Epidemiological factors related to hospitalization due to influenza in children below 6 months of age.

The aim of this study was to address the epidemiological factors associated to hospital admissions due to influenza in infants younger than 6 months. A case-control study was performed in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Cases were infants under 6 months of age without comorbidities who were admitted due to influenza between October 2010 and March 2015. Controls were healthy infants younger than 6 months who were hospitalized due to non-respiratory illness or non-infectious diseases (urinary tract infection was included as controls). Data were retrospectively collected from medical records and phone interviews. A total of 88 cases and 122 controls we included. From univariate analysis, differences were found in relation to maternal age (43.1 ± 4.95 vs 32 ± 5.3), paternal age (37 ± 6.4 vs 34.5 ± 6.1), having siblings (79 vs 24%), siblings below 4 years old (54 vs 15%), and having vaccinated grandparents (18 vs 39%) (p < 0.05). After logistic regression, having vaccinated grandparents was an independent protective factor (OR 0.22 [CI95%; 0.05-0.91]), while having siblings was a risk factor (OR 15.8 [CI95% 3.15-79.5]). Vaccination during pregnancy was highly uncommon (3.5 vs 8.3%; p = 0.3). CONCLUSION: This study underlines the importance of increasing influenza immunization among household contacts of infants below 6 months to prevent their influenza admission. What is Known: • Infants younger than 6 months old are considered a high-risk population. • Vaccination against influenza is not licensed in infants below 6 months. What is New: • Increasing vaccination coverage in elderly people could reduce infants' hospitalization rates. • Cocoon immunization strategy may reduce the admission of infants.

Septic pulmonary emboli detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT in children with S. aureus catheter-related bacteremia.

PURPOSE: The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in the diagnosis of metastatic infectious foci in children with catheter-related blood stream infection has been hardly studied, although some authors have reported it benefit in the screening of metastatic foci in adult population. Septic pulmonary emboli are among the most difficult to identify, because many cases do not present pulmonary complaints or abnormal chest radiography. However, diagnosis of these foci has important therapeutic consequences. The purpose of this article is to describe the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of septic pulmonary embolism in children with S. aureus catheter-related bacteremia. METHODS: We report 3 children with S. aureus catheter-related bacteremia and normal chest X-ray at admission, in whom 18F-FDG PET/CT led to the diagnosis of unsuspected septic pulmonary emboli, with an impact on clinical management. RESULTS: All patients had hemophilia and implantable venous access ports and presented with fever and normal lung auscultation. Only 1 reported non-specific symptoms (undifferentiated left chest pain). All patients had normal chest X-ray on admission. Catheters were removed within 48 h after admission in 2 cases, and 5 days after admission in the last case, subsiding fever. In 2 children, paired blood cultures were not able to identify bacteremia. However, in all cases catheter tip and subcutaneous port cultures yielded S. aureus and PET/CT detected unsuspected pulmonary metastatic emboli. CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET/CT should be considered as a useful tool to diagnose septic pulmonary embolism in S. aureus catheter-related bacteremia, especially if conventional diagnostic imaging techniques have failed to reveal possible metastatic foci. Further studies are needed to clarify the usefulness of PET/CT performance in children with CRBSI.

Características de la rotación en Atención Primaria de los residentes de Pediatría / Characteristics of Primary Care rotation of pediatric residents

Objetivo: determinar si en la Comunidad de Madrid (CM) la formación en Atención Primaria (AP) del médico interno residente (MIR) de Pediatría se adecúa a lo establecido en la Orden Ministerial SCO 3148/2006: rotación obligatoria y duración mínima de tres meses, siendo aconsejable su distribución en dos periodos (R1-R2 y R3- R4). Material y métodos: se realiza una encuesta telefónica o por correo electrónico, cumplimentada por un MIR de Pediatría y supervisada por un médico adjunto tutor de residentes. Se incluyen todos los hospitales de la CM con formación acreditada en dicha especialidad. Resultados: en la CM existen 19 hospitales con formación MIR en Pediatría, siendo en todos ellos la rotación por AP obligatoria. En un 58% (11/19) de ellos la duración es de tres meses, siendo inferior en el resto. En un 42% (8/19) de los casos la rotación se divide en dos periodos, aunque solo en cuatro centros según lo recomendado en la Orden Ministerial. Conclusiones: solo uno de cada cinco hospitales de la CM presenta una formación en AP de acuerdo a lo que aconseja la Orden Ministerial (AU)

Objective: to determine whether training in Primary Care (PC) during pediatric residency in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (ACM) follows the recommendations established in the Ministerial Order SCO 3148/2006: mandatory rotation with a minimum length of 3 months, being advisable to distribute it in two periods (R1-R2 and R3-R4). Material and methods: a survey by telephone or e-mail was carried out and answered by a pediatric resident and supervised by an attending physician, tutor of residents. All ACM hospitals with accredited training in this speciality were included. Results: in the ACM there are 19 hospitals with training in Pediatrics, and in all of them the rotation in PC is mandatory. In 58% (11/19) of them the rotation lasts for three months, being shorter in the rest. In 42% (8/19) of the cases, the rotation is divided into two periods, but only in 4 centers as recommended by the Ministerial Order. Conclusions: only in one out of five hospitals in the ACM is PC training organized according to the Ministerial Order (AU)

[Exposure to multiresisant tuberculosis: study and follow-up of nine children]. / Exposición a tuberculosis multirresistente: estudio y seguimiento de nueve niños.

A world increase in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been reported over the last few years. A larger number of diagnoses are being seen in Spain, due to the increase of immigration from high endemic TB countries. Articles published on this are anecdotal in children, and there is no clear directives for treatment of MDR-TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (ITBL) or on prophylaxis after exposure to active pulmonary MDR-TB. We present the initial management and progression of nine children after close contact exposure to an Ecuadorian woman diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, resistant to Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide.

Exposición a tuberculosis multirresistente: estudio y seguimiento de nueve niños / Exposure to multiresisant tuberculosis: study and follow-up of nine children

Durante los últimos años se ha observado un incremento mundial de la tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR). En España con el aumento de la inmigración desde países con endemia elevada de tuberculosis, estamos asistiendo a un mayor número de diagnósticos. En niños las series publicadas al respecto son escasas y no existen directrices claras de tratamiento de la enfermedad, de la infección tuberculosa latente y de la profilaxis tras exposición a enfermo bacilífero TB-MDR. Se presenta la actitud inicial y la evolución de nueve niños con exposición a un caso índice: mujer ecuatoriana diagnosticada de tuberculosis bacilífera resistente a isoniacida, rifampicina y pirazinamida (AU)

A world increase in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been reported over the last few years. A larger number of diagnoses are being seen in Spain, due to the increase of immigration from high endemic TB countries. Articles published on this are anecdotal in children, and there is no clear directives for treatment of MDR-TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (ITBL) or on prophylaxis after exposure to active pulmonary MDR-TB. We present the initial management and progression of nine children after close contact exposure to an Ecuadorian woman diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, resistant to Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide (AU)

[Increase in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia between 2001 and 2004]. / Incremento de la incidencia de neumonía bacteriana entre 2001 y 2004.

AIM: To study patients with typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to our hospital between 2001 and 2004 in order to analyze the incidence of this disease in our health area during this period. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of patients with CAP admitted to our hospital from 2001 to 2004. Only those patients who fulfilled the criteria for typical pneumonia of possible bacterial origin based on clinical and radiological features and laboratory data were included. The annual incidence rates of CAP were analyzed using demographic data from our health area and from all children admitted to the infectious diseases unit of our hospital during this period. RESULTS: During the study period, 569 children were diagnosed with typical CAP: 116 in 2001, 133 in 2002, 154 in 2003 and 166 in 2004. The incidence rate was 1.3 cases/1,000 children under 14 years old/year in 2001, 1.51 in 2002, 1.69 in 2003 and 1.72 in 2004. These findings represent an increment of 25% in the incidence per 1,000/children/year and an increment of 53% in the incidence per 100 children admitted to our unit. Blood cultures were performed before antibiotic therapy was administered in 487 patients and were positive in 22 (4.5%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 21 patients and Streptococcus pyogenes in one. Chest radiographs revealed lobar consolidation in 95% of the patients and 15 % developed pleural effusion. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of CAP of probable pneumococcal etiology increased in our health area during the study period. The number of complicated cases also increased.

Incremento de la incidencia de neumonía bacteriana entre 2001 y 2004 / Increase in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia between 2001 and 2004

Objetivo: Estudiar los pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital por neumonía típica adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en los últimos 4 años y analizar la incidencia en este período. Métodos: Se seleccionaron retrospectivamente todas las NAC ingresadas en nuestro hospital entre los años 2001 y 2004. Se analizaron exclusivamente aquellas que cumplían criterios clínico-analítico-radiológicos de neumonía típica de posible origen bacteriano. Se analiza la incidencia de NAC según los datos de población de nuestra área sanitaria y del número de ingresos totales en la unidad de enfermedades infecciosas. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron un total de 569 NAC que cumplían criterios de bacteriana: 116 casos en 2001, 133 casos en 2002, 154 casos en 2003 y 166 casos en 2004. La incidencia fue de 1,38 casos/1.000 niños < 14 años de edad/año en 2001, 1,51 en 2002, 1,69 en 2003 y 1,72 en 2004. Esto supone un incremento de la incidencia del 25 % por 1.000 niños/año en nuestra área sanitaria y un incremento de la incidencia del 53 % por 100 ingresos en la unidad. Se realizó hemocultivo antes de la antibioterapia en 487 casos, de los cuales fueron positivos 22 (4,5 %), 21 para Streptococcus pneumoniae y 1 para Streptococcus pyogenes. El 95 % de los pacientes presentaba en la radiografía de tórax una imagen de consolidación. El 15 % de los pacientes tuvo derrame pleural. Conclusiones: En los últimos años hemos observado un aumento del número de casos de neumonía de posible origen neumocócico en España, al mismo tiempo que también se ha producido un incremento de los casos complicados (AU)

Aim: To study patients with typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to our hospital between 2001 and 2004 in order to analyze the incidence of this disease in our health area during this period. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of patients with CAP admitted to our hospital from 2001 to 2004. Only those patients who fulfilled the criteria for typical pneumonia of possible bacterial origin based on clinical and radiological features and laboratory data were included. The annual incidence rates of CAP were analyzed using demographic data from our health area and from all children admitted to the infectious diseases unit of our hospital during this period. Results: During the study period, 569 children were diagnosed with typical CAP: 116 in 2001, 133 in 2002, 154 in 2003 and 166 in 2004. The incidence rate was 1.3 cases/1,000 children under 14 years old/year in 2001, 1.51 in 2002, 1.69 in 2003 and 1.72 in 2004. These findings represent an increment of 25 % in the incidence per 1,000/children/year and an increment of 53 % in the incidence per 100 children admitted to our unit. Blood cultures were performed before antibiotic therapy was administered in 487 patients and were positive in 22 (4.5 %). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 21 patients and Streptococcus pyogenes in one. Chest radiographs revealed lobar consolidation in 95 % of the patients and 15 % developed pleural effusion. Conclusions: Cases of CAP of probable pneumococcal etiology increased in our health area during the study period. The number of complicated cases also increased (AU)

[Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the pediatric age group]. / Tuberculosis mutirresistente en la edad pediátrica.

AIMS: To study the clinical and epidemiological features in eight pediatric patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) diagnosed from 1994 to 2005 in three hospitals in Madrid (Spain). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in patients aged less than 15 years old with positive culture for multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and patients with negative cultures diagnosed after contact with MDR-TB. RESULTS: Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in seven patients and arthritis in one. Fifty percent of the patients were immigrants and an adult source case was found in four (50%). M. tuberculosis was isolated in gastric juice in four patients and in synovial biopsy in one. In three patients cultures were negative but these patients had previously been in contact with MDR-TB. Two strains were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, four were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin, one was resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and pyrazinamide, and one was resistant to 11 drugs. Six patients initially received conventional treatment without improvement. Patients received therapy for 15 months (range: 12 to 18) with 3 to 5 drugs according to the sensitivity study. The following adverse effects were observed: creatine phosphokinase increase (one patient), tendinitis (one patient), alteration of visual evoked responses (one patient) and transitory psychosis (one patient). One patient required pulmonary lobectomy. All patients responded satisfactorily to medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MDR-TB should be suspected in patients not responding to TB treatment, especially those from countries with high resistance rates. In patients with negative cultures, treatment should rely on the results of a sensitivity study in the adult source case. MDR-TB requires the use of second-line anti-TB drugs for prolonged periods with possible toxic effects.

Tuberculosis mutirresistente en la edad pediátrica / Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the pediatric age group

Objetivos Estudiar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de 8 pacientes pediátricos con tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) diagnosticados en 3 hospitales de Madrid entre 1994 y 2005. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo que incluye pacientes menores de 15 años con aislamiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis multirresistente y sin aislamiento que empezaron tras contacto con TB-MDR. Resultados Se diagnosticaron 7 tuberculosis pulmonares y una artritis. El 50 % eran inmigrantes y en el 50 % se confirmó contacto con adulto enfermo. Se aisló M. tuberculosis en jugo gástrico (4) y biopsia sinovial (1). En 3 pacientes no se consiguió aislamiento, pero se confirmó contacto con TB-MDR. Dos cepas presentaron resistencia a isoniazida (H) y rifampicina (R), cuatro a H, R y estreptomicina (S), una a H, R, S y pirazinamida (Z) y una a 11 fármacos. Seis pacientes recibieron tratamiento convencional inicial sin presentar mejoría. Una vez conocida la sensibilidad de la cepa, se administró tratamiento durante una media de 15 meses (rango: 12-18 meses) con 3-5 fármacos efectivos. Los efectos secundarios observados fueron: aumento de creatinfosfocinasa (1), tendinitis (1), alteración de potenciales visuales (1) y psicosis transitoria (1). Un paciente requirió lobectomía. Todos los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones La TB-MDR debe sospecharse en casos con mala evolución, especialmente si proceden de zonas con altas tasas de resistencia. En niños enfermos con cultivos negativos y expuestos a TB-MDR, el tratamiento se realizará según el estudio de resistencias del caso índice. La resistencia limita las opciones terapéuticas y conlleva la utilización de fármacos con posibles efectos tóxicos

Aims To study the clinical and epidemiological features in eight pediatric patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) diagnosed from 1994 to 2005 in three hospitals in Madrid (Spain). Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients aged less than 15 years old with positive culture for multidrugresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and patients with negative cultures diagnosed after contact with MDR-TB. Results Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in seven patients and arthritis in one. Fifty percent of the patients were immigrants and an adult source case was found in four (50 %). M. tuberculosis was isolated in gastric juice in four patients and in synovial biopsy in one. In three patients cultures were negative but these patients had previously been in contact with MDR-TB. Two strains were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, four were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin, one was resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and pyrazinamide, and one was resistant to 11 drugs. Six patients initially received conventional treatment without improvement. Patients received therapy for 15 months (range: 12 to 18) with 3 to 5 drugs according to the sensitivity study. The following adverse effects were observed: creatine phosphokinase increase (one patient), tendinitis (one patient), alteration of visual evoked responses (one patient) and transitory psychosis (one patient). One patient required pulmonary lobectomy. All patients responded satisfactorily to medical treatment. Conclusions MDR-TB should be suspected in patients not responding to TB treatment, especially those from countries with high resistance rates. In patients with negative cultures, treatment should rely on the results of a sensitivity study in the adult source case. MDR-TB requires the use of second- line anti-TB drugs for prolonged periods with possible toxic effects

[Nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis]. / Adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features, epidemiology and outcome of nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis (NTML). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients under 14 years old diagnosed with atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis between 1987 and 2004. Inclusion criteria were: (i) positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test or culture; (ii) positive sensitin skin test 6 mm above Mantoux; (iii) histopathologic features compatible with mycobacterial infection and/or positive direct smear for acid-fast bacilli, Mantoux reaction less than 15 mm, a normal chest radiograph, absence of exposure to an adult with tuberculosis, negative Mantoux test reactions in family members, and exclusion of other causes of granulomatous adenitis. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were included in the study. The number of NTML cases increased notably from 1996, coinciding with a decrease in cases of tuberculous adenitis. The mean age was 35 months (range: 14 months-6 years). Submandibular nodes were involved in 22 of 63 cases of adenitis (34.9%) and cervical nodes were involved in 21 (33.3%). In 8/42 patients (19%) the tuberculin skin test was larger than 10 mm. Cultures were positive in 52.9% of the cases (18/34) and PCR in 53.3% (8/15). The most frequently isolated mycobacteria was Mycobacterium avium (61%). Therapy failed in 8/21 patients receiving antibiotics (38%), in 10/13 patients with drainage alone (77%) and in none of the patients who underwent surgery (8/8). CONCLUSIONS: Nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis has become more frequent in our hospital since 1996. Cultures do not always allow isolation of mycobacteria and the Mantoux test frequently yields false positive results, thus hampering diagnosis. The most effective treatment was surgical excision. Nevertheless, when the surgical approach is difficult or there is postoperative recurrence, pharmacological treatment can be useful.

Adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas / Nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis

Objetivo Estudiar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolutivas de las linfadenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 54 pacientes menores de 14 años diagnosticados de linfadenitis por micobacterias atípicas entre 1987 y 2004. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: a) reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) o cultivo positivo; b) test de sensitinas positivo con valor superior en 6 mm al Mantoux, y c) hallazgos anatomopatológicos compatibles con infección micobacteriana, junto con Mantoux menor de 15 mm, radiografía de tórax normal, ausencia de contacto tuberculoso, Mantoux negativo en familiares directos, y exclusión de otras causas de adenitis granulomatosa. Resultados Se detectaron 54 casos de adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas. Estas infecciones aumentaron desde 1996 coincidiendo con una disminución de adenitis tuberculosas. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 35 meses (rango: 14 meses-6 años). La localización más frecuente fue submaxilar en 22 de 63 adenitis (34,9 %) y laterocervical en 21 adenitis (33,3 %). El Mantoux fue superior a 10 mm en 8/42 (19 %). El cultivo fue positivo en 18/34 de los casos (52,9 %) y la PCR en 8/15 (53,3 %). La micobacteria más aislada fue Mycobacterium avium (61 %). Se produjo fracaso terapéutico en 8 de los 21 pacientes tratados inicialmente con antibióticos (38 %) y en 10 de los 13 tratados con drenaje (77 %). En el 100 % (8/8) de los casos en los que se realizó exéresis quirúrgica se consiguió la curación definitiva. Conclusiones Los casos de adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas han aumentado desde 1996 en nuestro hospital. La rentabilidad de los cultivos es baja y el Mantoux presenta falsos positivos con frecuencia, lo cual dificulta el diagnóstico. La exéresis quirúrgica fue el tratamiento más eficaz. Sin embargo, en adenitis que presenten difícil abordaje quirúrgico y en recurrencias postexéresis el tratamiento farmacológico puede ser útil

Objective To study the clinical features, epidemiology and outcome of nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis (NTML). Methods A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients under 14 years old diagnosed with atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis between 1987 and 2004. Inclusion criteria were: (i) positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test or culture; (ii) positive sensitin skin test 6 mm above Mantoux; (iii) histopathologic features compatible with mycobacterial infection and/or positive direct smear for acid-fast bacilli, Mantoux reaction less than 15 mm, a normal chest radiograph, absence of exposure to an adult with tuberculosis, negative Mantoux test reactions in family members, and exclusion of other causes of granulomatous adenitis. Results Fifty-four patients were included in the study. The number of NTML cases increased notably from 1996, coinciding with a decrease in cases of tuberculous adenitis. The mean age was 35 months (range: 14 months-6 years). Submandibular nodes were involved in 22 of 63 cases of adenitis (34.9 %) and cervical nodes were involved in 21 (33.3 %). In 8/42 patients (19 %) the tuberculin skin test was larger than 10 mm. Cultures were positive in 52.9 % of the cases (18/34) and PCR in 53.3 % (8/15). The most frequently isolated mycobacteria was Mycobacterium avium (61 %). Therapy failed in 8/21 patients receiving antibiotics (38 %), in 10/13 patients with drainage alone (77 %) and in none of the patients who underwent surgery (8/8). Conclusions Nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis has become more frequent in our hospital since 1996. Cultures do not always allow isolation of mycobacteria and the Mantoux test frequently yields false positive results, thus hampering diagnosis. The most effective treatment was surgical excision. Nevertheless, when the surgical approach is difficult or there is postoperative recurrence, pharmacological treatment can be useful

Pericarditis tuberculosa diagnosticada por PCR en biopsia pericárdica / Tuberculous pericarditis diagnosed by PCR in pericardiac biopsy

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Pinealoma con presentación clínica psiquiátrica / Pinealoma presenting as a psychiatric disorder

No disponible