Acute cholecystitis complicated with gallbladder empyema due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus: a case report.

Acute cholecystitis severity ranges from mild to very severe, and its most dreadful complication is gallbladder empyema. It can be caused by several etiologic agents, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not common among them. Here we present a 61-year-old female who lives in an area of high tuberculosis endemicity and has type 2 diabetes mellitus. She came to our hospital with a 2-day history of moderate-to-severe colicky right upper quadrant abdominal pain and other clinical manifestations compatible with AC. Imaging studies confirmed the diagnosis. An emergency open cholecystectomy was performed and the gallbladder was sent for histopathologic examination. M. tuberculosis was identified by molecular studies and the treatment was adjusted. The patient recovered uneventfully. The clinical history and physical examination are essential for raising the index of suspicion, but complementary evaluation with imaging studies is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate its complications. Tuberculosis is a major health problem worldwide, and health professionals should be aware of its clinical spectrum to approach and manage common and uncommon presentations within their scope of attention.

[Primary posterior perineal hernia associated with dolichocolon]. / Hernia perineal posterior primaria asociada a dolicocolon.

BACKGROUND: Primary posterior perineal hernias in men are rare. We report a case of this type of hernia associated with dolichocolon, a condition which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. CLINICAL CASE: A 71-year old male presenting with a perineal tumour of 40 years evolution. He had no history of perineal surgery or trauma. On physical examination, a lump of 4×3cm was observed in the right para-anal region, which increased in volume during the Valsalva manoeuvre. Computed tomography showed a defect in the pelvic floor, which was reconstructed using a roll of polypropylene mesh in the hernia defect. DISCUSSION: The case described is of interest, not only because a perineal hernia is a rare clinical entity, but also because repair using a roll of mesh has not been reported associated with a dolichocolon, which can be considered a factor risk for development. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical approach and repair technique of the pelvic floor for perineal hernias should be individualised. The use of mesh for reconstruction should always be considered. The presence of dolichocolon can contribute to the gradual development of a perineal hernia.

[Analgesic efficacy of the incisional infiltration of ropivacaine vs ropivacaine with dexamethasone in the elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. / Eficacia analgésica de la infiltración incisional de ropivacaína vs ropivacaína con dexametasona en la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva.

BACKGROUND: Incisional pain is the main obstacle for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy as an outpatient. We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of local infiltration of ropivacaine with dexamethasone (Rop/Dx), compared with ropivacaine (Rop) alone, during the first 24 hours postoperative of this surgery. Our hypothesis is that incisional pain intensity will be lower in patients of the group Rop/Dx. METHODS: In a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial clinical, 80 patients were divided into two groups. Group Rop (n= 40) received pre and post-incisional infiltration with 150 mg of ropivacaine in 8 mL of 0.9% saline, while group Rop/Dx (n= 40) received 150 mg of ropivacaine with 8 mg of dexamethasone in 6 mL of 0.9% saline. The intensity of pain at rest and movement was assessed at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively by a numerical rating scale of 11 points. RESULTS: Incisional pain scores in group Rop/Dx were significantly lower, compared to the group Rop, at 12 hours (p= 0.05) and 24 hours (p= 0.01) at rest and at 12 hours (p= 0.04) and 24 hours (p= 0.01) during movement postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: We found initial evidence that ropivacaine with dexamethasone for local infiltration decreased incisional pain intensity after 12 hours post-elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a good safety profile.

Antecedentes: el dolor incisional es el principal obstáculo para la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva ambulatoria. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia analgésica de la infiltración local de ropivacaína con dexametasona (Rop/Dx) en comparación con ropivacaína (Rop) sola, durante las primeras 24 horas del postoperatorio de esta cirugía. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado y doble ciego, efectuado en 80 pacientes que para fines de estudio se dividieron en dos grupos. El grupo Rop (n= 40) recibió infiltración pre y post-incisional con 150 mg de ropivacaína en 8 mL de solución salina 0.9%, mientras que el grupo Rop/Dx (n= 40) recibió 150 mg de ropivacaína con 8 mg de dexametasona en 6 mL de solución salina 0.9%. La intensidad del dolor durante el reposo y el movimiento se evaluó a las 2, 4, 8, 12 y 24 horas del postoperatorio con una escala de clasificación numérica de 11 puntos. La hipótesis es que la intensidad del dolor incisional será menor en los pacientes del grupo Rop/Dx. Resultados: las puntuaciones del dolor incisional en el grupo Rop/Dx fueron significativamente menores, comparadas con el grupo Rop, a las 12 horas (p= 0.05) y 24 horas (p= 0.01) durante el reposo y a las 12 horas (p= 0.04) y 24 horas (p= 0.01) durante el movimiento postoperatorio. Conclusiones: la evidencia inicial es que la ropivacaína con dexametasona, por infiltración local, disminuye la intensidad del dolor incisional a partir de las 12 horas post-colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva con un buen perfil de seguridad.