Microplastics and anthropogenic debris in rainwater from Bahia Blanca, Argentina.

Concern about atmospheric microplastic (MP) contamination has increased in recent years. This study assessed the abundance of airborne anthropogenic particles, including MPs, deposited in rainfall in Bahia Blanca, southwest Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rainwater samples were collected monthly from March to December 2021 using an active wet-only collector consisting of a glass funnel and a PVC pipe that is only open during rain events. Results obtained show that all rain samples contained anthropogenic debris. The term "anthropogenic debris" is used to refer to the total number of particles as not all the particles found could be determined as plastic. Among all the samples, an average deposition of 77 ± 29 items (anthropogenic debris) m-2d-1 was found. The highest deposition was observed in November (148 items m-2d-1) while the lowest was found in March (46 items m-2d-1). Anthropogenic debris ranged in size from 0.1 mm to 3.87 mm with the most abundant particles being smaller than 1 mm (77.8%). The dominant form of particles found were fibers (95%), followed by fragments (3.1%). Blue color predominated (37.2%) in the total number of samples, followed by light blue (23.3%) and black (21.7%). Further, small particles (<2 mm), apparently composed of mineral material and plastic fibers, were recognized. The chemical composition of suspected MPs was examined by Raman microscopy. The analysis of µ-Raman spectra confirmed the presence of polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene vinyl acetate fibers and provided evidence of fibers containing industrial additives such as indigo dye. This is the first assessment of MP pollution in rain in Argentina.

Multi-year monitoring of atmospheric dust fall as a sink for lead in an agro-industrial and petrochemical city of Argentina. Geo-accumulation and ecological risk assessment.

A multi-year monitoring data set of potentially harmful elements (PHEs), which are present in the chemical composition of atmospheric settleable particulate matter (SPM) in the urban, industrial and port areas in Bahía Blanca, was studied in order to assess potential ecological risk. The selected PHEs were metal elements of local and regional environmental importance (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Seventeen sampling campaigns were carried out between April 2013 and September 2019. After the microwave-assisted acid digestion of samples, the total contents of the PHEs were determined by ICP-OES. The annual dry deposition rate, the indexes associated with the potential ecological risk (RI) and the degree of geo-accumulation (Igeo) of each PHE were calculated. The results indicated that: (a) there are 3 groups (I, II, III) of PHEs with differentiated concentration levels, ranked I (Pb > Zn > Cu) > II (Cr ≈ Ni) > III (Cd) (p < 0.01) in all the studied areas; (b) the median of the total deposition rate was 1 mg cm-2. month-1 with a significant relative contribution of Pb; (c) a considerable increase in geo-accumulation of Pb indicated that SPM was functioning as a sink for Pb, and also reflected a significant progressive increase in the potential ecological risk in all sites (p < 0.01); and (d) there were chemometrically identified potential sources of Pb, Cu and Zn emissions that would be associated mainly to the resuspension of dust from geogenic, industrial and urban origin, and to a lesser extent, to other gaseous emissions of the industrial sector. This work highlights three major aspects of environmental assessment: (a) the value of continuous monitoring as an important tool to detect long-term trends; (b) the importance of the role of dust fall as a useful environmental indicator of lead geo-accumulation; and (c) the great utility of geo-accumulation and potential ecological risk indices as rapid quantitative assessment tools of environmental pollution.

Parásitos en aguas del arroyo Napostá, aguas de recreación y de consumo en la ciudad de Bahia Blanca (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) / Parasites in water used for consumption and for recreational purposes as well as in the water from arroyo Naposta in city of Bahia Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of sanitarily important parasit es in the water from Arroyo Napostá as well as in the water used for recreational purposes (public swimming-pools) and for consumption in the city of Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. To this end, 24,000 liters of water from different sectors of Arroyo Napostá; 2,000 liters of water from each of the three public swimming-pools of Bahía Blanca; and 8,000 liters of water for consumption were collected using polypropylene spun cartridge filters with a 1 mm porosity (Cuno Micro Wind II). Further processing was conducted following Madore´s technique (1987) modified by Pezzani (2000). Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. Giardia sp. was carried out via direct immunofluorescence. Our study confirmed the presence of the following parasites in the areas of study: Hymenolepis diminuta eggs, Giardia sp cysts, Toxocara sp eggs, Entamoeba sp cysts, Endolimax sp cysts, Nematode larvae, Trichostrongylus sp eggs, Ascaris sp eggs, and Cryptosporidium sp cysts in the water from Arroyo Napostá; Hymenolepis diminuta eggs, Giardia sp cysts, Toxocara sp eggs, Entamoeba sp cysts, Endolimax sp cysts, Nematode larvae, Trichostrongylus sp eggs, Ascaris sp in the water from swimming-pools; and Cryptosporidium sp in the water for consumption. The results from the present study urge sanitary authorities from the city of Bahía Blanca to take measures in order to prevent not only humans but also animals from getting in contact with these waters which are contaminated and dangerous to health.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la presencia de parásitos de importancia sanitaria para el hombre, en el arroyo Napostá, en aguas recreacionales (piscinas públicas) y de consumo en Bahía Blanca (Provincia de Buenos Aires) Argentina. Se recolectaron 24.000 litros de agua de diferentes sectores del arroyo Napostá, 2.000 litros de cada una de las tres piscinas públicas y 8.000 litros de agua de consumo, mediante filtros de poro de una micra de diámetro (Cuno Micro Wind). El procesamiento posterior se efectuó siguiendo la técnica de Madore (1) modificada por Pezzani (2). La detección de Cryptosporidium sp. Giardia sp. se realizó mediante inmunofluo-rescencia directa. Las formas parasitarias observadas, fueron: huevos de Hymenolepis diminuta, quistes de Giardia sp, huevos de Toxocara sp, quistes de Entamoeba sp. Quistes de Endolimax sp, larvas de Nematodos, huevos de Trichostrongylus sp, huevos de Ascaris sp y quistes de Cryptosporidium sp. en las aguas del Arroyo Napostá; huevos de Hymenolepis diminuta, quistes de Giardia sp, huevos de Toxocara sp, quistes de Entamoeba sp. quistes de Endolimax sp, larvas de Nematodos, huevos de Trichostrongylus sp, huevos de Ascaris sp. en agua de piscina; y quistes de Cryptosporidium sp. en agua de consumo.En conclusión es necesario que las autoridades sanitarias adopten medidas tendientes a evitar que el hombre y los animales tomen contacto con estas aguas contaminadas y peligrosas para la salud.