Fatigue in children using motor imagery and P300 brain-computer interfaces.

BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology offers children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy unique opportunities for communication, environmental exploration, learning, and game play. Research in adults demonstrates a negative impact of fatigue on BCI enjoyment, while effects on BCI performance are variable. To date, there have been no pediatric studies of BCI fatigue. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two different BCI paradigms, motor imagery and visual P300, on the development of self-reported fatigue and an electroencephalography (EEG) biomarker of fatigue in typically developing children. METHODS: Thirty-seven typically-developing school-aged children were recruited to a prospective, crossover study. Participants attended three sessions: (A) motor imagery-BCI, (B) visual P300-BCI, and (C) video viewing (control). The motor imagery task involved an imagined left- or right-hand squeeze. The P300 task involved attending to one square on a 3 × 3 grid during a random single flash sequence. Each paradigm had respective calibration periods and a similar visual counting game. Primary outcomes were self-reported fatigue and the power of the EEG alpha band both collected during resting-state periods pre- and post-task. Self-reported fatigue was measured using a 10-point visual analog scale. EEG alpha band power was calculated as the integrated power spectral density from 8 to 12 Hz of the EEG spectrum. RESULTS: Thirty-two children completed the protocol (age range 7-16, 63% female). Self-reported fatigue and EEG alpha band power increased across all sessions (F(1,155) = 33.9, p < 0.001; F = 5.0(1,149), p = 0.027 respectively). No differences in fatigue development were observed between session types. There was no correlation between self-reported fatigue and EEG alpha band power change. BCI performance varied between participants and paradigms as expected but was not associated with self-reported fatigue or EEG alpha band power. CONCLUSION: Short periods (30-mintues) of BCI use can increase self-reported fatigue and EEG alpha band power to a similar degree in children performing motor imagery and P300 BCI paradigms. Performance was not associated with our measures of fatigue; the impact of fatigue on useability and enjoyment is unclear. Our results reflect the variability of fatigue and the BCI experience more broadly in children and warrant further investigation.

Role of dynamic road-mapping in renal denervation procedures.

Dynamic road-mapping (DRM) (Dynamic Coronary Roadmap; Philips) offers a real-time, dynamic overlay of the coronary tree on fluoroscopy.

Percutaneous Pulmonary Thrombectomy Beyond Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Removing Organized Thrombus in Subacute Massive Pulmonary Embolism.

CLINICAL IMPACT: Mechanical thrombectomy using a thromboaspiration catheter can be an effective alternative in the treatment of subacute pulmonary embolism.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio an inflammatory biomarker, and prognostic marker in heart failure, cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammatory diseases: New insights for a potential predictor of anti-cytokine therapy responsiveness.

In the 20th century, research focused on cholesterol and lipoproteins as the key mechanism in establishing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Given that some studies demonstrated subclinical atherosclerosis in subjects without conventional cardiovascular risk factors, the elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels alone cannot account for the entire burden of atherosclerosis. Hence, large-scale clinical trials demonstrated the operation of immune and inflammatory pathways in ASCVD. In this regard, the evidence establishes that cells of the immune system, both the innate (neutrophils, macrophages) and adaptive (T cell and other lymphocytes) limbs, contribute to atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Besides, basic science studies have identified proatherogenic cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12, and IL-18. In this regard, some studies showed that antiinflammatory therapy targeting the immune system by modulating or blocking interleukins, also known as anti-cytokine therapy, can reduce the risk of major cardiovascular adverse events. The neutrophils play a key role in the innate immune system, representing the acute phase of an inflammatory response. In contrast, lymphocytes represent the adaptive immune system and promote the induction of autoimmune inflammation, especially in the chronic inflammatory response. Through the literature review, we will highlight the inflammatory pathway for the physiopathology of ASCVD, HF, and COVID-19. In this regard, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) integrates the innate immune and adaptive immune systems, making the NLR a biomarker of inflammation. In addition, we provided an update on the evidence showing that high NLR is associated with worse prognosis in heart failure (HF), ASCVD, and COVID-19, as well as their clinical applications showing that the normalization of NLR after anti-cytokine therapy is a potential predictor of therapy responsiveness and is associated with reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events.

Efficacy and Safety of the Adjuvant Use of Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strains in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVES: Current irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments have limited efficacy and probiotics like Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) were found to be effective in the management of several gastrointestinal disorders. This phase III trial assessed the efficacy and safety of adding B. clausii (four strains: O/C, N/R, SIN, T), versus placebo, to conventional treatment of pediatric IBS in Mexico. METHODS: Patients aged 6-17 years 11 months with IBS (Rome IV) for at least 2 months were randomized to receive either B. clausii (oral suspension, total dose 4 billion spores/day) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. All patients also received conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference in the proportion of patients with clinical improvements at Week 8 (Global Assessment Questions [GAQ]). Secondary endpoints included responders by Subject's Global Assessment of Relief for Children with IBS (SGARC); number/consistency of stools; abdominal distention/bloating; abdominal pain/intensity; and IBS behavior. RESULTS: 73.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.3-80.0; B. clausii n = 129) and 78.5% (95% CI 72.5-84.4; placebo n = 130) of patients had symptom improvement (p = 0.8182). For Week 8 SGARC, 19.2% (B. clausii) and 20.9% (placebo) reported complete symptom relief. Stool evaluations, bloating, abdominal pain/intensity, and IBS behavior were similar between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in efficacy between B. clausii and placebo were demonstrated in addition to conventional treatment. The sample size calculation was based on an expected placebo/conventional treatment response of 30-40%. However, the actual treatment response observed was 80% and, thus, a study with larger population would be warranted. In addition, this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, when such controlled social conditions may have resulted in better diet, greater family stability, less psychological stress, and lower risk of infections exacerbating IBS, thereby improving symptoms in both groups. EUDRACT NUMBER: 2018-004519-31.

The role of vitamin D/calmodulin/calcium signalling/ACE2 pathway in COVID-19.

There has been suggestion that vitamin D may play a role in protection against severe infection with COVID-19, defined as the need of intensive care unit admission. In this article a potential mechanism involving angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is proposed.

Lack of concordance between the different exercise test measures used in the risk stratification of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients it is essential to perform a prognostic assessment to optimize the treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk stratification concordance assessed with different exercise test variables in a cohort of PAH patients. A retrospective analysis was performed using patient data registered in the PAH unit. Only those patients in whom the mean time elapsed between the 6-min walking test (6MWT) and the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was a maximum of 6 months were selected. A total of 140 records from 40 patients were finally analyzed. When it came to assessing the concordance between the two exercise tests in the guidelines (CPET and 6MWT), up to 84.3% of the records did not coincide in terms of the risk stratification. Exclusively considering the CPET parameters, most of the records (75%) failed to include all three variables in the same risk category. When analyzing the VO2 alone, up to 40.7% of the tests yielded different risk classifications depending on whether the parameter was expressed. In conclusion, there is a low concordance between the two proposed exercise tests. These results should be a call for reflection on whether the cut-off points set for the exercise tests proposed for the current risk stratification are adequate to achieve a correct risk stratification or whether they require an appropriate revision.

Transcatheter aortic valve with a novel self-expandable device in patients with previous mechanical mitral valve prosthesis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the procedural and early outcomes of patients with mechanical mitral valve prosthesis (MVP) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a novel self-expandable retrievable device. BACKGROUND: TAVR in patients with prior MVP may have an increased risk of complications related to device positioning and interference between both prosthetic valves. METHODS: An observational study was conducted, including eight patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and prior mechanical MVP who underwent TAVR with the novel device AllegraTM (Biosensors). No transesophageal monitoring was used. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 75 years. The mean distance between MVP and aortic annulus was 3.8 mm. Procedural success was achieved in all patients with no major intraprocedural, in-hospital, or follow-up complications. CONCLUSIONS: TAVR with Allegra TAVI system in patients with prior MVP offers good procedural and clinical outcomes.

Influence of statin treatment in a cohort of patients admitted for COVID-19.

Aims and objectives: Statins have been proposed as potentially useful agents for modulating the host response in COVID-19. However, solid evidence-based recommendations are still lacking. Our aim was to study the association between statin use and clinical outcomes in a large cohort of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the specific consequences of chronic treatment withdrawal during hospital admission. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study including 2191 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: Mean age was 68.0±17.8 years and 597 (27.3%) patients died during follow-up. A total of 827 patients (37.7% of the whole sample), received chronic treatment with statins. Even though they underwent more frequent admissions in critical care units, chronic treatment with statins was not independently associated with all-cause mortality [HR 0.95 (0.72-1.25)]. During the whole hospital admission, 371 patients (16.9%) received at least one dose of statin. Although these patients had a significantly worse clinical profile, both treatment with statins during admission [HR 1.03 (0.78-1.35)] and withdrawal of chronic statin treatment [HR 1.01 (0.78-1.30)] showed a neutral effect in mortality. However, patients treated with statins presented more frequently hepatic cytolysis, rhabdomyolysis and thrombotic/hemorrhagic events. Conclusions: In this large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, statins were not independently associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up. Clinically relevant statin-associated adverse effects should be carefully monitored during hospital admission.

Antecedentes y objetivos: Se ha especulado que las estatinas pueden ser de utilidad en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19, pero no existen evidencias clínicas sólidas. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer su utilidad en una cohorte de gran tamaño de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, así como si su retirada se asocia con un peor pronóstico. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron 2.191 pacientes hospitalizados con infección confirmada con SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: La edad media fue de 68,0 ± 17,8 años y fallecieron un total de 597 (27,3%) pacientes. Un total de 827 pacientes (37,7% de la muestra) estaban tratados previamente con estatinas. Aunque precisaron con mayor frecuencia de ingreso en camas de críticos, dicho grupo terapéutico no resultó un factor predictor independiente de muerte en el seguimiento [HR 0,95 (0,72-1,25)]. Un total de 371 pacientes (16,9%) recibió al menos una dosis de estatina durante el ingreso. A pesar de ser una población con un perfil clínico más desfavorable, tanto su uso [HR 1,03 (0,78-1,35)] como la suspensión durante el ingreso en pacientes que las recibían crónicamente [HR 1,01 (0,78-1,30)] presentaron un efecto neutro en la mortalidad. No obstante, el grupo con estatinas desarrolló con mayor frecuencia datos de citolisis hepática, rabdomiolisis y más eventos trombóticos y hemorrágicos. Conclusiones: En nuestra muestra, las estatinas no se asociaron de forma independiente a una menor mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19. En aquellos pacientes que tengan indicación de recibirlas por su patología previa es necesario monitorizar estrechamente sus potenciales efectos adversos durante el ingreso hospitalario.

Influencia del tratamiento con estatinas en una cohorte de pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 / Influence of statin treatment in a cohort of patients admitted for COVID-19

Antecedentes y objetivos:Se ha especulado que las estatinas pueden ser de utilidad en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19, pero no existen evidencias clínicas sólidas. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer su utilidad en una cohorte de gran tamaño de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, así como si su retirada se asocia con un peor pronóstico.Material y métodos:Estudio retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron 2.191 pacientes hospitalizados con infección confirmada con SARS-CoV-2.Resultados:La edad media fue de 68,0 ± 17,8 años y fallecieron un total de 597 (27,3%) pacientes. Un total de 827 pacientes (37,7% de la muestra) estaban tratados previamente con estatinas. Aunque precisaron con mayor frecuencia de ingreso en camas de críticos, dicho grupo terapéutico no resultó un factor predictor independiente de muerte en el seguimiento [HR 0,95 (0,72-1,25)]. Un total de 371 pacientes (16,9%) recibió al menos una dosis de estatina durante el ingreso. A pesar de ser una población con un perfil clínico más desfavorable, tanto su uso [HR 1,03 (0,78-1,35)] como la suspensión durante el ingreso en pacientes que las recibían crónicamente [HR 1,01 (0,78-1,30)] presentaron un efecto neutro en la mortalidad. No obstante, el grupo con estatinas desarrolló con mayor frecuencia datos de citolisis hepática, rabdomiolisis y más eventos trombóticos y hemorrágicos.Conclusiones:En nuestra muestra, las estatinas no se asociaron de forma independiente a una menor mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19. En aquellos pacientes que tengan indicación de recibirlas por su patología previa es necesario monitorizar estrechamente sus potenciales efectos adversos durante el ingreso hospitalario. (AU)

Aims and objectives:Statins have been proposed as potentially useful agents for modulating the host response in COVID-19. However, solid evidence-based recommendations are still lacking. Our aim was to study the association between statin use and clinical outcomes in a large cohort of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the specific consequences of chronic treatment withdrawal during hospital admission.Material and methods:Retrospective observational study including 2191 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.Results:Mean age was 68.0±17.8 years and 597 (27.3%) patients died during follow-up. A total of 827 patients (37.7% of the whole sample), received chronic treatment with statins. Even though they underwent more frequent admissions in critical care units, chronic treatment with statins was not independently associated with all-cause mortality [HR 0.95 (0.72-1.25)]. During the whole hospital admission, 371 patients (16.9%) received at least one dose of statin. Although these patients had a significantly worse clinical profile, both treatment with statins during admission [HR 1.03 (0.78-1.35)] and withdrawal of chronic statin treatment [HR 1.01 (0.78-1.30)] showed a neutral effect in mortality. However, patients treated with statins presented more frequently hepatic cytolysis, rhabdomyolysis and thrombotic/hemorrhagic events.Conclusions:In this large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, statins were not independently associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up. Clinically relevant statin-associated adverse effects should be carefully monitored during hospital admission. (AU)

Nail Cancer: Review of the Two Main Types of an Underestimated Disease.

Neoplastic lesions (benign or malignant) in the nail region are rare when compared to lesions in the rest of the skin. Despite advances in diagnostic modalities, their diagnosis is frequently delayed or overlooked for days, months, or even years when they are misrecognized or when their approach is not appropriate. Undoubtedly, malignant tumors are the most important lesions since an inopportune diagnosis or treatment can drastically change the patient's prognosis. A review of all the scientific evidence on the two main malignant neoplasms of the nail apparatus (melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma) was carried out using the PubMed search engine from 2003 to 2022, in order to expose the appropriate diagnostic approach and treatment of these nail lesions to avoid delays that obscure the prognosis of patients. This review does not include reconstruction modalities after lesion resection, but the emphasis is placed on the great functional impact they produce. Surgical treatment in the early stages is the most important when talking about prognosis and emphasizing it; systemic oncological management of advanced stages is not so deep.

Influence of statin treatment in a cohort of patients admitted for COVID-19. / Influencia del tratamiento con estatinas en una cohorte de pacientes ingresados por COVID-19.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Statins have been proposed as potentially useful agents for modulating the host response in COVID-19. However, solid evidence-based recommendations are still lacking. Our aim was to study the association between statin use and clinical outcomes in a large cohort of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the specific consequences of chronic treatment withdrawal during hospital admission. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study including 2191 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Mean age was 68.0±17.8 years and 597 (27.3%) patients died during follow-up. A total of 827 patients (37.7% of the whole sample), received chronic treatment with statins. Even though they underwent more frequent admissions in critical care units, chronic treatment with statins was not independently associated with all-cause mortality [HR 0.95 (0.72-1.25)]. During the whole hospital admission, 371 patients (16.9%) received at least one dose of statin. Although these patients had a significantly worse clinical profile, both treatment with statins during admission [HR 1.03 (0.78-1.35)] and withdrawal of chronic statin treatment [HR 1.01 (0.78-1.30)] showed a neutral effect in mortality. However, patients treated with statins presented more frequently hepatic cytolysis, rhabdomyolysis and thrombotic/hemorrhagic events. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, statins were not independently associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up. Clinically relevant statin-associated adverse effects should be carefully monitored during hospital admission.

Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Aviation, Maritime, and Construction Industries: A Systematic Review.

Most accidents in the aviation, maritime, and construction industries are caused by human error, which can be traced back to impaired mental performance and attention failure. In 1596, Du Laurens, a French anatomist and medical scientist, said that the eyes are the windows of the mind. Eye tracking research dates back almost 150 years and it has been widely used in different fields for several purposes. Overall, eye tracking technologies provide the means to capture in real time a variety of eye movements that reflect different human cognitive, emotional, and physiological states, which can be used to gain a wider understanding of the human mind in different scenarios. This systematic literature review explored the different applications of eye tracking research in three high-risk industries, namely aviation, maritime, and construction. The results of this research uncovered the demographic distribution and applications of eye tracking research, as well as the different technologies that have been integrated to study the visual, cognitive, and attentional aspects of human mental performance. Moreover, different research gaps and potential future research directions were highlighted in relation to the usage of additional technologies to support, validate, and enhance eye tracking research to better understand human mental performance.

MainzelHandler: A Library for a Simple Integration and Usage of the Mainzelliste.

Pseudonymization plays a vital role in medical research. In Germany, the Technologie- und Methodenplattform für die vernetzte medizinische Forschung e.V. (TMF) has developed guidelines on how to create pseudonyms and how to handle personally identifiable information (PII) during this process. An open-source implementation of a pseudonymization service following these guidelines and therefore recommended by the TMF is the so-called "Mainzelliste". This web application supports a REST-API for (de-) pseudonymization. For security reasons, a complex session and tokening mechanism for each (de-) pseudonymization is required and a careful interaction between front- and backend to ensure a correct handling of PII. The objective of this work is the development of a library to simplify the integration and usage of the Mainzelliste's API in a TMF conform way. The frontend library uses JavaScript while the backend component is based on Java with an optional Spring Boot extension. The library is available under MIT open-source license from https://github.com/DanielPreciado-Marquez/MainzelHandler.

Exploring Macroporosity of Additively Manufactured Titanium Metamaterials for Bone Regeneration with Quality by Design: A Systematic Literature Review.

Additive manufacturing facilitates the design of porous metal implants with detailed internal architecture. A rationally designed porous structure can provide to biocompatible titanium alloys biomimetic mechanical and biological properties for bone regeneration. However, increased porosity results in decreased material strength. The porosity and pore sizes that are ideal for porous implants are still controversial in the literature, complicating the justification of a design decision. Recently, metallic porous biomaterials have been proposed for load-bearing applications beyond surface coatings. This recent science lacks standards, but the Quality by Design (QbD) system can assist the design process in a systematic way. This study used the QbD system to explore the Quality Target Product Profile and Ideal Quality Attributes of additively manufactured titanium porous scaffolds for bone regeneration with a biomimetic approach. For this purpose, a total of 807 experimental results extracted from 50 different studies were benchmarked against proposed target values based on bone properties, governmental regulations, and scientific research relevant to bone implants. The scaffold properties such as unit cell geometry, pore size, porosity, compressive strength, and fatigue strength were studied. The results of this study may help future research to effectively direct the design process under the QbD system.

Determining the relative importance of titania nanotubes characteristics on bone implant surface performance: A quality by design study with a fuzzy approach.

TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) are a promising bone/dental implant surface modification strategy with enhanced bioactivity and local therapeutic functions. However, inconsistencies related to the understanding of the influence of various TNTs characteristics on Ti implant functions, and the multi-factorial inter-dependence of such characteristics, requires an in-depth Quality by Design (QbD) analysis towards optimizing TNTs-modified implants. To this end, an extensive systematic literature search was undertaken to identify the various TNTs characteristics that may influence implant performance. Subsequently, in order to facilitate a QbD analysis, an expert questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the perceived contribution of various TNTs characteristics on an implant's biological, physicochemical, and mechanical performance. To achieve this goal, the Quality Function Deployment method was employed using symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers to translate qualitative expert opinion into meaningful quantitative information. The results show that pore diameter, inter-nanotube distance and wall thickness are the TNTs characteristics with the most influential effects on the overall implant performance. This pioneering study evaluates perceived importance of various parameters contributing to TNTs functionality, and represents a step forward in the implementation of QbD strategies towards optimizing nano-engineered Ti implants.

Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence.

Vitamins and minerals are essential to humans as they play essential roles in a variety of basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions. In particular, their involvement in energy-yielding metabolism, DNA synthesis, oxygen transport, and neuronal functions makes them critical for brain and muscular function. These, in turn, translate into effects on cognitive and psychological processes, including mental and physical fatigue. This review is focused on B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and B12), vitamin C, iron, magnesium and zinc, which have recognized roles in these outcomes. It summarizes the biochemical bases and actions of these micronutrients at both the molecular and cellular levels and connects them with cognitive and psychological symptoms, as well as manifestations of fatigue that may occur when status or supplies of these micronutrients are not adequate.

Descripción anatómica de la inserción de la raíz del cuerno posterior del menisco medial de la rodilla humana / Anatomical Study of the Posterior Root of Medial Meniscus in Human Knee

Introducción El conocimiento anatómico de la huella de la raíz del cuerno posterior del menisco medial (CPMM) de la rodilla es fundamental en la planeación de la reinserción meniscal. El objetivo del estudio es describir la ubicación la huella de la raíz del cuerno posterior del menisco medial y definir su relación topográfica con los ligamentos cruzados en la rodilla humana en cadáveres. Materiales & Métodos Fueron estudiadas 10 rodillas de cadáveres humanos. Estas muestras tenían los ligamentos cruzados y los meniscos intactos, sin evidencia de trauma en la meseta tibial. Se identificaron y mapearon las raíces posteriores con base en la relación topográfica de las huellas en los platillos tibiales. Se realizaron medidas del tamaño de los platillos tibiales, la raíz y su distancia a los ligamentos cruzados. Se tomaron tomografías a cada espécimen para evaluar el centro de la huella de la raíz. Se determinó la posición calculando el porcentaje de la distancia del borde medial de la meseta tibial al centro de la inserción. Resultados La raíz posterior del menisco medial tiene una medida antero-posterior de 8.3mm (DE: 2.7) y medio-lateral de 4.3mm (DE: 1.5). Se encuentra a 6.9mm (DE: 2.3) de la inserción tibial del ligamento cruzado posterior y a 11.4mm (DE: 1.06) de la inserción tibial del ligamento cruzado anterior. Discusión La huella de la inserción del CPMM tiene forma ovalada con mayor diámetro anteroposterior, que guarda una relación estrecha con las estructuras intraarticulares de la rodilla, siendo un punto de referencia para procedimientos de reinserción precisos. Nivel de Evidencia IV

Background The anatomical knowledge of the footprint of the root of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PRMM) of the knee is essential in planning the meniscal reinsertion. The aim of this study was to describe the footprint of the Posterior Root of Medial Meniscus and define the topographical relationship with Cruciate Ligaments in the human knee. Methods Ten human cadaveric knees were studied. These samples had intact cruciate ligaments and meniscus with no evidence of trauma on the tibial plateau. The Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus was removed from the Posterior Root. We identified and mapped the Posterior Root based on the topographical relationship with its tibial footprint. We performed measurements of the tibial plateaús size, the root and its distance to the cruciate ligaments. Each knee had a CT scan and 3D reconstruction with a metalic tool that served as reference at the center of the root. Results The Posterior Root of Medial Meniscus has a higher anteroposterior foot print 8.3mm (SD2.7) than medio-lateral 4.3mm (SD 1.5). Is located 6.9mm (SD 2.3) from the tibial insertion of Posterior Cruciate Ligament and 11.4mm (SD 1.06) from the tibial insertion of Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Discussion This anatomical study provides new knowledge and information concerning the foot print of the root of posterior horn of the medial meniscus in the human knee. It could be a starting point to help surgeons to perform more anatomical procedures. Evidence Level IV