Mapping serogroup distribution and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in livestock of Assam, Northeastern State of India: Unveiling uncommon Leptospira serogroups.

Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease affecting livestock, leading to reproductive issues and economic losses. Despite its endemic status in India, research has predominantly focused on coastal regions, leaving the North Eastern Region (NER) underexplored. This study aims to investigate the seroprevalence and serogroup distribution of leptospirosis in livestock across Assam, a major state in the North Eastern Region (NER) of India. Serum samples (n=811) from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs were collected between 2016 and 2019 and screened using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for 24 serogroups. The overall seroprevalence was 22.9 % (186/811), with highest prevalence in cattle (26.2 %) and buffalo (25 %), followed by small ruminants (19.8 %) and pigs (18.6 %) . Notably, uncommon serovars such as Mini (28.8 %), Manhao (12.4 %), and Cynopteri (7.5 %) were identified, indicating a unique epidemiological pattern in Assam. High seroprevalence was observed in districts like Bongaigaon (66.7 %), Kamrup Metropolitan (50.0 %), and Nalbari (40.0 %), emphasizing the need for targeted intervention strategies. The presence of these uncommon serogroups, typically found in neighbouring countries and other regions, suggests potential transboundary transmission from these countries. This study provides valuable insights into the seroprevalence and serogroup distribution of leptospirosis in Assam's livestock, highlighting the need for region-specific surveillance and control measures. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the local epidemiological landscape to develop effective disease management and prevention strategies, ultimately reducing the impact of leptospirosis in the NER of India.

Self-care for Health for All - An Utopian Vision or a Pragmatic Plan?

The World Health Organization (WHO) identified the importance of self-care interventions in achieving Universal Health Coverage in 2019. It urges every country to include self-care interventions in their policies and guidelines. To guide the countries in this process, it released guidelines in 2019 and revised them in 2022. However, implementation of new interventions is not a path free of thorns. These guidelines have their own set of strengths and limitations that will differ from country to country.

Reliability of the electric pulp tester as an indicator of pulpal anesthesia in primary maxillary posterior teeth to assess the need for supplemental injections: An observational clinical study.

Background: The primary maxillary molars occasionally remain sensitive during operative procedures even post the buccal supraperiosteal injection. This could be due to the widely flared palatal roots receiving accessory innervation from the palatal nerves. Identifying inadequate anesthesia upfront using the electric pulp test (EPT) would give vital information to the clinician on the need of a supplemental palatal injection. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the reliability of the EPT as an indicator of pulpal anesthesia in primary maxillary molars. Methodology: Fifty one primary maxillary molars were subjected to the EPT following a buccal supraperiosteal injection. During the operative procedure, the " Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability" (FLACC) scores were recorded. The outcome of the EPT was correlated with the results of the FLACC score using Pearson's Chi-square test.Results: The EPT results were correlated to the FLACC scores. Five out of the 10 primary maxillary second molars which responded to the EPT scored 0 on the FLACC scale. The remaining 5 teeth scored 1 on the FLACC scale. The P value was 0.056 which was not statistically significant. This infers that the EPT is not a reliable tool to assess the adequacy of pulpal anesthesia in primary maxillary second molars. Conclusion: From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the EPT is not a reliable tool to be used as an indicator of pulpal anesthesia in primary maxillary molars.

Copper(II) Complexes Derived from Schiff Bases Containing 4-Methylbenzylamine as a Core Unit: Cytotoxicity, pBR322-DNA Studies, Biological Assays, and Quantum Chemical Parameters.

Bivalent copper complexes, [Cu(SB1 )2 ] 1 (SB1 =(2-(4-methylbenzylimino)methyl)-5-methylphenol, [Cu(SB2 )2 ] 2 (SB2 =(2-(4-methylbenzylimino)methyl)-4-bromolphenol), and [Cu(SB3 )2 ] 3 (SB3 =(2-(4-methylbenzylimino)methyl)-4,6-dibromophenol) were synthesized using the Schiff bases prepared from 4-methylbenzylamine (p-tolylmethanamine). These were characterized using a variety of spectro-analytical methods. For all copper complexes, a square planar geometry was determined through spectral analyses. Utilizing molecular orbital energies, the stability of the copper complexes was calculated from quantum chemical characteristics. The kinetic and thermal degradation parameters were calculated from the thermograms. Studies on DNA binding interactions, such as UV absorption and emission, have shown that the manner of DNA binding is intercalative, and the binding constant (Kb ) order is 3>2>1. Under oxidative and photolytic techniques, the copper complexes outperform the parent Schiff bases in their ability to cleave double-stranded pBR322 DNA. When tested for cytotoxicity on the KB3 and MCF7 cell lines, complexes displayed greater activity than their parent ligands. Studies on the complexes' in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity showed that they are significantly more powerful than the parent ligands.

Evaluation of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with Child-Pugh A and B cirrhosis: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Although studies have proven that liver cirrhosis affects cardiac hemodynamics by means of circulatory overload, they present with definite cardiac functional alteration mostly with end-stage disease. There is limited data on relationship between progression of cirrhosis, cardiac mechanics and sub-clinical dysfunction. This study was done to assess ventricular myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking and deformation imaging among Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) classification A and B cirrhosis. METHOD: Seventy patients with cirrhosis of Child-Pugh A/B class and sixty-two healthy subjects were prospectively evaluated by standard conventional echocardiography and deformation imaging with rotational echocardiography. Clinical stage of liver cirrhosis was assessed by model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores and CTP classification. RESULTS: Mean ages of patients with cirrhosis and controls were 55.64±14 years and 52.24±12 years, respectively. Though left ventricular (LV) dimensions (end diastolic dimension: 47.27±4.6 mm vs. 45.03±3.8 mm, p = 0.003; end systolic dimension: 30.33±4.9 mm vs. 28.40±2.91 mm, p = 0.006) and volumes (end diastolic volume: 82.08±22.53 mL vs. 68.18±15.75 mL, p = 0.001; end systolic volume: 28.60±8.42 mL vs. 22.18±7.48 mL, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis, mean ejection fraction (EF) by Simpsons method was higher among controls (65.83±5.79% vs. 68.35±5.79%, p = 0.009). Left atrial volume was higher in cirrhosis group indicating presence of diastolic dysfunction (41.24±14.10 mL vs. 26.08±6.4 mL, p = 0.001). Global longitudinal strain as assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography did not show statistical significant difference between two groups (-22.35±4.08% vs. -21.80±2.54%, p = 0.348). Median value of torsion parameters in patients with cirrhosis did not differ compared to controls (torsion in degrees: 2.46 vs. 2.79, p = 0.268). CONCLUSION: Patients with Child-Pugh A and B stages of cirrhosis present with preserved longitudinal strain, normal torsion but with subtle diastolic dysfunction. Higher MELD score may correlate with increased longitudinal strain possibly due to hyperdynamic state.

Multimodal Applications of Zinc Gallate-Based Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Tumor Margining, Diagnosis, and Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

On the basis of the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) modality, we have designed and synthesized a zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4)-based nanoformulation for developing an innovative theranostic approach for cancer treatment. Initially, the (ZnGa1.995Cr0.005O4 or ZnGa2O4:(0.5%)Cr persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) embedded on silica matrix were synthesized. Their surface functionalization was performed using organic synthesis strategies to attach the amine functional moieties which were further coupled with poly(vicinal diol). These diols were helpful for conjugation with 10B(OH)3, which subsequently served to couple with an in-house-synthesized variant of pH-(low)-insertion peptide (pHLIP) finally giving a tumor-targeting nanoformulation. Most importantly, the polymeric diols helped in conjugation of a substantial number of 10B to provide the therapeutic dose required for effective BNCT. This nanoformulation internalized substantially (∼80%) to WEHI-164 cancer cells within 6 h. Tumor homing studies indicated that the accumulation of this formulation at the acidic tumor site was within 2 h. The in vitro evaluation of the formulation against WEHI-164 cancer cells followed by neutron irradiation revealed its potent cytotoxicity with IC50 ∼ 25 µM. In the case of studies on animal models, the melanoma-induced C57BL/6 and fibrosarcoma-induced BALB/c mice were treated with formulations through intratumoral and intravenous injections, respectively, followed by neutron irradiation, leading to a significant killing of the cancer cells, which was evidenced by a reduction in tumor volume (75-80%) as compared with a control tumor. Furthermore, the histopathological studies confirmed a damaging effect only on tumor cells, while there was no sign of damage to the vital organs in treated mice as well as in controls.

Discovery of novel pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid compounds as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and alternative agent for control of type 1 diabetes.

A new library of pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid compounds were designed, developed and screened for their antidiabetic property with α-glucosidase. The design is based on preliminary screening of key fragments identified from literature reported α-glucosidase inhibitors and antidiabetic compounds. The most active fragments were stitched to provide a pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid molecule as a new motif. A library of these compounds were synthesized and screened against a series of α-glycosidases. Subsequently, compound 3k was the most efficacious analog with IC50 of 0.56 µM. Photoluminescence study and circular dichroism experiments indicated that compound 3k modulates the primary and secondary structure of the enzyme. It successfully brings down the fasting blood glucose level for streptozotocin (STZ, 70 mg/kg, Intraperitoneal) induced type I diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-320 g). At lower concentration, compound 3k slightly stimulates proliferation of BRIN-BD11 (α-glucose responsive beta cells from rat pancreas islets that secretes insulin) cells.

Continuous evaluation of changes in the serum proteome from early to late stages of sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Serum protein profiles of patients with bacterial sepsis from the day of diagnosis until recovery/mortality were compared from early to late stages in response to severe sepsis using two dimensional electrophoresis. The proteins exhibiting changes during the course of sepsis (20­28 day mortality) were selected and identified by matrix­assisted laser desorption ionization­time of flight­tandem mass spectrometry. Among the proteins identified, haptoglobin (Hp), transthyretin (TTR), orosomucoid 1/α1 acid glycoprotein (ORM1), α1 antitrypsin (A1AT), serum amyloid A (SAA) and S100A9 exhibited differential expression patterns between survivors (S; n=6) and non­survivors (NS; n=6), particularly during the early stages of sepsis. Expression factors (EFs), taken as the ratio between the NS and S during early stages, showed ratios of Hp, 0.39 (P≤0.012); TTR, 3.96 (P≤0.03); ORM1, 0.69 (P≤0.79); A1AT, 0.92 (P≤0.87) and SAA, 0.69 (P≤0.01). S100A9, an acute phase protein, exhibited an EF ratio of 1.68 (P≤0.004) during the end stages of sepsis. A delayed rise in levels was observed in Hp, A1AT, ORM1, S100A9 and SAA, whereas TTR levels increased during the early stages of sepsis in NS. Analysis of inflammatory responses in the early stages of sepsis revealed increased mRNA expression in leukocytes of interleukin (IL)­6 (EF, 2.50), IL­10 (EF, 1.70) and prepronociceptin (EF, 1.6), which is a precursor for nociceptin in NS compared with S, and higher Toll­like receptor­4 (EF, 0.30) levels in S compared with NS. Therefore, a weaker acute phase response in the early stages of sepsis in NS, combined with an inefficient inflammatory response, may contribute to sepsis mortality.