Espondilodiscitis / Spondylodiscitis

La espondilodiscitis (ED) es una infección vertebral conocida desde la Antigüedad. Su incidencia está aumentando por el incremento de la expectativa de vida y de las enfermedades debilitantes. La distribución por edad es bimodal, con afectación de los menores de 20 años y de los adultos de 50-70 años. Según su origen, se clasifican en ED piógenas, granulomatosas y parasitarias, siendo las primeras las más frecuentes y ocasionadas habitualmente por Staphylococcus aureus o Escherichia coli. La presentación clínica es insidiosa, por lo que el diagnóstico puede retrasarse, sobre todo en la ED tuberculosa. Los pacientes presentan al inicio dolor espinal de tipo inflamatorio, aunque durante el curso de la enfermedad pueden tener fiebre, astenia y déficits neurológicos como complicaciones más graves. El diagnóstico se establece basándose en datos clínicos, radiológicos, de laboratorio, microbiológicos e histopatológicos. La resonancia magnética es la técnica diagnóstica de elección. El diagnóstico diferencial se realiza, entre otros procesos, con la osteocondrosis erosiva intervertebral, tumores, la espondiloartropatía axial, la espondiloartropatía de los pacientes en hemodiálisis, cambios epifisarios de Modic tipo 1 y la neuroartropatía axial de Charcot. El tratamiento se basa en erradicar la infección con antibióticos, evitar la inestabilidad espinal con fijación vertebral y eliminar el tejido infectado con un desbridamiento amplio, obteniendo muestras para análisis etiológico (AU)

Spondylodiscitis is an infection of the spine that has been known since ancient times. Its incidence is rising, due to the increases in life expectancy and debilitating conditions. Its age distribution is bimodal, affecting persons younger than 20 years of age or persons aged 50-70 years. According to its origin, it is classified as pyogenic, granulomatous or parasitic, though the first form is the most common, usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. The clinical presentation is insidious, resulting in a delayed diagnosis, particularly in tuberculous spondylodiscitis. The initial onset usually involves inflammatory back pain, though the disease may course with fever, asthenia and neurological deficit, these being the most severe complications. Diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, laboratory, microbiological and histopathological data. Magnetic resonance imaging is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis. The differential diagnosis involves, among other conditions, intervertebral erosive osteochondrosis, tumour, axial spondyloarthropathy, haemodialysis spondyloarthropathy, Modic type 1 endplate changes and Charcot's axial neuroarthropathy. Treatment is based on eliminating the infection with antibiotics, preventing spinal instability with vertebral fixation, and ample debridement of infected tissue to obtain samples for analysis (AU)

Spondylodiscitis. / Espondilodiscitis.

Spondylodiscitis is an infection of the spine that has been known since ancient times. Its incidence is rising, due to the increases in life expectancy and debilitating conditions. Its age distribution is bimodal, affecting persons younger than 20 years of age or persons aged 50-70 years. According to its origin, it is classified as pyogenic, granulomatous or parasitic, though the first form is the most common, usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. The clinical presentation is insidious, resulting in a delayed diagnosis, particularly in tuberculous spondylodiscitis. The initial onset usually involves inflammatory back pain, though the disease may course with fever, asthenia and neurological deficit, these being the most severe complications. Diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, laboratory, microbiological and histopathological data. Magnetic resonance imaging is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis. The differential diagnosis involves, among other conditions, intervertebral erosive osteochondrosis, tumour, axial spondyloarthropathy, haemodialysis spondyloarthropathy, Modic type 1 endplate changes and Charcot's axial neuroarthropathy. Treatment is based on eliminating the infection with antibiotics, preventing spinal instability with vertebral fixation, and ample debridement of infected tissue to obtain samples for analysis.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and healing of hip fracture in Alzheimer's disease patients: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess effects of cholinergic stimulation using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), a group of drugs that stimulate cholinergic receptors and are used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), on healing of hip fractures. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed using 46-female AD patients, aged above 75 years, who sustained hip fractures. Study analyses included the first 6-months after hip fracture fixation procedure. Presence of AChEIs was used as predictor variable. Other variables that could affect study outcomes: age, body mass index (BMI), mental state or type of hip fracture, were also included. Radiographic union at fracture site (Hammer index), bone quality (Singh index) and fracture healing complications were recorded as study outcomes. The collected data was analyzed by student's-t, Mann-Whitney-U and chi-square tests. RESULTS: No significant differences in age, BMI, mental state or type of hip fracture were observed between AChEIs-users and nonusers. However, AChEIs-users had better radiographic union at the fracture site (relative risk (RR),2.7; 95%confidence interval (CI),0.9-7.8), better bone quality (RR,2.0; 95%CI,1.2-3.3) and fewer healing complications (RR,0.8; 95%CI,0.7-1.0) than nonusers. CONCLUSION: In elderly female patients with AD, the use of AChEIs might be associated with an enhanced fracture healing and minimized complications.