Enigmatic rapid organization of subdural hematoma in a patient with epilepsy: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Determining a subdural hematoma (SDH) to be chronic by definition takes 3 wk, whereas organized chronic SDH (OCSDH) is an unusual condition that is believed to form over a much longer period of time, which generally demands large craniotomy. Therefore, it is a lengthy process from the initial head trauma, if any, to the formation of an OCSDH. Acute SDH (ASDH) with organization-like, membranaceous appearances has never been reported. CASE SUMMARY: A 56-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a seizure, and computed tomography (CT) on admission was negative for signs of intracranial hemorrhage. She had clear consciousness and unimpaired motor functions on arrival and remained stable for the following week, during which she underwent necessary examinations. On the morning of day 10 of hospitalization, she accidentally hit her head hard against the wall in the bathroom and promptly lapsed into complete coma within 2 h. Therefore, we performed emergency CT and identified a left supratentorial SDH that was an absolute indication for surgery. However, the intraoperative findings were surprising, with no liquefaction observed. Instead, a solid hematoma covered with a thick membrane was noted that strongly resembled an organized hematoma. Evacuation was successful, but the family stopped treatment the next day due to financial problems, and the patient soon died. CONCLUSION: Neurosurgeons should address SDHs, especially ASDHs, with discretion and individualization due to their highly diversified features.

SNHG1 Promotes Malignant Progression of Glioma by Targeting miR-140-5p and Regulating PI3K/AKT Pathway.

PURPOSE: To explore the regulatory mechanism of long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) in glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of SNHG1 and miR-140-5p in glioma tissues and glioma cell lines (LN-18, KNS-81, and KALS-1) was determined, and the effect of the two on cell proliferation, invasion, and PI3K/AKT pathway was analyzed. RESULTS: SNHG1 was overexpressed in glioma tissues, while miR-140-5p was underexpressed in them, and there was a significant negative correlation between SNHG1 and miR-140-5p. In addition, both down-regulation of SNHG1 and up-regulation of miR-140-5p significantly inhibited the malignant proliferation and invasion of glioma, intensified the apoptosis, and also significantly suppressed the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull-down assay, and RIP determination all confirmed that there was a targeting relationship between SNHG1 and miR-140-5p, and there was no difference between KNS-81 and KALS-1 cells transfected with SNHG1+mimics and si-SNHG1+inhibitor and those in the si-NC group with unrelated sequences in terms of cell malignant progression. CONCLUSION: SNHG1/miR-140-5p axis and its regulation on PI3K/AKT pathway might be a novel therapeutic direction to curb the malignant progression of glioma.

The role of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 in ovarian cancer cell tumorigenesis and invasion.

Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) is an enzyme that converts both histone arginine and mono-methyl arginine residues to citrulline, and it has been detected in various subtypes of ovarian cancer. However, the mechanism of action of PADI4 in ovarian carcinogenesis remains unknown. To examine the function of PADI4, we transfected two ovarian cancer cell lines, wild-type p53 A2780 and p53-null SKOV3, with PADI4-siRNA and negative control siRNA. The proliferation of both A2780 and SKOV3 cells decreased significantly following PADI4-siRNA treatment (P A2780 < 0.01; P SKOV3 < 0.001). The invasion and migration ability of A2780 cells also significantly decreased in response to PADI4-siRNA treatment (P < 0.001), but SKOV3 cells showed no such decrease. The apoptotic rate of A2780 cells increased in the presence of PADI4-siRNA, but there was no such increase in SKOV3 cells (P > 0.05). PCR arrays of A2780 cells treated with PADI4-siRNA revealed the up-regulated expression of six genes, including cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9), and the down-regulation of seven genes, including integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) and BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 (BAK1). These results suggest an important role for PADI4 in the p53 pathway and the regulation of the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells. Our study also demonstrated that PADI4 contributes to tumor metastasis by regulating the gene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 1 (WIPF1).

Novel gemini cationic lipids with carbamate groups for gene delivery.

To obtain efficient non-viral vectors, a series of Gemini cationic lipids with carbamate linkers between headgroups and hydrophobic tails were synthesized. They have the hydrocarbon chains of 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms as tails, designated as G12, G14, G16 and G18, respectively. These Gemini cationic lipids were prepared into cationic liposomes for the study of the physicochemical properties and gene delivery. The DNA-bonding ability of these Gemini cationic liposomes was much better than their mono-head counterparts (designated as M12, M14, M16 and M18, respectively). In the same series of liposomes, bonding ability declined with an increase in tail length. They were tested for their gene-transferring capabilities in Hep-2 and A549 cells. They showed higher transfection efficiency than their mono-head counterparts and were comparable or superior in transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity to the commercial liposomes, DOTAP and Lipofectamine 2000. Our results convincingly demonstrate that the gene-transferring capabilities of these cationic lipids depended on hydrocarbon chain length. Gene transfection efficiency was maximal at a chain length of 14, as G14 can silence about 80 % of luciferase in A549 cells. Cell uptake results indicate that Gemini lipid delivery systems could be internalised by cells very efficiently. Thus, the Gemini cationic lipids could be used as synthetic non-viral gene delivery carriers for further study.