Development and field evaluation in African and Asian countries of an hepatitis B virus PCR on open polyvalent platforms to determine treatment eligibility: results from the "Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites" 12327 study.

OBJECTIVES: Widespread testing and treatment are essential to eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a public health concern. However, in resource-limited countries, access to HBV PCR is limited. In this study, we developed a quantitative HBV PCR assay on open molecular platforms and evaluate its performance in diagnosing clinically significant HBV DNA thresholds as defined by the WHO (2000 IU/mL, 20 000 IU/mL, and 200 000 IU/mL). METHODS: We implemented our HBV PCR test in seven African and Asian countries and France, using either an in-house laboratory method or a European conformity for in vitro diagnostic (CE-IVD) marked version of the PCR (Generic HBV Charge Virale, Biocentric). Results were compared with reference tests (Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan and Abbott RealTime on Abbott m2000). RESULTS: There was a good agreement between the HBV DNA results of 1015 samples tested by the PCR on open polyvalent platforms and the results from reference tests (mean difference (bias ± standard deviation [SD]): -0.3 ± 0.7 log10 IU/mL and -0.2 ± 0.9 log10 IU/mL when compared with Roche and Abbott tests, respectively). Kappa-Cohen agreements between the HBV PCR on open polyvalent platforms and the Roche/Abbott assays appeared almost perfect for HBV DNA levels ranged from >20 000 to 200 000 IU/mL and >200 000 IU/mL, substantial and moderate for HBV DNA levels ranged from 2000 to 20 000 IU/mL when compared with Abbott and Roche, respectively. The assay's performance was consistent across genotypes A, B, C, D, and E. DISCUSSION: This field evaluation showed that our HBV PCR test is a valuable alternative to proprietary PCR systems. PCR assays on open platforms contribute to expanding clinical laboratory solutions for diagnosing individuals who meet the viral load criteria for antiviral therapy (>20 000 IU/mL) and mother-to-child prophylaxis (>200 000 IU/mL).

Prevalence, clinical and virological characteristics and short-term prognosis of hepatitis delta infection among patients with HIV/HBV in Nouakchott, Mauritania.

Patients living with HIV infection (PLWH) are at risk of acquiring HBV and HDV. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of HIV-HDV-HBV tri-infection in comparison with HIV-HBV coinfection and to estimate severities and outcomes of associated liver diseases in Mauritanian PLWH. Two-hundred-ninety-two consecutive HBsAg-positive PLWH were included (mean age: 37 years). Clinical data were recorded. Anti-HDV antibodies, HBV and HDV viral loads (VLs) and genotype were determined. APRI, FIB-4 and FibroScan were performed to evaluate the severity of liver disease. The anti-HDV antibodies prevalence was 37% and HDV RNA was positive in 40.7% of patients. Genetic diversities were found with HDV genotype 1 (93%) and HBV genotypes D (42.5%) and E (38%). The HBV VL was detectable in 108 patients at inclusion, and mutations associated with HBV resistance were found in 20. For almost all variables studied, including FIB-4 and APRI scores, no significant differences were found between anti-HDV-Ab positive or negative patients. FibroScan examination, which was performed in 110 patients at end-of-follow-up showed higher, but NS values, in HDV positive patients. After a mean follow-up of 24.55 ± 8.01 months (n = 217 patients), a highly significant worsening of APRI and FIB-4 scores was found. Moreover, patients with HDV showed more severe liver disease progression despite an efficient therapy. In a substantial Mauritanian cohort of relatively young PLWH, we found high HDV prevalence and worsening liver disease. In high-risk countries, screening for HDV and providing appropriate follow-up and treatments are warranted in PLWH.

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and its associated factors among students in N'Djamena, Chad.

INTRODUCTION: Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major issue in public health. The prevalence of HBV in Chad is 12.4%, all age groups considered. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and its associated factors among university students in N'Djamena, the country's capital. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of students at either the University of N'djamena or Emi Koussi University was conducted from 3 to 23 July 2021. All participating students provided signed, informed consent and were included in the study consecutively. Blood samples were collected, and serum tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using the Determine HBsAg rapid test kit, with confirmation of positive tests on an Abbott Architect i1000SR analyzer. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were used to determine associations between the outcome variable and independent/covariate variables. RESULTS: A total of 457 students with a median age of 24 years were included across different faculties. The prevalence of HBV infection was 14.87% (68/457). Most students (75%) were aged 25 years or less. Unprotected sex was reported by 64.9% of the students and multiple sexual partners by 53.6%. Furthermore, 45.7% of them reported having no knowledge of hepatitis B. Having an HBsAg-positive mother (AOR: 2.11), having a history of transcutaneous medical procedures (AOR: 2.97) and living with a family (AOR: 4.63) were significantly associated with HBV status. Age ≥26 years appeared as a protective factor (AOR = 0.41). CONCLUSION: Our study detected a high, 14.87% prevalence of HBV infection among students in N'djamena, Chad, and shed light on its associated factors. HBV prevention strategies should include raising awareness among students, making full hepatitis vaccination mandatory before children begin school, promoting mass screening to identify and treat chronic HBV carriers and reduce transmission, and reducing the cost of vaccination.

[Delta hepatitis in Africa: epidemiological and clinical particularities]. / Hépatites Delta en Afrique: particularités épidémiologiques et cliniques.

In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections caused 1.5 million deaths, mostly attributable to complications from chronic infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the availability of a vaccine, 296 million people were chronically infected in 2019. Asia and Africa are the continents most affected by this infection, with around 100 million people infected in Africa as a whole.Hepatitis Delta or D virus (HDV), which is a "satellite" virus of HBV, is often misunderstood and its diagnosis remains neglected. However, it is associated with acute fulminant forms and chronic forms of hepatitis leading to a more rapid evolution towards cirrhosis and HCC than during HBV mono-infection. Research on these two viruses HBV and HDV has progressed a lot in recent years, and new treatments are currently in development.In people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PlHIV), liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Due to common modes of transmission, dual or triple HIV/HBV or HIV/HBV/HDV infections are relatively common, particularly in HBV endemic regions such as Africa. However, while today most co-infected patients benefit from effective treatment against both HIV and HBV, the latter is not active against HDV. In Africa, hepatitis B and D have already been the subject of several studies. However, the frequency and clinical consequences of these co-infections have been little studied in the general population and in PlHIV.This review seeks to update the epidemiological and clinical data and the therapeutic perspectives of HDV co-infections or triple infections (HIV-HBV-HDV) in Africa.

Analysis of hepatic fibrosis markers in the serum of chronic hepatitis B patients according to basal core promoter/precore mutants.

The A1762T/G1764A double mutant in the basal core promoter (BCP) region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with severe hepatic lesions while the G1899A mutation with the double mutant is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of severe fibrosis. This study aims to measure a number of markers in the serum of patients with chronic HBV infection and to assess relationships between these markers and BCP/precore mutants with consideration of the stage of fibrosis. The serum levels of resistin, TGF-ß1, MMP-1, TIMP-1, collagen IA1 and PDGF-BB, which are markers that are known to be involved in the process of hepatic fibrosis, were assayed. The serum levels of PDGF-BB and TIMP-1, and the mutation profile were independently associated with advanced fibrosis. A higher level of TIMP-1 was associated with advanced fibrosis regardless of the mutation status, and a higher level of PDGF-BB was associated with nonsevere fibrosis in patients infected with viruses harboring the A1762T/G1764A or A1762T/G1764A/G1899A mutations. Our results suggest an impact of the A1762T/G1764A mutant on the biological pathway related to TGF-ß1 and PDGF-BB. In vitro studies are needed to understand the impact of these mutants on the serum secretion of markers involved in fibrosis severity.

Residual risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection despite timely birth-dose vaccination in Cameroon (ANRS 12303): a single-centre, longitudinal observational study.

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, administration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) birth-dose vaccines remains suboptimal. Evidence is scarce on whether African countries should focus on increasing vaccine coverage or developing strategies incorporating additional measures, such as peripartum antiviral prophylaxis to pregnant women at high risk. To better inform decision makers, we estimated the residual risk of mother-to-child transmission despite HBV birth-dose vaccine in Cameroon. METHODS: We did a single-centre, longitudinal observational study. Pregnant women were systematically screened for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) at Tokombéré District Hospital (Tokombéré district, Cameroon). Children born to HBsAg-positive mothers in 2009-16 who received the HBV birth-dose vaccine and three subsequent doses of pentavalent vaccine at 6, 10, and 14 weeks were followed up prospectively in 2015-17. In children, capillary blood was obtained for HBsAg rapid test and dried blood spots to quantify HBV DNA concentrations. Venous blood was also collected from HBsAg-positive children. Mother-to-child transmission was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. FINDINGS: Between Jan 31, 2009, and Dec 31, 2016, 22 243 (66·8%) of 33 309 pregnant women accepted antenatal HBV screening, of whom 3901 (17·5%) were HBsAg positive. 2004 (51·4%) of 3901 children who were born to HBsAg-positive mothers received the HBV birth-dose vaccine, of whom 1800 (89·8%) also completed the three-dose pentavalent vaccine. In total, the current analysis included 607 children who had a follow-up serosurvey. The prevalence of HBsAg was 5·6% in children who received the birth-dose vaccine in less than 24 h, 7·0% in those who received it 24-47 h after birth, and 16·7% in those who received it 48-96 h after birth (ptrend=0·083). 35 (89·7%) of 39 infected children were born to mothers positive for HBV e antigen with high HBV DNA of 5·3 log10 IU/mL or more. Whole-genome sequencing of HBV in infected mother-child pairs confirmed high identity proportions of 99·97-100%. INTERPRETATION: We documented a substantial risk of mother-to-child transmission despite timely administration of the HBV birth-dose vaccine within 24 h after birth. To reach WHO's elimination targets, peripartum antiviral prophylaxis might be required in parts of Africa, in addition to increasing coverage of the HBV birth-dose vaccine. FUNDING: Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS).

Comparison of performance between three SARS-CoV-2 molecular assays (Aptima™, Laboratory Developed Test-Fusion, and R-GENE®) with special attention to turnaround time, a key point in laboratory management.

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the importance of rapid diagnostic testing to identify individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infections and to limit the spread of the virus. Many molecular assays have become commercially available to cope with this surging demand for timely diagnosis of COVID-19 cases, but identifying individuals requires accurate diagnostic tools. We compared the performance of three molecular SARS-CoV-2 assays: Aptima™ SARS-CoV-2 assay running on the Panther system (Hologic), an in-house assay (Laboratory Developed Test, LDT) running on the Fusion module of the Panther Fusion system (LDT-Fusion; Hologic), and the R-GENE® SARS-CoV-2 assay (bioMérieux). In addition, we also evaluated the turnaround time. This parameter is crucial to managing the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and represents a key point in the quality management at the laboratory. Aptima™ and LDT-Fusion assays exhibited an excellent positive percent agreement (PPA) (100.0%), while the R-GENE® assay showed a slightly decreased PPA (98.2%). The Hologic assays have a higher throughput with less hands-on time than the R-GENE® assays (24-25 vs. 71 min). Both Hologic assays are used on a fully automated random-access testing system with on-demand testing capabilities that avoid run series, unlike the R-GENE® assay. Automated random-access testing systems should be preferred during periods of high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence.

From national HBV and HDV screenings to vaccination and treatment in healthcare workers: The Mauritanian pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis B and D infections are highly endemic in Mauritania, with prevalences ranging from 10 to 20%. With the present prospective transversal pilot study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalences of HBV, HCV, and HDV infections in healthcare workers (HCWs), and offer treatment or vaccination as required. METHODS: At inclusion, each HCW was screened for anti-HBc Ab (followed by HBsAg assay when positive). Additional biological analyses were performed for HBsAg + cases. Depending on the results, HBV vaccination or anti-viral treatment was offered. RESULTS: A total of 3,857 HCWs were included, of whom 1,363 tested negative for anti-HBc Ab and received full vaccination. Of the 2,494 HCWs who were positive for anti-HBc Ab, 1,246 were positive for anti-HBs Ab and 418 were positive for HBsAg. Three HCWs were positive for HBeAg; 66 and 18 had HBV DNA levels respectively > 2,000 and > 20,000 IU/mL; and 48 were positive for anti-HDV Ab among whom 10 were positive for HDV RNA. HCV prevalence was 0.5%. Only seven HCWs fulfilled the criteria for treatment and five of them were treated. CONCLUSION: Few HCWs in Mauritania are immunised against HBV. The prevalences of anti-HBc Ab and HBsAg observed in this work were similar to those observed in our earlier works, whereas prevalence of active HDV infection was less high. HBV and HDV infections are a serious health concern in Mauritania. New recommendations developed in accordance with WHO guidelines should include mandatory HBV screening and immunisation for HCWs.

Accuracy of HBeAg to identify pregnant women at risk of transmitting hepatitis B virus to their neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) involves neonatal immunoprophylaxis, with a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine and immune globulin, and provision of peripartum antiviral prophylaxis in highly viraemic women. However, access to assays to quantify HBV DNA levels remains inadequate in resource-poor settings. This study was commissioned by WHO and aimed to identify the HBV DNA threshold for MTCT, to assess the sensitivity and specificity of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) testing to identify pregnant women with HBV DNA levels above this threshold, and to predict MTCT of HBV infection on the basis of HBeAg testing. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CENTRAL, CNKI, and Wanfang databases for studies of pregnant women with chronic HBV infection without concurrent antiviral therapy, published between Jan 1, 2000, and April 3, 2019. Studies were eligible for inclusion if MTCT in mother-child pairs could be stratified by different levels of maternal HBV DNA during pregnancy, if maternal HBeAg status could be stratified by HBV DNA level, and if the MTCT status of infants could be stratified by maternal HBeAg status during pregnancy. Studies that selected pregnant women on the basis of HBeAg serostatus or HBV DNA levels were excluded. Aggregate data were extracted from eligible studies by use of a pre-piloted form; study authors were contacted to clarify any uncertainties about potential duplication or if crucial information was missing. To pool sensitivities and specificities of maternal HBeAg to identify highly viraemic women and to predict MTCT events, we used the DerSimonian-Laird bivariate random effects model. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019138227. FINDINGS: Of 9007 articles identified, 67 articles (comprising 66 studies) met the inclusion criteria. The risk of MTCT despite infant immunoprophylaxis was negligible (0·04%, 95% CI 0·00-0·25) below a maternal HBV DNA level of 5·30 log10 IU/mL (200 000 IU/mL) and increased above this threshold. The pooled sensitivity of HBeAg testing to identify HBV DNA levels of 5·30 log10 IU/mL or greater in pregnant women was 88·2% (83·9-91·5) and pooled specificity was 92·6% (90·0-94·5). The pooled sensitivity of HBeAg testing in predicting MTCT of HBV infection despite infant immunoprophylaxis was 99·5% (95% CI 91·7-100) and pooled specificity was 62·2% (55·2-68·7). INTERPRETATION: Maternal HBV DNA of 5·30 log10 IU/mL or greater appears to be the optimal threshold for MTCT of HBV infection despite infant immunoprophylaxis. HBeAg is accurate to identify women with HBV DNA levels above this threshold and has high sensitivity to predict cases of immunoprophylaxis failure. In areas where HBV DNA assays are unavailable, HBeAg can be used as an alternative to assess eligibility for antiviral prophylaxis. FUNDING: World Health Organization.

Evaluation of the Aptima™ HBV Quant Dx assay for semi-quantitative HBV viral load from dried blood spots.

BACKGROUND: The detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA from dried blood spots (DBS) is a major tool for chronic hepatitis B management in resource-limited settings. This strategy fits in perfectly with the hepatitis control plan promoted by the World Health Organization. However, few commercial methods are validated for viral load (VL) measurement on DBS. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the performance of the HBV VL measurement of the Aptima™ HBV Quant Dx assay on DBS compared to plasma samples on the Panther® platform (Hologic). STUDY DESIGN: 266 whole blood samples for routine measurement were included. Five spots of 75 µL of whole blood were loaded onto a card before centrifugation and plasma settling. RESULTS: 149 samples were quantifiable and 117 were not detected. We achieved excellent linearity (r²â€¯= 0.994) over a wide range of measurements suitable for clinical practice, and a 95 % lower limit of detection (LLOD-95 %) at 2.65 log10 IU/mL (445 IU/mL). A good performance of this assay was observed for samples with HBV VL > LLOD-95 % and 100 % of samples were detected if HBV VL was above 2.95 log10 IU/mL. The correlation between the two matrices for quantitative VLs was good (r²â€¯= 0.978) with a very low bias (-0.002 log10 IU/mL). CONCLUSION: The Aptima™ assay can properly detect and quantify HBV DNA in DBS, providing a satisfactory use in clinical monitoring and therapeutic decisions. DBS represents an excellent alternative to plasma, especially in resource-limited countries, while maintaining the performance and advantages of an automated technique.

Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 through the evaluation of three immunoassays: Two automated immunoassays (Euroimmun and Abbott) and one rapid lateral flow immunoassay (NG Biotech).

BACKGROUND: The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 has promoted the development of new serological tests that could be complementary to RT-PCR. Nevertheless, the assessment of clinical performances of available tests is urgently required as their use has just been initiated for diagnose. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of three immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. METHODS: Two automated immunoassays (Abbott SARS-CoV-2 CLIA IgG and Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG/IgA assays) and one lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA NG-Test® IgG-IgM COVID-19) were tested. 293 specimens were analyzed from patients with a positive RT-PCR response, from patients with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 but exhibiting a negative response to the RT-PCR detection test, and from control group specimens. Days since symptoms onset were collected from clinical information sheet associated with respiratory tract samples. RESULTS: Overall sensitivity for IgG was equivalent (around 80 %) for CLIA, ELISA and LFIA. Sensitivity for IgG detection, >14 days after onset of symptoms, was 100.0 % for all assays. Overall specificity for IgG was greater for CLIA and LFIA (more than 98 %) compared to ELISA (95.8 %). Specificity was significantly different between IgA ELISA (78.9 %) and IgM LFIA (95.8 %) (p < 0.05). The best agreement was observed between CLIA and LFIA assays (97 %; k = 0.936). CONCLUSION: Excellent sensitivity for IgG detection was obtained >14 days after onset of symptoms for all immunoassays. Specificity was also excellent for IgG CLIA and IgG LFIA. Our study shows that NG-Test® is reliable and accurate for routine use in clinical laboratories.

Urinary HPV DNA testing as a tool for cervical cancer screening in women who are reluctant to have a Pap smear in France.

OBJECTIVES: In France, cervical cancer screening is based on human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on cervical samples (women aged 30-65) and cytological examination of Pap smears (25-29), but screening coverage is unsatisfactory. The CapU3 study aimed to propose urinary HPV testing on 13,535 women aged 35 to 65 who had not had a Pap smear since 2010. METHODS: High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) detection was performed using a real-time PCR (Anyplex II HPV 28 Detection, Seegene®). Women with HR-HPV positive results were encouraged to have a cervical smear as soon as possible to detect the presence of cervical lesions. RESULTS: The participation rate was 15.4%. Out of the 1,915 analyzed specimens, 1,711 and 190 were negative and positive, respectively, for at least 1 HR-HPV genotype. HR-HPV genotypes other than HPV-16 or HPV-18 were mostly detected as HPV-53 (23.7%) and HPV-68 (14.2%). A satisfactory gynecological follow-up was observed for HPV-positive women (92.1%). 23 abnormal smears were observed and eight high-grade cytological lesions after colposcopy and biopsy were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: As home HPV urinary testing is non-invasive and does not require medical attention, this method may be an alternative for women who are reluctant to have a Pap smear and thus extend screening coverage.

Practical approach to method verification in plasma and validation in cerebrospinal fluid under accreditation using a flexible scope in molecular virology: setting up the HIV, HBV and HCV Aptima™ Quant Dx assays.

Background Our laboratory obtained the ISO 15189 accreditation for the plasmatic HIV-1, HBV and HCV viral load (VL) using the m2000 RealTime™ system, which was recently changed for the platform Panther®. Here, we discuss a strategy for performing method validation/verification very quickly. Methods We performed the mandatory (repeatability, internal quality assessment [IQA], measurement uncertainty [MU]) and optional technical verifications for CE/IVD assays using the flexible scope range A. We also performed the mandatory assays for the validation of HIV-1 VL in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the flexible scope range B. The change was checked by following up on the turnaround time (TAT). Results The coefficient of variation (CV%) for repeatability and IQA complied with the limit of 0.25 log. The MU results ranged from 0.04 to 0.25 log copies or IU/mL. The comparisons of methods showed excellent correlations (R2 = 0.96 for the three parameters) but a delayed centrifugation on HCV VL showed variations of up to 2 log IU/mL. An excellent linearity for HIV-1 in the CSF was obtained from 1.5 to 5 log copies/mL with R2 = 0.99. The TAT increased (84%-98%) in routine usage. Conclusions The three Aptima assays are well suited for routine laboratory use and can be integrated within less than 2 weeks in accordance with flexible scope range A. Our data allows us to confidently perform HIV-1 VL in CSF following flexible scope range B. Finally, we provide an organizational guide for flexible scope management in molecular virology within a short time frame.

A first experience of transduction for differentiated HepaRG cells using lentiviral technology.

Currently, there is a lack of systems for studying the role of hepatitis B viral proteins, such as HBeAg and HBcAg, on liver injury. It is necessary to develop an original tool in order to clarify the role of these viral proteins in hepatic stellate cell activation, and to understand the molecular mechanisms of liver injury. HepaRG are the most reliable hepatocyte-like cells for studying liver functions or disorders. In this paper, we demonstrate that the transduction of differentiated HepaRG (dHepaRG) cells can be performed successfully using lentiviral particles. The production of a functional Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) assessed by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and fluorescence microscopy is up to 16% of GFP positive cells using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2.4. We demonstrate that this technology can allow the stable expression of GFP during the long lifecycle of the cell (up to four weeks after the cell's passage). With this innovative tool, we aim to express viral proteins such as HBeAg or HBcAg in dHepaRG cells. The preliminary results of this work shows that HBeAg can be efficiently produced in dHepaRG cells and that increased MOI allows a better production of this protein. Our future objective will be to study the role of HBc and HBe proteins on the induction of hepatic fibrosis.

Fatal Myopericarditis Following an Influenza A (H3N2) Infection.

BACKGROUND Influenza viruses induce uncomplicated infections in most cases in individuals with no known predisposing factors. Acute febrile illness is generally limited to upper respiratory symptoms and several constitutional symptoms, including headache, lethargy, and myalgia. However, influenza A virus is a cause of severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Some patients are at risk for serious and fatal complications. Cardiac involvement is a well-known condition, but, clinically apparent influenza myocarditis is not common. Few reports exist regarding recurrent fulminant influenza myocarditis. CASE REPORT We report here a fatal case of heart failure following myocarditis in a 14-year-old female who had seasonal flu symptoms but was otherwise healthy. H3N2 influenza virus infection was detected by molecular analyses of throat and nasal swabs, suggesting damage to myocardial cells caused directly by the virus. CONCLUSIONS Pericardial effusion myopericarditis may occur during influenza virus infection in young individuals, even those with no known predisposing factors. Physicians need to be aware that acute myopericarditis can be a fatal complication of recent influenza virus infection in all patients with instable hemodynamics. Early diagnosis and treatment could reduce, in some cases, the risk of severe cardiac events. However, this sudden and fatal outcome was difficult to predict in a healthy young female with no known risk factors.

Natural non-homologous recombination led to the emergence of a duplicated V3-NS5A region in HCV-1b strains associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of new strains in RNA viruses is mainly due to mutations or intra and inter-genotype homologous recombination. Non-homologous recombinations may be deleterious and are rarely detected. In previous studies, we identified HCV-1b strains bearing two tandemly repeated V3 regions in the NS5A gene without ORF disruption. This polymorphism may be associated with an unfavorable course of liver disease and possibly involved in liver carcinogenesis. Here we aimed at characterizing the origin of these mutant strains and identifying the evolutionary mechanism on which the V3 duplication relies. METHODS: Direct sequencing of the entire NS5A and E1 genes was performed on 27 mutant strains. Quasispecies analyses in consecutive samples were also performed by cloning and sequencing the NS5A gene for all mutant and wild strains. We analyzed the mutant and wild-type sequence polymorphisms using Bayesian methods to infer the evolutionary history of and the molecular mechanism leading to the duplication-like event. RESULTS: Quasispecies were entirely composed of exclusively mutant or wild-type strains respectively. Mutant quasispecies were found to have been present since contamination and had persisted for at least 10 years. This V3 duplication-like event appears to have resulted from non-homologous recombination between HCV-1b wild-type strains around 100 years ago. The association between increased liver disease severity and these HCV-1b mutants may explain their persistence in chronically infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the possible consequences of non-homologous recombination in the emergence and severity of new viral diseases.

Herpes zoster: Risk and prevention during immunomodulating therapy.

Herpes zoster can be serious or incapacitating, particularly in patients whose immune system is compromised by a disease or treatment. Immunomodulating drugs can increase the risk of infection. Well-established risk factors include advanced age and glucocorticoid therapy. The data are somewhat conflicting for medications such as methotrexate, tofacitinib, TNFα antagonists (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, and golimumab), abatacept, tocilizumab, and rituximab. Nevertheless, the risk of herpes zoster is increased in patients taking biological agents, because of the underlying diseases and/or effects of the drugs. A live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine has been proven effective and safe in immunocompetent individuals. At present, however, it is not recommended for patients with immunodeficiencies, including those taking biological drugs, as no studies have assessed its risk/benefit ratio in this population. This situation may change in the near future, as recent data support the effectiveness and safety of the herpes zoster vaccine in patients who take biotherapies or have other causes of immunodeficiency. Alternative approaches designed to protect these patients from herpes zoster and its complications are also under evaluation. There is a need to define the indications of the herpes zoster vaccine in terms of the target population, timing, modalities, and frequency, according to the underlying chronic systemic disease, age group, varicella-zoster virus status, and exposure to therapeutic agents.

Efficiency and Safety of an Early Dose Adjustment of Ribavirin in Patients Infected With Hepatitis C Underexposed to the Drug and Treated With Peginterferon Ribavirin.

BACKGROUND: Ribavirin exposure after the first dose (D0AUC0-4h) >1755 mcg·h·L is predictive of sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with hepatitis C treated with peginterferon and ribavirin. The aim of this study was to test the benefit of ribavirin early dose adjustment based on this target in naïve patients infected with genotype 1. METHODS: A multicenter randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups; fixed-dose (FD) group: standard of care in 2010-2011, ie, peginterferon-α2a 180 mcg·wk and weight-based ribavirin 1000-1200 mg/d during 48 weeks; adapted-dose (AD) group: increase of ribavirin dose if D0AUC0-4h <1755 mcg·h·L. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients were included, 110 in the AD group and 111 in the FD group with similar baseline characteristics. In the perprotocol analysis, SVR was higher in the AD group (55.1% versus 40.4%; P = 0.042), especially in patients with D0AUC0-4h <1755 mcg·h·L (54.3% versus 31.9%; P = 0.029). In the intention-to-treat analysis, the difference was not significant (50% versus 41%; P = 0.197). Ribavirin trough concentrations (C0s) at week 4 of treatment (intention-to-treat analysis) were higher in patients achieving SVR (2.06 versus 1.72 mg/L, P = 0.003). In the subgroup of patients with AUC0-4h <1755 mcg·h·L, 46% of patients with AD achieved a C0 >2.0 mg/L versus 22% of patients with FD (P = 0.013). Grade 1 anemia (but not other grades) was more frequent in the AD group (70% versus 48%, P = 0.001). The number of dose reductions or discontinuation of ribavirin was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early ribavirin dose adjustment increases SVR in patients underexposed to ribavirin without increasing grade II-IV anemia. Such a strategy could be useful in patients with no access to new antiviral drugs.

Different precore/core mutations of hepatitis B interact with, limit, or favor liver fibrosis severity.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The impact of basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) mutants of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) on liver disease severity remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to screen BCP and PC mutations in 252 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive carriers in France and to assess relationships between these mutations and severe fibrosis. METHODS: Direct sequencing of the precore/core gene was used to detect A1762T/G1764A and G1757A mutations in the BCP and G1896A and G1899A mutations in the PC region. RESULTS: The prevalences of A1762T/G1764A, G1757A, G1896A, and G1899A mutations were 34.1%, 38.7%, 54.9%, and 29.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The independent predictors of severe fibrosis (≥F3 Metavir) were older age (P < 0.001), male gender (P = 0.012), elevated alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), and the double A1762T/G1764A mutant with no other mutations (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the association of the G1899A mutation with the double A1762T/G1764A mutant significantly counteracted the deleterious effect of the sole double A1762T/G1764A mutant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28 vs. OR = 3.55, respectively, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with the A1762T/G1764A mutation have a higher risk of severe fibrosis. The G1899A mutation is a protective factor against severe fibrosis that counteracted the deleterious effect of the A1762T/G1764A mutation. Finally, host phenotypic and HBV genotypic markers independently predict fibrosis severity.