RESUMO
Background: Seed amplification assay (SAA) testing has become an important biomarker in the diagnosis of alpha-synuclein related neurodegenerative disorders. Objectives: To assess the rate of alpha-synuclein SAA positivity in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS), and analyse the clinical and pathological features of SAA positive and negative cases. Methods: 106 CSF samples from clinically diagnosed PSP (n=59), CBS (n=37) and indeterminate parkinsonism cases (n=10) were analysed using alpha-synuclein SAA. Results: Three cases (1 PSP, 2 CBS) were Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)-type SAA positive. 5/59 (8.5%) PSP cases were Parkinson's disease (PD)-type SAA positive, and these cases were older and had a shorter disease duration compared with SAA negative cases. In contrast, 9/35 (25.7%) CBS cases were PD-type SAA positive. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PD-type seeds can be detected in PSP and CBS using a CSF alpha-synuclein SAA, and in PSP this may impact on clinical course.
RESUMO
Young spruce (Pirea abies [L.] Karst; 2-yr) and beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.; current-year and 1-yr-old seedlings) were grown under field conditions at a rural site near the city of Base] (Schonenbuch; 400 m above sea level) and 2-yr-old spruce trees at an elevated montainous site (Wengernalp; 1890 m above sea level). The plants were exposed in open-top-chambers (OTC) either to charcoal-filtered air or ambient air with ozone being the predominant air pollutant at both sites. The exposures lasted up to 1 yr. At the end of the growth period the plants were harvested and the pool sizes of the major non-structural carbohydrates were determined. Exposure to ambient air compared with filtered air controls caused an increase of glucose, fructose, pinitol, starch and, in some cases, sucrose in needles whereas carbohydrate contents in roots and twigs of spruce were reduced, in particular at Wengernalp. In beech saplings at Schönenbuch, a significant rise of sucrose and, in some cases, of raffinose, together with a significant reduction of glucose and fructose was observed in buds, leaves, twigs, and roots in ambient air compared with filtered air. In phloem exudates of current year beech seedlings, a 54-160 higher content of carhohydrates was found in ambient air than in filtered air. In roots of the beech saplings, the amount of soluble carbohydrates increased and starch contents mostly decreased. In general, starch storage in roots and stems was more abundant in beech trees. Spruce, especially at the mountainous site, accumulated high amounts of soluble carbohydrates in needles, in particular glucose.
RESUMO
The preservation, age, and stratigraphic relation of an in situ ashfall layer with an underlying desert pavement in Arena Valley, southern Victoria Land, indicate that a cold-desert climate has persisted in Arena Valley during the past 4.3 million years. These data indicate that the present East Antarctic Ice Sheet has endured for this time and that average temperatures during the Pliocene in Arena Valley were no greater than 3 degrees C above present values. One implication is that the collapse of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet due to greenhouse warming is unlikely, even if global atmospheric temperatures rise to levels last experienced during mid-Pliocene times.
RESUMO
The South Tibetan detachment system separates the high-grade metamorphic core of the Himalayan orogen from its weakly metamorphosed suprastructure. It is thought to have developed in response to differences in gravitational potential energy produced by crustal thickening across the mountain front. Geochronologic data from the Rongbuk Valley, north of Qomolangma (Mount Everest) in southern Tibet, demonstrate that at least one segment of the detachment system was active between 19 and 22 million years ago, an interval characterized by large-scale crustal thickening at lower structural levels. These data suggest that decoupling between an extending upper crust and a converging lower crust was an important aspect of Himalayan tectonics in Miocene time.
