiões de São Paulo e que há uma distribuição espacial homogênea das neoplasias. Os autores incentivam estudos mais amplos, envolvendo vários hospitais veterinários, clínicas e laboratórios, a fim de obter dados mais precisos sobre a distribuição das neoplasias caninas em São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Blood pressure control is similar in treated hypertensive patients with optimal or with high-normal albuminuria.

BACKGROUND: Although elevated urinary albumin excretion (UAE) is associated with cardiovascular prognosis and high blood pressure (BP), it is unknown whether differences in BP control could also exist between patients with different grades of UAE, even in the normal range. We sought to explore the association between different levels of UAE and BP control in treated hypertensive patients. METHODS: A cohort of 1,200 treated hypertensive patients was evaluated. Clinical data, including 2 office BP measurements and UAE averaged from 2 samples, were recorded. Albuminuria was categorized into 4 groups: G0 (UAE <10mg/g), G1 (UAE 10-29 mg/g), G2 (UAE 30-299 mg/g), and G3 (UAE ≥300 mg/g). RESULTS: Forty-three percent of patients had systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg. Median UAE was significantly higher (20.3 vs. 11.7 mg/g; P < 0.001) in these patients than in controlled hypertensive patients (BP<140/90 mm Hg). When UAE was categorized into the 4 groups, there were differences in BP control among groups (P < 0.001).The proportion of noncontrolled patients in G2 (52.3%) was significantly higher than in G0 (36.8%) and G1 (41.5%) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Importantly, no significant differences were observed between G0 and G1 (P = 0.18) or between G2 and G3 (P = 0.48). With G0 as the reference group, the odds ratio of lack of BP control for the G2 group after adjustment for confounders was 1.40 (95% confidence interval =1.16-1.68; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of BP control is more prevalent among patients with microalbuminuria than in patients with normoalbuminuria. No significant difference was seen between patients with optimal or high-normal UAE.

Preocupações Parentais em Pais Adotivos / Parental Concerns in Adoptive Parents

Conhecer as famílias nas suas múltiplas vertentes é uma tarefa intrínseca à prestação de cuidados de enfermagem. É fundamental ouvir os pais e definir as mudanças a implementar a partir daquilo que é sentido pelos mesmos como queixa ou inquietação. Esta preocupação relativamente aos seus filhos manifesta-se, habitualmente, através de uma queixa ou inquietação a respeito da criança. Sendo a parentalidade adotiva uma forma diferente de aceder à parentalidade, ser mãe ou pai adotivo traz outros desafios e alguns problemas mais específicos. Este estudo pretende identificar as preocupações parentais dos pais adotivos e identificar quais as características desses pais e do processo de adoção que se lhe associam. Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo e transversal. Os dados foram colhidos junto de uma amostra em bola de neve composta por 18 famílias adotivas: 2 adoções singulares e 16 adoções conjuntas ou por casal, através de um questionário enviado por e-mail, do qual fazia parte a escala de preocupações parentais de Algarvio e Leal (2004). Com base nos dados obtidos verificámos que a maior preocupação destes pais se situa ao nível das preocupações escolares e problemas familiares, manifestada na preocupação se a criança tem o que precisa na escola e se a professora entende a criança. A estas preocupações associam-se pais com idades entre os 35 e os 39 anos, que adotaram crianças que estão atualmente em idade escolar e sem necessidades especiais. Alia-se a estas características o facto de a adoção ter sido motivada pelo desejo de aumentar a família integrado num projeto de vida.

Knowing the families in its multiple aspects is an intrinsic task of nursing care. It is essential listen to parents and define the changes to be implemented from what is felt by them as a complaint or restlessness. The concern for their children manifests itself usually through a complaint or concerns about the child. Adoptive parenthood is a different way to access parenting and being a mother or adoptive father brings other challenges and some more specific problems. This study aims to identify the parental concerns of adoptive parents and to identify which characteristics of these parents and adoption process can be associated with it. A descriptive cross-sectional study was developed. Data were collected from a snowball sample comprised of 18 adoptive families: 2 single adoptions and 16 joint adoptions or per couple, through a questionnaire that was sent by e - mail, which the Parental Concerns Scale (Algarvio and Leal (2004), was part of. Based on the data found that the greatest concern of these parents are situated at the level of school problems and family concern , expressed on the concern if the child has what's need in school and if the teacher understands the child . These concerns are associated with parents aged between 35 and 39 years old, who had adopted children who are currently in school age and without special needs. It is allied to these features that the adoption has been motivated by the desire to increase family integrated into a life project.

Skin fragility syndrome in a cat with cholangiohepatitis and hepatic lipidosis.

A case of acquired skin fragility syndrome associated with hepatic disease in a 9-year-old, spayed female, domestic shorthair cat is described. The cat was admitted to the veterinary hospital of the University of São Paulo (Brazil) with a 6-week history of vomiting, inappetence and weight loss. Remarkable signs were weakness, lethargy and profound jaundice that had been present for 10 days according to the owner. On completion of the physical examination, when the cat was gently manipulated for blood collection the thoracic limb and interscapular skin tore. Liver enzymes and bilirubin levels were all above the normal range. On histological examination of skin and liver, Masson's trichrome stain showed collagen fibre alteration and major hepatocyte abnormalities. Findings were consistent with feline skin fragility syndrome associated with cholangiohepatitis and hepatic lipidosis.

Ceruloplasmin concentration in dogs with multicentric lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy / Concentração de ceruplasmina em cães com linfoma multicêntrico submetidos à quimioterapia

Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a positive acute phase protein, responsible for the transport of copper and protection of cells and tissue against oxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate Cp concentrations at diagnosis and during chemotherapy in dogs with multicentric lymphoma (ML). Cp was measured using orto dianisine technique, in two groups of dogs: ten healthy dogs (control) and 13 dogs with ML. All dogs were submitted to chemotherapy. Dogs with signs of concurrent disease or that have been previously treated with prednisone were excluded from the study. Cp measurement was done before treatment and once a week, during the first month of chemotherapy, and each 3-week intervals until the relapse for dogs with ML, and until the 16th week in control dogs. ANOVA test followed by multiple Tukey's tests were used to compare the groups. There was no difference between the mean of Cp concentration in dogs with ML at the diagnosis when compared to healthy dogs (p > .05). Levels of Cp decreased significantly at 4th week when compared to the first week, but Cp increase was not observed at the relapse. At all other times during the treatment, Cp concentrations for dogs with lymphoma were not significantly different from controls submitted to chemotherapy. As conclusion, Cp levels in ML at diagnosis were similar to healthy dogs, decreased when lymphoma remission was achieved and there was no change at the relapse.

Ceruloplasmina (Cp) é uma proteína positiva de fase aguda, responsável pelo transporte de cobre e proteção das células e tecidos contra compostos oxidantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as concentrações de Cp no momento do diagnóstico e durante a quimioterapia em cães com linfoma multicêntrico (LM). Cp foi mensurada utilizando-se a técnica da orto dianisina em dois grupos de cães: dez cães sadios (controle) e 13 cães com LM. Todos os cães foram submetidos à quimioterapia. Cães com sintomas de doenças intercorrentes ou que haviam sido previamente tratados com prednisona foram excluídos do estudo. Cp foi mensurada antes do início do tratamento e uma vez por semana durante o primeiro mês de quimioterapia e depois a intervalos de três semanas até a recidiva.para cães com LM, e até 16 semanas nos cães do grupo controle. ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey foi usada para comparar os grupos. Não houve diferença entre a media das concentrações de Cp em cães com LM ao diagnóstico quando comparados aos cães sadios (p > 0.05). Os níveis de Cp diminuíram significativamente na quarta semana de tratamento comparado ao momento do diagnóstico. Aumentos nas concentrações de Cp não foram observados na recidiva. Durante o tratamento, as concentrações de Cp em cães com linfoma não diferiram daquelas observadas nos animais do grupo controle submetidos à quimioterapia. Concluiu-se que os níveis de Cp nos cães com LM ao diagnóstico foram similares aos cães sadios, diminuiu quando se obteve a remissão e não se alterou na recidiva da doença.

Serum amyloid A is not a marker for relapse of multicentric lymphoma in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein whose concentration increases in inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions in animals and human beings. Multicentric lymphoma is a common cancer in dogs, and chemotherapy is indicated to attain long-term survival. However, frequent relapses lead to changes in chemotherapeutic protocols. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate SAA as a marker for relapse of multicentric lymphoma in dogs and to determine whether chemotherapy induces changes in the concentration of SAA during treatment. METHODS: SAA was measured by an ELISA test in healthy control dogs (n=20), in healthy dogs receiving chemotherapy (n=8), and in dogs with lymphoma (n=20). All dogs receiving chemotherapy were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups, one receiving cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) and the other receiving vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and L-asparaginase (VCMA) protocols. SAA concentration was determined before chemotherapy at weeks 1-4 in healthy dogs receiving chemotherapy and in dogs with lymphoma, then every 3 weeks for 4 months in healthy dogs, and at relapse and in the sample prior to relapse in dogs with lymphoma. SAA was measured only once in the healthy control dogs. Results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison tests to compare groups and weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Mean SAA concentration was significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma before chemotherapy compared with healthy and chemotherapy control dogs. No increase in SAA concentration was found at relapse. No differences were observed in SAA concentration based on type of chemotherapy protocol. CONCLUSIONS: SAA is not a marker of relapse in dogs with multicentric lymphoma, nor does chemotherapy regimen affect SAA concentration.

Serum C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with multicentric lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is high in dogs with multicentric lymphoma, whether CRP concentration changes in response to chemotherapy, and whether CRP concentration can be used as a marker for relapse in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 20 dogs with multicentric lymphoma and 8 healthy control dogs undergoing chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) or with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and L-asparaginase (VCMA) and 20 other healthy dogs. PROCEDURES: Serum CRP concentration was measured weekly during the first month of chemotherapy and then at 3-week intervals until relapse in dogs with multicentric lymphoma, weekly for 16 weeks in healthy dogs undergoing chemotherapy, and once in the healthy dogs not undergoing chemotherapy. RESULTS: For both groups of dogs with lymphoma, mean serum CRP concentration during week 1 (prior to treatment) was significantly higher than mean concentrations following induction of chemotherapy and at the time of relapse. Mean serum CRP concentration in the healthy dogs undergoing chemotherapy was not significantly different at any time from mean concentration for the healthy dogs not undergoing chemotherapy. No significant differences were observed between dogs treated with CVP and dogs treated with VCMA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that serum CRP concentration is high in dogs with multicentric lymphoma but that serum CRP concentration is not a useful marker for relapse and that chemotherapy itself does not affect serum CRP concentration.

Carmustine, vincristine, and prednisone in the treatment of canine lymphosarcoma.

A chemotherapeutic protocol using carmustine in combination with vincristine and prednisone was tested in dogs with multicentric malignant lymphosarcoma. Of seven dogs treated, six (85.7%) achieved complete remission. A partial response occurred in one dog. Median survival time was 224 days (mean 386 days), and median duration of remission was 183 days (mean 323 days). Marked neutropenia was observed following carmustine administration. There were no significant alterations in platelets and red blood cell counts during treatment, and no abnormalities attributable to the chemotherapy were found in serum biochemical profiles. Results of this study showed that carmustine is an effective alternative option in the treatment of canine lymphosarcoma.

Fragilidade osmótica eritrocitária em gatos acometidos por hepatopatias e gatos com insuficiência renal / Erythrocyte osmotic fragility in cats with hepatic disease and cats with renal failure

A fragilidade osmótica eritrocitária (FOE) avalia a resistência osmótica das células vermelhas em concentrações decrescentes de solução salina. A resistência depende da forma, volume, tamanho, conteúdo de hemoglobina e meia vida dos eritrócitos, e pode ser alterada por vários fatores fisiológicos ou patológicos. Existem poucos relatos sobre a FOE em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a FOE em gatos hígidos, com enfermidades hepáticas e naqueles com insuficiência renal. Foram estudados 27 animais divididos em três grupos. A hemólise 50 por cento foi notada de forma similar em todos os grupos. Em 100 por cento de hemólise, os eritrócitos de gatos com insuficiência renal e doença hepática mostraram maior fragilidade osmótica, embora esses animais apresentassem maiores níveis de colesterol sérico quando comparados aos gatos sadios do grupo controle. O achado de maior FOE mesmo com níveis elevados de colesterol pode estar associado a características metabólicas da espécie.

Toxoplasma gondii infection in Brazilian domestic outpatient cats

The occurrence of Toxoplasma antibodies in domestic outpatient cats in the city of São Paulo was evaluated using the indirect immunofluorescence assay. A total of 248 blood samples obtained from male and female cats seen at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the University of São Paulo between February 1996 and January 1997 were tested. Of these, 17.7 percent were positive, with a 64 titer being detected in most animals. The frequence of Toxoplasma antibodies was significantly higher in older cats, those fed raw meat and those with free access to the outdoor environment. There was no significant difference in reactivity between males and females. We conclude that diet and free access to the outdoor environment were equally important as predisposing factors to the risk of Toxoplasma infection

Evaluation of preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids and plasma ammonia concentrations in healthy domestic cats and the effects of frozen storage on plasma ammonia concentrations

A avaliação das doenças hepáticas nos felinos requer uma série de provas laboratoriais e as rotineiramente empregadas ainda são pouco elucidativas. Em face da escassez de dados e das controvérsias, foi realizada a determinação dos valores pré e pós-prandiais de ácidos biliares séricos (ABS) e de amônia plasmática (AP) e a avaliação da influência do período de estocagem. Os valores de ABS pré e pós-prandiais, por método enzimático-colorimétrico, de vinte gatos sadios, adultos, foram de 0,5 ± 0,1 e 3,6 ± 1,0 µmol/l, respectivamente. No que tange aos valores pré e pós-prandiais de AP obtidos 30 minutos após a colheita de sangue (157,0 ± 18,7 µg/dl ou 89,5 ± 10,7 µmol/l e 295,3 ± 28,2 µg/dl ou 165,2 ± 17,3 µmol/l), determinados pelo método eletrodo íon-específico, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante, mas esta diferença deixou de existir ao se determinarem os níveis de amônia nas mesmas amostras estocadas (a -20ºC) por 24 e 48 horas. Esses resultados sugerem que a amostra de plasma não deve ser armazenada para posterior mensuração de amônia. Os valores observados para os ABS e AP poderão ser cotejados com aqueles obtidos em felinos com suspeita de afecção hepática, e assim auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico.

Valores de referência das provas de funções hepática, renal e de alguns eletrólitos em Cebus apella, anestesiados com cetamina / Serum biochemical profile of healthy Cebus apella, anesthetized with ketamine

Foram analisadas 127 amostras de soro sangüíneo, obtidas de macacos-prego (Cebus apella), anestesiados com cetamina. Quantificaram-se as provas de função hepática (proteínas totais, albumina, glicose, bilirrubinas e atividade enzimática de ALT, AST e ALP), de função renal (uréia e creatinina), bem como alguns eletrólitos (sódio, potássio, cloro, cálcio e fósforo). Os valores médios obtidos foram analisados e comparados entre grupos, de acordo com o sexo e a faixa etária. Dentre as provas de função hepática, os valores de ALP e ALT dos animais jovens mostraram-se superiores aos dos adultos, enquanto os níveis de AST foram maiores nos machos jovens em relação aos machos adultos. Os níveis de albumina foram maiores nos machos adultose fêmeas jovens e a proteína total apresentou valores mais altos nas fêmeas adultas. Relativamente às provas de função renal, os níveis de creatinina mostraram-se maiores nos machos adultos, enquanto os níveis de uréia foram maiores nos machos jovens. Quanto aos eletrólitos, os níveis séricos de cloretos foram superiores nas fêmeas jovens enquanto o sódio mostrou-se mais elevado nos machos adultos do que nas fêmeas jovens.

Blood serum samples obtained from 127 Capuchin monkeys, anesthetized with ketamine, were analysed. Hepatic function tests (total protein, albumin, glucose, bilirrubins and enzimatic activity of ALT, AST and ALP), renal function tests (urea and creatinine), and some electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and inorganic phosphorus) were quantified. Differences related to sex and age were studied. Among the hepatic function tests, the values of ALP and ALT were higher in the young animals, while the levels of AST were higher in the young males when compared to adult males. The albumin parameters were more elevated in adult males and females than in young males and the total protein showed higher in adult females. In relation to the renal function tests, the levels of creatinine were more elevated in adult males and the urea were more elevated in young males than in adult animals. Chloride were higher in young females while sodium showed more elevated in adult males than young females.

Estudo clínico da infecção de felinos pelo vírus da leucemia felina em São Paulo / Clinical studies of feline leukemia virus infection among cats in São Paulo

Para avaliar a freqüência da infecção pelo vírus da leucemia felina (VLF), 298 gatos doentes, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, foram submetidos ao teste imunoenzimático para a detecção de antígenos virais do VLF (Leukassay F., Pitman Moore Inc.). Dos animais submetidos ao teste, 37 (12,5%) apresentaram-se positivos, com diagnóstico clínico de hemobartonelose (10), linfoma mediastinal (7), icterícia e febre (3), peritonite infecciosa felina (2), anemia hipoplásica (2), uveíte (2), gastroenterite (2), trombocitopenia (2), periodontite (2) atrofia do timo (1), doença respiratória crônica (1) e contactante e assintomático (1). A maioria dos animais acometidos situava-se na faixa etária de 30 a 36 meses, tendo o mais jovem um mês e o mais velho 12 anos de idade. A infecção foi observada com maior freqüência entre os machos, que responderam por 67,5% dos casos, havendo também predominância dos felinos sem raça definida.

Serum samples from 298 sick cats were submitted to enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detecting feline leukemia virus (Felv) antigen (Leukassay F., Pitman Moore), aiming to evaluate the frequence of Felv infection among domestic cats. Thirty seven Felv (12.5%) positiva cats were found. The reagents were observed among cats with clinical diagnosis of hemobartonellosis (10), mediastinal lymphoma (7), jaundice and fever (3), feline infectious peritonitis (2), hypoplastic anemia (2), uveitides (2), gastroenteritidis (2), trombocytopenia (1), periodontitides (2), atrophy of thymus (1), chronic respiratory disease (1), carcinoma (1), and asymptomatic (1). The great majority of cats were 30 to 36 months old, being the youngest one month old and the oldest one, twelve years. Felv infection was more frequent among male cats (67.5%) and in short haired domestic cats.