[The microecological effect of human milk]. / Die mikroökologische Wirkung der Frauenmilch.

With mother's milk, in the colon a buffer system round pH 5 is dominating which consists of short chain organic acids and the corresponding anions. Thus, the activity of the microbial metabolism is retarded. The degradation of lactose remains maintained down to the faeces. With cow's milk, a neutral buffer system on the basis of phosphate, bicarbonate, and protein degradation products causes a rapid lactose degradation already in the upper colon. Putrefactive metabolites thereby released and absorbed burden the infant's still immature detoxifying capacity.

[Effect of Manasan on fecal pH, fecal microflora and acid-base homeostasis in young infants]. / Der Einfluss von Manasan auf Stuhl-pH, Stuhlflora und Säure-Basen-Homöostase des jungen Säuglings.

Manasan is an adapted formula for infants on the basis of cow's milk simulating the mode of action of human milk on faeces-pH and faeces microflora. In two temporally separated tests the effect of Manasan-feeding on faeces-pH, faeces flora, and acid-base-homeostasis was controlled and compared with the effect of human milk and Ki-Na-formula. With Manasan fed up from birth or following breast-feeding faeces-pH was to be found in an acid range, clearly. With Ki-Na the faeces-pH was situated in the neutral range. With Manasan the bacteria flora revealed a noteworthy decrease in the number of Bacteroides germs achieving a non-putrefactive milieu. Concerning the acid-base-homeostasis as with human milk so with Manasan late metabolic acidosis were to meet rarely. The experiments revealed that in important parameters, particularly with microecological signs, Manasan is comparable with human milk.

[Intestinal beta-galactosidase in gnotobiotic animals following monoassociation with various E. coli strains]. / Intestinale beta-Galactosidase-Aktivität im gnotobiotischen Tier nachMonoassoziation mit verschiedenen E. coli-Stämmen.

Germ-free rats were monoassociated by E. coli germs not utilizing (L-) or utilizing lactose (L+) on endo-medium. There was no influence of germ status on the beta-galactosidase activity in the mucosa of the small and large intestine. With standard food, beta-galactosidase activity were to be measured in the chymus of all intestinal segments and in the faeces of germ-free as well as of monoassociated rats. In the chymus of caecum and colon and in the faeces of E. coli(L+)-animals, only, the short-time (12-16 days) application of lactose containing food resulted in an increase of the enzyme activity. Compared with the E. coli(L-)-animals, the lactose content in the chymus of all intestinal segments of this test group was decreased.

[Changes within Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species]. / Wandlungen innerhalb Lactobacillus- und Bifidobacterium-Species.

Laboratory rats with a gut flora unambiguous free from Bifidobacterium revealed three days after an application of a lactose-rich food a dominating Lactobacillus plantarum flora. Up from this date, Bifidobacterium could be detected for the first time. At the beginning, there was to be observed merely B. adolescentis and B. pseudolongum, at the 5th to the 10th day B. bifidum supervened. Finally this species together with B. infantis was dominating. With in vitro experiments, by a systematic modifying of the medium changes from Bifidobacterium species typical to faeces from infants to such species only to meet in faeces from adults could be observed only after a long time of cultivation.

[The pre- and postoperative nutritive maintenance of rats with enterostomata]. / Zur prae- und postoperativen nutritiven Versorgung von Ratten mit Enterostomata.

The repercussion of nutrition on the food behaviour, bowel function and body mass development of rats with ileostomata and colostomata has been studied during the perioperative phase. An and libitum feeding until immediately before the operation has been found to be beneficial. The postoperative dietetic regimen is of decisive importance to the survival of the animals operated on. The best postoperative development was achieved in ileostomized rats by a diet rich in nutrients and energy, and low n bulkage. In rats with colostomata, the success of the operation may be impaired by a constipation in the intestinal region before the stoma, which frequently leads to occlusion. A spontaneous evacuation of chyme was induced in these animals only by a high-lactose and low-protein diet. It is recommended to keep the experimental animals on pre- and postoperative diets which take into account the location of the respective enterostoma.

[The degradation of lactose in the intestines of rats on human and cow's milk diets]. / Zum Lactoseabbau im Darm intakter Ratten unter Frauenmilch- und Kuhmilch-Nahrung.

Female lactose adapted rats were kept for 10 days on human milk (HM), a milk diet adapted to human milk (MD1), and a milk diet rich in protein and phosphate (MD2), the lactose supply being always the same. In the caecum, colon and faeces, the pH value, the phosphorus content, the buffer capacity and the numbers of microorganisms with proteolytic activity (Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Proteus) were lower and the lactose concentration and the beta-galactosidase activity were higher on HM and MD1 than on MD2.

[The influence of nutrition of Gram-negative anaerobes in the intestinal tract]. / Einfluss der Nahrung auf die gramnegativen Anaerobier des Intestinaltrakts.

Concluding from the hitherto known results regarding nutritive influences on the intestinal microbial population, particularly the gramnegative flora, it was found that the human intestinal flora is maintained mainly by endogenous mechanisms. Furthermore, the postnatal intestinal flora shows a weaker stability than that of adults. Also in the period of infancy, influences on the gut flora are most efficient in case of changes within the milieu (ph EH etc.). Cause and importance of longitudinal alterations within the postnatal intestinal flora are obscure.

[Alteration of the normal intestinal flora in human sucklings within the last 20 years]. / Wandlung der normalen Darmflora des menschlichen Säuglings innerhalb der letzten 20 Jahre.

Analyses of the feces-flora and the feces-pH of breastfed infants and of infants nourished with commercial formulae (Ki-Na, Milasan) performed since 20 years were evaluated. In both regimens decreasing numbers of Bifidobacteria could be remarked. The dominating position of this groups of bacteria was limited more and more. Since 1971 the Bifidobacterium biotype, characteristic of feces of breastfed infants could be proved no more. Simultaneously germs of the E. coli-group and neonmycine-resistent forms increased. With breast-milk Proteus distinctly increased in the feces, whereas, formulae on cow's milk basis caused the reversed effect. Bacteroides and the group of H2S producing bacteria remained unaltered. In the stools of breastfed infants the pH-value increased slowly. These tendencies were marked still stronger in prematures. Enhancing influences from the environment as possible reasons for these developments were discussed.

Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and cow's milk preparations and its influence on the intestinal flora. Investigations on two infants with an artificial anus.

Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and a cow's milk preparation enriched up to 7% of lactose were studied in two infants with an artificial anus applied in the ascending colon region. The concentrations of protein, lactose, glucose and galactose were measured in the fistula stools. In addition, the stools were analysed microbiologically. There were relatively high concentrations of lactose and its decomposition products and low concentrations of protein and aminonitrogen in the fistula stools when breast milk was fed. When the cow's milk formula was applied, only traces of lactose but high amounts of protein were measured. The microbiological findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the bacterial flora of the large intestine is influenced by the lactose and protein concentrations in the intestinal content which reach the large intestine.