Problemas de salud asociados al uso del teléfono celular / Health problems associated with cell phone use

Introducción: Actualmente la función de la telefonía celular conecta al usuario con el mundo a través del internet dándole acceso a un cúmulo de información. A pesar de todos los beneficios, existen problemas en salud a consecuencia del uso prolongado, se manifiestan en ansiedad, irritabilidad, inquietud y malestar general; alteraciones de la sensibilidad, lesiones cervicales, problemas visuales y cefalea. Objetivos: Analizar la existencia de problemas de salud asociados al uso del teléfono celular en estudiantes de enfermería universitarios. Analizar la relación entre el uso del teléfono celular y los problemas de salud físicos y psicoemocionales de estudiantes de enfermería universitarios. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo no experimental, de corte transversal, descriptivo, prolectivo y correlacional. Se aplicó la encuesta "Escala de Uso Problemático del Teléfono Celular Modificada" a 265 estudiantes de enfermería de FES Iztacala. Resultados: El 57% de la población usa su teléfono celular para redes sociales. En los problemas físicos, 32% de estudiantes inician con problemas leves, 5% moderados y 1% graves. En los problemas psicoemocionales, 25% inician con problemas leves, 4% moderados y 2% graves. Hay asociación entre el uso y problemas de salud psicoemocionales (rp=0.659, p=0.000), al igual que con problemas de salud físicos (rp=0.541, p=0.000). Discusión: De acuerdo con Alonso-Fernández los síntomas se desarrollan más profundamente en la mente que en el cuerpo pues el tiempo de exposición afecta órganos y sistemas, principalmente el sistema nervioso implicando la psique. Conclusiones: El uso frecuente del teléfono celular está vinculado al acceso a internet, haciendo que el usuario pase más tiempo utilizando el dispositivo. Aunque son pocos los casos que presentan problemas, es indispensable que enfermería se involucre en estos tópicos, para el desarrollo de estrategias preventivas en la aparición de los problemas de salud asociados.

Introduction: Currently cellphones connect the users with the world through internet, giving them access to lots of information. In spite of all the benefits, there are health problems caused by the prolonged usage of it, they're manifested as anxiety, irritability, restlessness and physical discomfort; sensibility alterations, cervical injuries, visual problems and headache. Objectives: To analyze the existence of health problems associated to the cellphone usage among college nursing students. To analyze the relationship between the cellphone usage and physical and phycho-emotional health issues among college nursing students. Methodology: Prolective, correlational, descriptive, cross-sectional and non-experimental quantitative study. The survey "Escala de Uso Problemático del Teléfono Celular Modificada" was applied to 265 nursing students from FES Iztacala. Results: 57% of the population uses its phone for social networks. About physical problems, 32% of students are beginning to experience subtle problems, 5% moderate problems and 1% severe problems. About psycho-emotional issues, 25% are beginning to experience subtle issues, 4% moderate issues, and 2% severe issues. There's an association between cellphone usage and psycho-emotional health issues (rp=0.659, p=0.000) as well as with physical problems (rp=0.541, p=0.000). Discussion: According to Alonso-Fernández the symptoms are developed deeper on the mind than on the body due to exposition time the affects organs and systems, mainly the nervous system implying the psyche. Conclusions: The frequent usage of mobile phones is linked to the internet access, so the user spends more time using the device. Although the cases that present problems are few, it is essential for nursing to get involved in these topics in order to develop precautionary strategies in the appearance of related health issues.

Polymorphism in the A2M gene associated with high-quality milk in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

The study of genes associated with host defense mechanisms, such as the A2M gene, plays a critical role in preventing diseases that reduce milk yield and its constituents. The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms in the A2M gene in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and investigate their associations with milk yield, fat and protein production, fat and protein percentages, and somatic cell count. Hair follicle samples of 136 animals were collected for DNA extraction, and polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reactions and sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed to ascertain the allelic and genotypic frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and association analysis was conducted between the polymorphisms and the traits studied. Comparative analysis between buffalo and bovine sequences revealed seven nucleotide substitutions. Alignments among the buffalo sequences identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including one in exon 29, g.241A>G, which was used in subsequent statistical analyses. A Hardy-Weinberg test indicated that this SNP was in equilibrium in this population, and was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with fat production and fat and protein percentages. Therefore, this SNP can be used as a molecular marker for these traits.

Genetic-Quantitative Study of the First-Service Pregnancy Probability of Murrah Heifers.

Because of the importance of reproduction in stock breeding systems, it is necessary to find selection criteria that increase reproductive efficiency. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the probability of conception on first service (PROB) in Murrah heifers, and its association with other traits of economic interest [age at first calving (AFC), service period, calving interval and milk yield at 270 days], with the purpose of evaluating their use as selection criteria. Reproductive information and first lactation records of 1200 Murrah heifers were used to perform two-trait analyses between PROB and the other characteristics. Bayesian inference was used to estimate the variance components, considering PROB as threshold and the other as linear factors. The results demonstrate that this trait has heritability of 0.15, indicating the possibility of a genetic gain by using it for selection. With respect to the genetic correlation estimates, the only high-magnitude association was with AFC (-0.899), which is the current criterion indicating sexual precocity of females. In the light of the parameters estimated, the first-service pregnancy rate is an alternative for indication of sexual precocity, although presenting a smaller genetic gain than the current standard AFC. Nevertheless, additional research should be conducted regarding this trait to assess the economic importance of its use in dairy buffalo production systems.

Short communication: Variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms in DGAT1 gene of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) is associated with milk constituents.

The diacylglycerol-O-transferase 1 gene is a positional and functional candidate for milk composition traits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the segregation of the variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms in the regulatory region of diacylglycerol-O-transferase 1 gene in a water buffalo herd, and to assess the association of this mutation with milk production traits. For this purpose, 196 Murrah buffalo cows were genotyped by PCR. The association of the marker with total milk, fat, and protein yields at 305 d of lactation, milk fat and protein percentage, and somatic cell scores were evaluated by single-trait analyses using a generalized mixed model. Two segregating alleles were identified in the population. The allele with 2 repeats affected fat percentage favorably. The present results suggest that this polymorphism is an interesting marker to include in the genetic evaluation of buffaloes.

Multiple-trait genomic evaluation for milk yield and milk quality traits using genomic and phenotypic data in buffalo in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to compare the multi-trait model using pedigree information and a model using genomic information in addition to pedigree information. We used data from 5896 lactations of 2021 buffalo cows, of which 384 were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium(®) bovine HD BeadChip, considering seven traits related to milk yield (MY305), fat (FY305), protein (PY305), and lactose (LY305), percentages of fat (%F) and protein (%P), and somatic cell score (SCS). We carried out two analyses, one using phenotype and pedigree information (matrix A) and the other using the relationship matrix based on pedigree and genomics information (a single step, matrix H). The (co)variance components were estimated using multiple-trait analysis by the Bayesian inference method. The model included the fixed effects of contemporary groups (herd-year and calving season), and the age of cow at calving as (co)variables (quadratic and linear effect). The additive genetic, permanent environmental, and residual effects were included as random effects in the model. The estimates of heritability using matrix A were 0.25, 0.22, 0.26, 0.25, 0.37, 0.42, and 0.17, while using matrix H the heritability values were 0.25, 0.24, 0.26, 0.26, 0.38, 0.47, and 0.18 for MY305, FY305, PY305, LY305, %F, %P, and SCS, respectively. The estimates of breeding values in the two analyses were similar for the traits studied, but the accuracies were greater when using matrix H (higher than 8% in the traits studied). Therefore, the use of genomic information in the analyses improved the accuracy.

Water buffalo genome characterization by the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip.

To define the best strategies for genomic association studies and genomic selection, it is necessary to determine the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the genetic structure of the study population. The current study evaluated the transference of genomic information contained in the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip from cattle to buffaloes, and assessed the extent of the LD in buffaloes. Of the 688,593 bovine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that were successfully genotyped from the 384 buffalo samples, only 16,580 markers were polymorphic, and had minor allele frequencies greater than 0.05. A total of 16,580 polymorphic SNPs were identified, which were uniformly distributed throughout the autosomes, because the density and mean distance between markers were similar for all autosomes. The average minor allele frequency for the 16,580 SNPs was 0.23. The overall mean LD for pairs of adjacent markers was 0.29 and 0.71, when measured as for r2 and |D'|, respectively. The 16,580 polymorphic SNPs were matched to Bos taurus chromosome in the current bovine genome assembly (Btau 4.2), and could be utilized in association studies. In conclusion, the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip contains approximately 16,580 polymorphic markers for the water buffalo, which are broadly distributed across the genome. These data could be used in genomic association and genomic selection studies; however, it might be necessary to develop a panel with specific SNP markers for water buffaloes.

Estimates of genetic parameters for total milk yield over multiple ages in Brazilian Murrah buffaloes using different models.

The objective of this study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for accumulated 305-day milk yield (MY305) over multiple ages, from 24 to 120 months of age, applying random regression (RRM), repeatability (REP) and multi-trait (MT) models. A total of 4472 lactation records from 1882 buffaloes of the Murrah breed were utilized. The contemporary group (herd-year-calving season) and number of milkings (two levels) were considered as fixed effects in all models. For REP and RRM, additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual effects were included as random effects. MT considered the same random effects as did REP and RRM with the exception of permanent environmental effect. Residual variances were modeled by a step function with 1, 4, and 6 classes. The heritabilities estimated with RRM increased with age, ranging from 0.19 to 0.34, and were slightly higher than that obtained with the REP model. For the MT model, heritability estimates ranged from 0.20 (37 months of age) to 0.32 (94 months of age). The genetic correlation estimates for MY305 obtained by RRM (L23.res4) and MT models were very similar, and varied from 0.77 to 0.99 and from 0.77 to 0.99, respectively. The rank correlation between breeding values for MY305 at different ages predicted by REP, MT, and RRM were high. It seems that a linear and quadratic Legendre polynomial to model the additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects, respectively, may be sufficient to explain more parsimoniously the changes in MY305 genetic variation with age.

Substance P and acetylcholine are co-localized in the pathway mediating mucociliary activity in Rana pipiens.

Mucociliary activity is an important clearance mechanism in the respiratory system of air breathing vertebrates. Substance P (SP) and acetylcholine play a key role in the stimulation of the mucociliary transport in the frog palate. In this study, retrograde neuronal tracing was combined with immunocytochemistry for SP and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) in the trigeminal ganglion and for neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) in the palate of Rana pipiens. The cells of origin of the palatine nerve were identified in the trigeminal ganglion using the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG). Optimal labeling of FG cells in the trigeminal ganglion was obtained at 96 h of exposure. Immunoflorescent shows that SP and acetylcholine are co-localized in 92% of the cells labeled with FG in the trigeminal ganglion. NK1 receptors were found in the membrane of epithelial and goblet cells of the palate. Ultrastructural study of the palate showed axonal-like endings with vesicles in connection with epithelial and goblet cells. These results further support the concerted action of both neurotransmitters in the regulation of mucociliary activity in the frog palate.

Enfoque social de la mercadotecnia sanitaria / Social approach health marketing

La autora presenta, derivado de su experiencia nacional e internacional, la potencialidad de la mercadotecnia como una herramienta en función de la gestión sanitaria, ya que ofrece la posibilidad de detectar y dar respuesta a las necesidades de salud a partir de la investigación, la evaluación y análisis de la demanda sanitaria, la satisfacción de trabajadores y pacientes, así como realizar esta identificación para anticipar y satisfacer ambos requerimientos, demostrando que es un instrumento de utilidad para el cambio de la organización en función del cumplimiento cabal de los objetivos sanitarios a la luz de los paradigmas que actualmente sustentan las políticas de salud.

Two groups of TH-like immunoreactive neurons in the frog (Rana pipiens) retina.

The morphology and distribution of TH-like immunoreactive (TH-IR) cells in the retina of Rana pipiens were studied in retinal whole mounts and in radial and horizontal sections. A large majority (96%) of the immunoreactive cells were found in the inner nuclear layer while a few cells were found in the ganglion cell layer. All TH-IR cells had round to oval somata with average diameter of 10 microm. The 2-4 primary processes of these cells distributed extensively to sublamina 1 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and sparsely to sublamina 5. Two groups of TH-IR cells were distinguished: one, designated thin cells, had only thin (<2 microm diameter) primary processes; the second, designated thick cells, had one or more primary processes with diameter(s) exceeding 2 microm for a distance of 5 microm or more from the soma. The thin cells did not significantly differ from the thick cells in soma diameter, number of primary processes, horizontal spread of processes or vertical lamination of processes. Nearest neighbor analyses of the two types revealed that the population of TH-IR cells (thick and thin together) have an orderly distribution while the thick cells alone are more randomly distributed, indicating that the thick cells do not comprise a functional population. The total number of TH-IR cells varied between retinas; the variability was due principally to variation of thin cell density. It is hypothesized that the thick cells are a subpopulation of the TH-IR cells which are in a particular physiological state at the time of fixation.

Lung volume histograms after computed tomography of the chest with three-dimensional imaging as a method to substantiate successful surgical expansion of the rib cage in achondroplasia.

The authors describe a radiographic method to quantify a surgical procedure of thoracic expansion in a 2-year-old patient with achondroplasia, small chest cage, and severe restrictive lung disease. The patient had undergone three surgical procedures of thoracic expansion since birth. The authors utilized computer-generated lung volume histograms after spiral computed tomographic scanning and three-dimensional imaging of the lungs to calculate his lung volumes before and after the third surgical thoracic expansion. The lung volumes, calculated by the histograms, were 363 mL and 406 mL before and after surgery, respectively. This 40-mL difference in the patient's lung volumes (4 mL/kg) accounted for a significant clinical improvement. Lung volume histograms obtained by this radiographic method are very helpful in substantiating a successful surgical chest expansion or provide an explanation for an unsuccessful repair.

Four retinal ganglion cell types that project to the superior colliculus in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus).

The morphology of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus (SC) of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) was studied after retrogradely labeling the cells with cholera toxin subunit B. On the basis of previous reports, labeled cells were classified as small (6-10 microm in soma diameter), medium (11-14 microm), or large (>14 microm). A total of 3,427 cells were studied. Small cells constituted 78% of the population, 21% were medium cells, and only 1% were classified as large. The morphology of medium-sized cells was studied in more detail because large cells were few in number and the staining of the dendritic tree of small cells was not optimal. The best labeled medium-sized cells were classified on the basis of the shape and size of their dendritic tree and the pattern of dendritic ramification. Four types were identified among the medium-sized ganglion cells. Two types were classified as symmetric delta-like and asymmetric delta-like cells considering the relative symmetric or asymmetric distribution of their dendritic branches and their similarities with the delta type of the cat. Approximately 52% of all the medium-sized cells studied were symmetrical delta-like, and 19% were classified as asymmetrical delta-like. These cells were also very similar to the symmetrical and asymmetrical directionally selective ganglion cells described in rabbit retina. Other cells were termed beta-like. They had the smallest dendritic tree diameter, and their tree size seemed to be related to retinal eccentricity. Medium beta-like cells comprised approximately 21% of all cells projecting to the SC. The fourth type was termed "acute angle" because most of their dendritic branches were relatively straight and formed acute angles (10-45 degrees) at their branching points. These cells were few in number (approximately 8% of all medium-sized cells studied) and did not resemble any reported previously in cats. Thus, a variety of morphological types of retinal ganglion cells projected to the SC. Of these, the symmetrical and asymmetrical delta-like cells appeared to correspond to the directionally selective type described in the ground squirrel (Michael, C.R. [1968] J. Neurophysiol. 31:257-267) and reported in the rabbit retina.

A comparison among animal models of acute lung injury.

OBJECTIVES: To compare four widely used animal models of acute lung injury and to determine the changes in physiologic variables associated with each model. DESIGN: A prospective, controlled animal study. SETTING: An animal laboratory of a university-affiliated children's hospital. SUBJECTS: Four groups of anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated young Yorkshire pigs, weighing 35 to 45 kg. INTERVENTIONS: Acute lung injury was generated by four different methods: a) intrapulmonary arterial infusion of endotoxin of Escherichia colt; b) bronchoalveolar instillation of 0.05N of hydrochloric acid; c) repeated bronchoalveolar warm saline lavage; and d) intrapulmonary arterial infusion of oleic acid. After each acute lung injury procedure, the temporal changes in various physiologic variables were measured, starting at 60 mins and at 15-min intervals thereafter for a total of 165 mins. Systemic and mixed venous serum immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha concentrations were also measured at the same time points. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was employed to determine the absolute and relative significance of the changes observed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Systemic and mixed venous immunoreactive TNF-alpha did not change following any of the acute lung injury procedures. The animals' heart rates and systemic vascular resistances also did not change. Hydrochloric acid instillation as well as bronchoalveolar lavage resulted in significant hypoxemia with no other hemodynamic effects. Endotoxin infusion did not result in hypoxemia but caused significant increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance and decreases in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output. Oleic acid infusion resulted in a marked hypoxemia with a pronounced increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. It also markedly reduced the mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and the mixed venous PO2. CONCLUSIONS: The surfactant depletion and hydrochloric acid instillation models produce acute hypoxemia in an otherwise hemodynamically stable animal. A brief endotoxin infusion provides a model for cardiovascular instability and pulmonary hypertension but fails to produce hypoxemia in the pig. The oleic acid infusion creates a model of marked cardiovascular instability, pulmonary hypertension, and profound hypoxemia. However, none of the acute lung injury models described was associated with the production of tumor necrosis factor.

Somatostatin-like immunoreactive cells in the ground squirrel retina.

Immunocytochemical techniques were employed to locate somatostatin (SS)-containing cells in the retina of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). In normal retinas immunostain was limited to neuronal processes, yet distinctly labeled somata were detected in retinas of animals pretreated with colchicine. Labeled cell bodies were located in the outermost and innermost portions of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). The largest population of SS-like immunoreactive neurons was found in the innermost INL. These cells were identified as small and medium sized amacrine cells whose soma diameters ranged from 4 to 14 microns. A smaller population of immunoreactive cells was observed in the outermost region of the INL. These cells, presumptive horizontal cells, were found mainly in peripheral regions of the retina. Immunoreactive cells in the GCL were of two types: displaced amacrines, and retinal ganglion cells. SS-positive axons in the optic fiber layer suggest that some of the immunoreactive GCL neurons were ganglion cells, and it is our opinion that these cells belong to a class of associational ganglion cells previously identified in other species.

Nurse-managed corporate employee wellness centers.

Health care is a major expense for businesses. A nurse-managed Wellness Center in an approximately 1,000-employee corporation has demonstrated how nurse practitioner services can help corporations reduce medical costs while fostering employee satisfaction and addressing aggregate health needs. In the first 6 months of operation, more than half of the company's employees used the wellness center for episodic care, health maintenance, and patient education, saving an estimated $100,000 in averted outside medical care and absenteeism. The worksite community provides an ideal environment to impact health behaviors through primary care linked with health promotion activities. The nurse-managed center provides a model of care more accessible to patients than traditional medical care.

Antibody to keyhole limpet hemocyanin labels retinal horizontal cells in some amphibians, but not in others.

Antibody to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) reacts with putative horizontal cells in anuran amphibians of the superfamily Bufonoidea. The reactive epitope appears to be located on the cell membrane. No KLH-like immunoreactivity was observed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of anurans not members of this superfamily, nor in the OPL of urodeles or other vertebrates. Thus KLH-like immunoreactivity in the OPL provides a tool for assessing phylogenetic relationships within anurans.

Diagnosis and management algorithm of acute onset of central diabetes insipidus in critically ill children.

We devised a diagnosis and management algorithm for acute onset of central diabetes insipidus (CDI), and conducted a retrospective evaluation of its efficacy. Fourteen patients admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a three year period were diagnosed with acute CDI secondary to various brain injuries. All patients were treated as per the algorithm guidelines. The initial dose of aqueous vasopressin ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 mU/kg/h. Low sodium content solution (0-0.5 normal saline) was used to replace urine output in excess of 3 ml/kg/h and for maintenance fluid therapy. The therapeutic goals included: urine output 2-3 ml/kg/h, urine specific gravity 1.010-1.020 and serum sodium 140-145 mEq/l. The pitressin dose was adjusted as deemed necessary to achieve the aforementioned goals. Our results indicate that urine specific gravity is the most sensitive parameter to respond to treatment. It was the best determinant of the adequacy of pitressin dose as it had the best linear correlation with it (r = 0.96; p = 0.009). Urine output was second best (r = 0.93; p = 0.02), whereas no linear correlation was established between pitressin dose and serum sodium concentration, nor with serum osmolality. We conclude that the algorithm developed and used by us for the management of CDI is generally efficacious. Changes in urine specific gravity follow changes in pitressin dose very closely and thus should be used as the primary parameter for determination of intravenous pitressin dose adjustment.

Two novel mutations in the Norrie disease gene associated with the classical ocular phenotype.

Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital blindness due to a degenerative and proliferative dysplasia of the neuroretina and, occasionally, by deafness and mental handicap. Here, we report two novel mutations detected in patients with the classical eye features of ND. Both the one-base pair insertion in exon II (544/545 insA) and the two-base pair deletion in the start codon (418delTG) of the ND gene predict a functional 'null allele', i.e. the complete absence of the corresponding gene product.

Empowerment education: a case study of the Resource Sisters/Compañeras Program.

Empowerment education is a social action process that promotes participation of communities in gaining control over their lives and their community. The Resource Sisters/Compañeras Program represents a case study in implementing an empowerment education effort. The program developed skills of women from the community to facilitate peer support groups that brought other women together. The program attempted to foster community development while also providing individual case management services. The program, its challenges, and its successes are described. The difficulties of possibly conflicting goals and objectives are discussed.