[The public health state study as part of the risk assessment methodology].

Comparative analysis of information value of the official data sources on disease incidence and public state of health with regards to the risk assessment methodology has been made in the article. Each out of the three information sources studied here must be taken into consideration when performing risk assessment projects, for the data obtained give necessary supplementary knowledge on the human health which, in its turn, allows to determine the enterprises (production units) substantially contributing to environmental contamination in the area, and thus to develop and take appropriate management decisions towards them.

[Influence of hospital factors on the spread of nosocomial infections].

The incidence of nosocomial infections (NI) was analyzed and the specific features of their occurrence and spread were defined at a multidisciplinary emergency care hospital. Weight coefficients were calculated for the hospital factors influencing NI, which allowed corrections to be made into the priority measures of the existing NI prevention system.

[Hygienic evaluation of the influence of environmental factors on adolescents' health in a gas-and-oil producing region].

Environmental factors in a gas-and-oil producing region were hygienically evaluated for their influence on the health of adolescents living in the towns of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District (KMAD) - Yugry. The air was found to be polluted by incomplete oil and gas combustion products from flares, by emission from emergency conditions at gas-and-oil-producing enterprises. The major ambient air pollutants were formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and suspended solids. The hazard indices upon combined exposure to chemicals were 9.81, 7.65, 4.79, and 4.01 in Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Nefteyugansk, Khanty-Mansiysk, respectively. The population's potential health risk associated with a water factor in all the four towns was due to the presence of manganese and silicon. Hazardous substances available in the ambient air and water, as well as natural and climatic living conditions were ascertained to influence the health of adolescents. The results of the study served as a basis for substantiation of measures to reduce pollution of ambient air and drinking water supply objects in the KMAD-Yugry and a package of measures to improve the health of adolescents.

[Catastrophe hygiene, its contents and place in the federal surveillance service system in the protection of consumers' rights and human well-being].

In the past two decades, there has been an increase in the number of earthquakes, tidal waves, accidents at chemically dangerous enterprises, and other types of catastrophes, which have posed an emergency survival problem for society. The scientific development of this problem has given rise to a new area of preventive medicine--catastrophe hygiene that is designed to eliminate (reduce) the poor influence of emergency factors and to offer the suffered population safe conditions of accommodation and/or life, water supply, nutrition, and other elements of survival under these conditions. The paper defines the subject and objects of studies in catastrophe hygiene. It characterizes the value and role of this science in the organization and implementation of preventive measures to liquidate the medicosanitary consequences of emergencies, as well as the place of hygienic facilities and research institutes within the framework of the Russian emergency service.

[The activity of the ad hoc commission on "The Problems of Human Protection under Extreme Conditions": results and prospects]. / Itogi i perspektivy deiatel'nosti problemnoi komissii "Problemy zashchity cheloveka v ékstremal'nykh usloviiakh".

The paper summarizes the results of 10-year activity of the ad hoc commission on "The Problems of Human Protection under Extreme Conditions" of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council on Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. It shows the work of the Commission on Planning, Organization, and Coordination of Researches in the Development and Introduction of New Human Protective Agents and Means from Exposures to Chemical, Physical, and Biological Agents under Extreme Conditions. The prospects of the Commission's work have been defined for the coming 5 years, by taking into account the priority lines of development of science, technology, engineering in the Russian Federation.

[The organization of individual human protection in emergencies]. / Organizatsiia individual'noi zashchity cheloveka pri chrezvychainykh situatsiiakh.

Individual protection should be considered as a unity of organizational, social, medical, ergonomic and technical measures. The authors characterize all components of the unity.

[Means of individual protection in cleaning-up consequences of accidents at chemical industries]. / Sredstva individual'noi zashchity pri likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na khimicheskikh predpriiatiiakh.

The authors considered protective efficiency and physiologic acceptability to compare various types of individual protective means applied in some industries. The article presents general principles and methodic approaches to use of various individual protective means for eyes and respiratory organs. The important notion is that besides individual protective means also pharmacologic agents, various norms and regulations (MAC) should be used to protect humans from chemical hazards. Some revealed common features for chemical enterprises could serve to forecast occupational diseases and therefore determine individual protective means for respiratory organs and define the application of those means. To make quick and correct choice of the individual protective means for respiratory organs during accidents at chemical enterprises, one should refer to PC data bases.

[Experimental rationale for the use of drugs to increase the resistance of the human body to the combined action of carbon monoxide and hyperthermia]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie primeneniia farmakologicheskikh preparatov dlia povysheniia ustoichivosti organizma cheloveka k sochetannomu vozdeistviiu oksida ugleroda i gipertermii.

A group of volunteers was exposed to coaction of carbon dioxide (concentration 300 mg/cu m) and heating microclimate (ambient temperature +50 +/- 2 degrees C, relative humidity 20 +/- 5%), simultaneously they received one of the medicines: placebo, bemitil (0.5 g), bromantane (0.25 g) or bemitil (0.5 g) combined with bromantane (0.25 g). Bromantane (0.25 g) or bemitil (0.5 g) combined with bromantane (0.25 g) were proved to be the most effective method to increase stability of the human body against co-action of carbon dioxide and heating microclimate.

[Utilization of individual protective devices with autonomic air supply for work with hazardous materials ]. / Primenenie sredstv individualnoi zashchity s avtonomnymi istochnikami vozdukhosnabzheniia dla raboty s vrednymi veshchestvami.

An application of individual protective means (IPM) with the autonomic air supply has considerable promise for protecting respiratory organs and eyes in hazardous conditions. The main advantage of such devices is that the respiratory zone has the forced supply with the cleansed air. Biophysical studies showed that such IPM don't harm the functional status and capacity for work in human doing the medium-difficult physical work during 8 hours and can be recommended for the application in mines.

[Individual protection aids for saving people during a fire]. / Sredstva individual'noi zashchity dlia spaseniia liudei vo vremia pozhara.

All existing individual protective means can not be applied to the life saving and the mall evacuation of people from fire due to their technical complexity and inadequate protective efficiency. The research work carried out by the authors served to produce a crucially new type of physiologically acceptable individual protective means against burning products and high environmental temperature.

[Use of bemitil for increasing the resistance of the human body to combined effects of carbon monoxide and heating microclimate]. / Ispol'zovanie bemitila dlia povysheniia ustoichivosti organizma cheloveka k sochetannomu vozdeistviiu oksida ugleroda i nagreva- iushchego mikroklimata

Basing on experimental data, it was established that single administration of 0.5 mg bemitil increased human resistance to carbon oxide in concentration 300 mg/m3. The use of bemitil optimized human body state in the conditions of the complex influence of carbon oxide and extreme heating microclimate.

[Prognostication of physical work capacity under the effect of carbon monoxide and raised air temperature and decreased oxygen contents]. / Prognozirovanie fizicheskoi rabotosposobnosti pri vozdeistvii na organizm cheloveka monooksida ugleroda i povyshennoi temperatury vozdukha v usloviiakh ponizhennogo soderzhaniia kisloroda.

Experimental studies performed on volunteers resulted in formulating an equation which characterized degrees of physical working capacity decrease depending on the carbon monoxide concentration levels and duration of its influence at high temperature levels (+50 degrees C) of the air and lowered barometric pressure (560 mm). A nomogram was charted to forecast degrees of physical working capacity decrease in man at the carbon monoxide concentration levels from 500 to 2000 mg/m3 at time intervals ranging from 0 to 30 min.

[Combined effects of toluene and hot microclimate on human body]. / Sochetannoe deistvie toluola i nagrevaiushchego mikroklimata na organizm cheloveka.

It is shown in the paper that sensitivity of human organism to the toxic action of toluene is not changed under exposure to the microclimate, producing allowable thermal state, and is increased under exposure to the heating microclimate leading to the development of maximum thermal state. Under toluene exposure in the concentration 300 mg/m3 resistance to the heating microclimate under the conditions of joint exposure to these factors is reduced, which is manifest in an earlier onset of the maximum thermal state in people under observation.

[Quantitative evaluation of combined effects of carbon monoxide, toluene and hot microclimate on humans]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka sochetannogo deistviia na organizm cheloveka oksida ugleroda, toluola i nagrevaiushchego mikroklimata.

As a result of the proposed study it was established that a complex action of carbon oxide and toluene++ in 300 mg/m3 concentration in a combination with heating microclimate (leading to a maximum heat labour condition) results in an increased total biological effect. The coefficient to the complex action of carbon oxide and heating microclimate is equal to 2.5 and toluene++ and heating microclimate to 1.9. These coefficients should be taken into account in establishing hygienic norms for the chemical compounds.