Inflation, Economic Policy Changes, and Access to Essential Drugs by Retirees in Argentina.

This cross-sectional study investigates whether there are associations between inflation, economic policy changes, and retirees' access to medicines in Argentina.

Final assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic impact between the different social and economic strata population of the city of Buenos Aires.

Background: During the pandemic, epidemiological communications reported an estimation of excess deaths. However, the final calculation requires a detailed analysis. The study aim was to ascertain the number and distribution of COVID-19 fatalities among various socio-economic strata in a large, moderate to low-income city. Study design: Observational time series analysis in a large city, treated as a natural experiment. Methods: Analysis of death certificates, demographic data, and health system records of positive RT-PCR COVID-19 tests from 2015 to 2021, categorizing by age, sex, and place of residence. The study measured the pandemic's impact on mortality, including COVID and non-COVID deaths, using corrected Poisson regression models for different demographics and assessing socio-economic status impact via ecological community-level analysis. Results: Compared to the pre-pandemic period (2015-2019, IRR = 1.00), the sex- and age-adjusted rate of all-cause death increased significantly during the pandemic (2020-2021) IRR = 1.109 [1.054-1.167], p < 0.0001. This was observed in both males (IRR = 1.158 [1.1-1.219], p < 0.0001) and females (IRR = 1.068 [1.016-1.124], p = 0.01). There was no observed effect of the pandemic on the historical trend in the progressive reduction of mortality in people under 35 years of age. The increase in deaths was at the expense of COVID (+11,175 deaths) and cardiovascular causes (IRR = 1.114 [1.020-1.217] p = 0.017). During the pandemic, there was a significant increase in deaths at home (IRR = 1.219 [1197-1.242], p < 0.0001), especially in people dying of cardiovascular causes (IRR = 1.391 [1.360-1.422], p < 0.0001). The increase in the adjusted mortality rate during the pandemic was socially conditioned. Conclusions: The pandemic not only led to increased COVID-19 mortality but also heightened fatalities from non-COVID causes, reflecting a potential bias in healthcare resource allocation towards SARS-CoV-2 at the expense of chronic pathologies care.

Immunogenicity induced by the use of alternative vaccine platforms to deal with vaccine shortages in a low- to middle-income country: Results of two randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Shortages of component two of Sputnik V vaccine (rAd5) are delaying the possibility of achieving full immunisation. The immunogenic response associated with the use of alternative schemes to complete the scheme was not explored. METHODS: We did two non-inferiority randomized clinical trials with outcomes measures blinded to investigators on adults aged 21-65 years, vaccinated with a single dose of rAd26 ≥ 30 days before screening and no history of SARS-CoV-2. Participants were assigned (1:1:1:1:1) to receive either rAd5; ChAdOx1; rAd26; mRNA-1273 or BBIBP-CorV. The primary endpoint was the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG concentration at 28 days after the second dose, when comparing rAd26/rAd5 with rAd26/ChAdOx1, rAd26/rAd26, rAd26/mRNAmRNA-1273 and rAd26/BBIBP-CorV. Serum neutralizing capacity was evaluated using wild type SARS-CoV-2 reference strain 2019 B.1. The safety outcome was 28-day rate of serious adverse. The primary analysis included all participants who received ≥ 1 dose. The studies were registered with NCT04962906 and NCT05027672. Both trials were conducted in Buenos Aires, Argentina. FINDINGS: Between July 6 and August 3, 2021, 540 individuals (age 56·7 [SD 7·3]; 243 (45%) women) were randomly assigned to received rAd5 (n=150); ChAdOx1 (n=150); rAd26 (N=87); mRNAmRNA-1273 (n=87) or BBIBP-CorV (n=65). 524 participants completed the study. As compared with rAd26/rAd5 (1·00), the GMR (95%CI) at day 28 was 0·65 (0·51-0·84) among those who received ChAdOx1; 0·47 (0·34-0·66) in rAd5; 3·53 (2·68-4·65) in mRNA-1273 and 0·23 (0·16-0·33) in BBIBP-CorV. The geometric mean (IU/ml) from baseline to day 28 within each group increased significantly with ChAdOx1 (4·08 (3·07-5·43)); rAd26 (2·69 (1·76-4·11)); mRNA-1273 (21·98 (15·45-31·08)) but not in BBIBP-CorV (1·22 (0·80-1·87)). INTERPRETATION: Except for mRNA-1273 which proved superior, in all other alternatives non-inferiority was rejected. Antibody concentration increased in all non-replicating viral vector and RNA platforms. FUNDING: The trials were supported (including funding, material support in the form of vaccines and testing supplies) by the Buenos Aires City Government.

Evaluation of a COVID-19 Vaccine Campaign and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Mortality Among Adults Aged 60 Years And Older in a Middle-Income Country.

Importance: Although there are reports of COVID-19 vaccine implementation in real-world populations, these come from high-income countries or from experience with messenger RNA technology vaccines. Data on outcomes of vaccine deployment in low- or middle-income countries are lacking. Objective: To assess whether the pragmatic application of the 3 COVID-19 vaccines available in Argentina, 2 of which have no reports of evaluation in real-world settings to date, were associated with a reduction in morbidity, all-cause mortality, and mortality due to COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used individual and ecological data to explore outcomes following vaccination with rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1, and BBIBP-CorV. To correct for differences in exposure times, results are shown using incidence density per 100 000 person-days from the start of the vaccination campaign (December 29, 2020) to the occurrence of an event or the end of follow-up (May 15, 2021). Participants included 663 602 people aged at least 60 years residing in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Statistical analysis was performed from June 1 to June 15, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, death from all causes, and death within 30 days of a diagnosis of COVID-19. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate associations with all 3 outcomes. Results: Among 663 602 residents of the city of Buenos Aires included in the study, 540 792 (81.4%) were vaccinated with at least 1 dose, with 457 066 receiving 1 dose (mean [SD] age, 74.5 (8.9) years; 61.5% were female [n = 281 284]; 68.0% [n = 310 987] received the rAd26-rAd5 vaccine; 29.5% [n = 135 036] received ChAdOx1; 2.4% [n = 11 043] received BBIBP-CorV) and 83 726 receiving 2 doses (mean [SD] age, 73.4 [6.8] years; 63.5% were female [n = 53 204]). The incidence density of confirmed COVID-19 was 36.25 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 35.80-36.70 cases/100 000 person-days) among those who did not receive a vaccine, 19.13 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 18.63-19.62 cases/100 000 person-days) among those who received 1 dose, and 4.33 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 3.85-4.81 cases/100 000 person-days) among those who received 2 doses. All-cause mortality was 11.74 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 11.51-11.96 cases/100 000 person-days), 4.01 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 3.78-4.24 cases/100 000 person-days) and 0.40 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 0.26-0.55 cases/100 000 person-days). COVID-19-related-death rate was 2.31 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 2.19-2.42 cases/100 000 person-days), 0.59 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 0.50-0.67 cases/100 000 person-days), and 0.04 cases/100 000 person-days (95% CI, 0.0-0.09 cases/100 000 person-days) among the same groups. A 2-dose vaccination schedule was associated with an 88.1% (95% CI, 86.8%-89.2%) reduction in documented infection, 96.6% (95% CI, 95.3%-97.5%) reduction in all-cause death, and 98.3% (95% CI, 95.3%-99.4%) reduction in COVID-19-related death. A single dose was associated with a 47.2% (95% CI, 44.2%-50.1%) reduction in documented infection, 65.8% (95% CI, 61.7%-69.5%) reduction in all-cause death, and 74.5% (95% CI, 66%-80.8%) reduction in COVID-19-related death. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that within the first 5 months after the start of the vaccination campaign, vaccination was associated with a significant reduction in COVID-19 infection as well as a reduction in mortality.

Use of alternative care sites during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: In large cities, where a large proportion of the population live in poverty and overcrowding, orders to stay home to comply with isolation requirements are difficult to fulfil. In this article, the use of alternative care sites (ACSs) for the isolation of patients with confirmed COVID-19 or persons under investigation (PUI) in the City of Buenos Aires during the first wave of COVID-19 are described. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS: All patients with COVID-19 and PUI with insufficient housing resources who could not comply with orders to stay home and who were considered at low clinical risk in the initial triage were referred to refurbished hotels in the City of Buenos Aires (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires [CABA]). ACSs were divided into those for confirmed COVID-19 patients and those for PUI. RESULTS: From March to August 2020, there were 58,143 reported cases of COVID-19 (13,829 of whom lived in slums) in the CABA. For COVID-19 positive cases, 62.1% (n = 8587) of those living in slums and 21.4% (n = 9498) of those living outside the slums were housed in an ACS. In total, 31.1% (n = 18,085) of confirmed COVID-19 cases were housed in ACSs. In addition, 7728 PUI were housed (3178 from the slums) in an ACS. The average length of stay was 9.0 ± 2.5 days for patients with COVID-19 and 1.6 ± 0.7 days for PUI. For the individuals who were housed in an ACS, 1314 (5.1%) had to be hospitalised, 56 were in critical care units (0.22%) and there were 27 deaths (0.1%), none during their stay in an ACS. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, about one-third of all people with COVID-19 were referred to an ACS in the CABA. For slum dwellers, the proportion was >60%. The need for hospitalisation was low and severe clinical events were rare. This strategy reduced the pressure on hospitals so their efforts could be directed to patients with moderate-to-severe disease.

Evaluation of the first level of care for tuberculosis control in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate primary health care functions from the perspective of patients with tuberculosis from slums in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study with adult patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without TB (NoTB), living in slums (S) and outside them (NoS). Participants' perceptions were evaluated using the Primary Care Assessment Tool for users (abbreviated version), which measures four main domains (first contact, ongoing care, coordination with specialists, and comprehensiveness) and selected secondary domains. A Likert scale was used, ranging from "No, not at all" (1 point) to "Yes, definitely" (4 points). Scores ≥ 3 were considered to indicate adequate performance of functions. Averages were calculated for each domain, as well as two overall scores: with and without secondary domains. RESULTS: 83 participants were included (20 TB-S, 21 TB-NoS, 19 NoTB-S, and 23 NoTB-NoS). The evaluated functions were perceived as inadequate. The TB-S group gave the lowest overall scores, not reaching 3 points in any domain. There were no significant differences in domains or overall scores between groups. Participants with TB gave lower scores in all domains, except in family-centered care, where they gave a significantly higher score than NoTB participants. The overall score without secondary domains was lower for TB participants than for the NoTB groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to the perception of participants with TB and without TB, primary health care functions are not satisfactory, either in slums or outside them.

COVID-19 among the inhabitants of the slums in the city of Buenos Aires: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the unfolding of the COVID-19 epidemic among slum dwellers and different social strata in the city of Buenos Aires during the first 20 weeks after the first reported case. DESIGN: Observational study using a time-series analysis. Natural experiment in a big city. SETTING: Population of the city of Buenos Aires and the integrated health reporting system records of positive RT-PCR for COVID-19 tests. PARTICIPANTS: Records from the Argentine Integrated Health Reporting System for all persons with suspected and RT-PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between 31 January and 14 July 2020. OUTCOMES: To estimate the effects of living in a slum on the standardised incidence rate of COVID-19, corrected Poisson regression models were used. Additionally, the impact of socioeconomic status was performed using an ecological analysis at the community level. RESULTS: A total of 114 052 people were tested for symptoms related with COVID-19. Of these, 39 039 (34.2%) were RT-PCR positive. The incidence rates for COVID-19 towards the end of the 20th week were 160 (155 to 165) per 100 000 people among the inhabitants who did not reside in the slums (n=2 841 997) and 708 (674 to 642) among slums dwellers (n=233 749). Compared with the better-off socioeconomic quintile (1.00), there was a linear gradient on incidence rates: 1.36 (1.25 to 1.46), 1.61 (1.49 to 1.74), 1.86 (1.72 to 2.01), 2.94 (2.74 to 3.16) from Q2 to Q5, respectively. Slum dwellers were associated with an incidence rate of 14.3 (13.4 to 15.4). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of the epidemic is socially conditioned. Slum dwellers are at a much higher risk than the rest of the community. Slum dwellers should not be considered just another risk category but an entirely different reality that requires policies tailored to their needs.

[Evaluation of the first level of care for tuberculosis control in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAvaliação da atenção primária à saúde no controle da tuberculose em Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Evaluación del primer nivel de atención para el control de la tuberculosis en Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate primary health care functions from the perspective of patients with tuberculosis from slums in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study with adult patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without TB (NoTB), living in slums (S) and outside them (NoS). Participants' perceptions were evaluated using the Primary Care Assessment Tool for users (abbreviated version), which measures four main domains (first contact, ongoing care, coordination with specialists, and comprehensiveness) and selected secondary domains. A Likert scale was used, ranging from "No, not at all" (1 point) to "Yes, definitely" (4 points). Scores ≥ 3 were considered to indicate adequate performance of functions. Averages were calculated for each domain, as well as two overall scores: with and without secondary domains. RESULTS: 83 participants were included (20 TB-S, 21 TB-NoS, 19 NoTB-S, and 23 NoTB-NS). The evaluated functions were perceived as inadequate. The TB-S group gave the lowest overall scores, not reaching 3 points in any domain. There were no significant differences in domains or overall scores between groups. Participants with TB gave lower scores in all domains, except in family-centered care, where they gave a significantly higher score than NoTB participants. The overall score without secondary domains was lower for TB participants than for the NoTB groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to the perception of participants with TB and without TB, primary health care functions are not satisfactory, either in slums or outside them.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as funções da atenção primária à saúde da perspectiva de pacientes com tuberculose (TB) provenientes de comunidades desfavorecidas na cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal com pacientes adultos com ou sem TB (TB, NãoTB), residentes ou não de comunidades desfavorecidas (C, NãoC). Avaliamos as percepções dos participantes utilizando questionário Primary Care Assessment Tool-usuários (versão reduzida), que mede quatro dimensões principais (primeiro contato, longitudinalidade da atenção, coordenação entre serviços e integralidade), bem como algumas dimensões secundárias. Utilizamos uma escala de Likert de 4 pontos, variando de "definitivamente não" (1 ponto) a "definitivamente sim" (4 pontos). Considerou-se que pontuações ≥3 indicavam o cumprimento adequado das funções. Calculamos as médias para cada domínio e duas pontuações globais: com e sem domínios secundários. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 83 participantes foram incluídos no estudo (20 TB-C, 21 TB-NãoC, 19 NãoTB-C e 23 NãoTB-NãoC). As funções avaliadas foram percebidas como inadequadas. O grupo TB-C apresentou a pontuação global mais baixa, não alcançando 3 pontos em nenhum domínio. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos domínios nem na pontuação global. Os participantes com TB deram pontuações mais baixas em todos os domínios, exceto no enfoque familiar, no qual a pontuação foi significativamente mais alta que a dos participantes sem TB; a pontuação global sem domínios secundários foi mais baixa nos participantes com TB que nos sem TB. CONCLUSÕES: De acordo com as percepções dos participantes com e sem TB, as funções da atenção primária à saúde são insatisfatórias, tanto dentro como fora das comunidades desfavorecidas.

An analysis of death trends in Argentina, 1990-2017, with emphasis on the effects of economic crises.

BACKGROUND: Economic crises have heterogeneous effects on population-level mortality between high- and low- or middle-income countries. Argentina - a middle income country- has suffered economic crises repeatedly over the past 30 years and is a model case study for the effects of economic crises on mortality. METHODS: Over 28 years (1990-2017), all death records in Argentina were analysed at the most disaggregated level possible (departments, that is, second-level administrative divisions). Age-and-sex-standardized all-cause mortality, premature death (<75 years) and the probability of death at different ages for both the entire population and each socio-economic quintile were calculated by level of unsatisfied basic needs (UBNs). Standardized rates are reported as biannual average and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Considered globally since the beginning of the series and using the 1990-1 biennium as a reference category, the standardized death rate was significantly reduced from biennium 2 (1992-3) to biennium 14 (2016-7), interrupted by two statistically significant increases in mortality, in years 2002-3 and 2016-7. In 2002-3, women had greater increase in mortality than men, and in 2016-7, even more so. The probability of dying before 75 years of age increased significantly in the last biennium, mostly among people between 50 and 74 years in the most deprived quintiles. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant overall improvement over time, economic crises impose severe increases in mortality, especially among vulnerable groups such as the poor, the elderly, and women.

Evaluación del primer nivel de atención para el control de la tuberculosis en Buenos Aires, Argentina

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las funciones de la atención primaria de salud desde la perspectiva de los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) provenientes de villas de emergencia de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. Estudio observacional transversal con pacientes adultos con TB y sin TB (NoTB), residentes en villas de emergencia (V) y fuera de ellas (NoV). La percepción de los participantes se evaluó mediante el cuestionario Primary Care Assessment Tool-usuarios (versión abreviada) que mide cuatro dimensiones principales (primer contacto, longitudinalidad de los cuidados, coordinación entre servicios e integralidad) y algunas secundarias. Se utilizó una escala de Likert, desde “No, en absoluto” (1 punto) hasta “Sí, sin duda” (4 puntos). Puntajes ≥ 3 se consideraron como cumplimiento adecuado de las funciones. Se calcularon promedios para cada dominio y dos puntajes globales: con y sin dominios secundarios. Resultados. Se incluyeron 83 participantes (20 TB-V, 21 TB-NV, 19 NoTB-V y 23 NoTB-NV). Las funciones evaluadas se percibieron como no adecuadas. El grupo TB-V tuvo los puntajes globales más bajos y en ningún dominio alcanzó 3 puntos. No hubo diferencias significativas en los dominios ni los puntajes globales entre grupos. Los participantes con TB dieron menores puntajes en todos los dominios, excepto en enfoque familiar que fue significativamente mayor que los de los participantes NoTB; el puntaje global sin dominios secundarios fue menor en los participantes con TB que en los NoTB. Conclusiones. Según la percepción de los participantes con TB y sin TB, las funciones de la atención primaria de salud no son satisfactorias, tanto dentro de las villas de emergencia como fuera de ellas.

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. Evaluate primary health care functions from the perspective of patients with tuberculosis from slums in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods. Cross-sectional observational study with adult patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without TB (NoTB), living in slums (S) and outside them (NoS). Participants’ perceptions were evaluated using the Primary Care Assessment Tool for users (abbreviated version), which measures four main domains (first contact, ongoing care, coordination with specialists, and comprehensiveness) and selected secondary domains. A Likert scale was used, ranging from “No, not at all” (1 point) to “Yes, definitely” (4 points). Scores ≥ 3 were considered to indicate adequate performance of functions. Averages were calculated for each domain, as well as two overall scores: with and without secondary domains. Results. 83 participants were included (20 TB-S, 21 TB-NoS, 19 NoTB-S, and 23 NoTB-NS). The evaluated functions were perceived as inadequate. The TB-S group gave the lowest overall scores, not reaching 3 points in any domain. There were no significant differences in domains or overall scores between groups. Participants with TB gave lower scores in all domains, except in family-centered care, where they gave a significantly higher score than NoTB participants. The overall score without secondary domains was lower for TB participants than for the NoTB groups. Conclusions. According to the perception of participants with TB and without TB, primary health care functions are not satisfactory, either in slums or outside them.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Avaliar as funções da atenção primária à saúde da perspectiva de pacientes com tuberculose (TB) provenientes de comunidades desfavorecidas na cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. Estudo observacional transversal com pacientes adultos com ou sem TB (TB, NãoTB), residentes ou não de comunidades desfavorecidas (C, NãoC). Avaliamos as percepções dos participantes utilizando questionário Primary Care Assessment Tool-usuários (versão reduzida), que mede quatro dimensões principais (primeiro contato, longitudinalidade da atenção, coordenação entre serviços e integralidade), bem como algumas dimensões secundárias. Utilizamos uma escala de Likert de 4 pontos, variando de “definitivamente não” (1 ponto) a “definitivamente sim” (4 pontos). Considerou-se que pontuações ≥3 indicavam o cumprimento adequado das funções. Calculamos as médias para cada domínio e duas pontuações globais: com e sem domínios secundários. Resultados. Ao todo, 83 participantes foram incluídos no estudo (20 TB-C, 21 TB-NãoC, 19 NãoTB-C e 23 NãoTB-NãoC). As funções avaliadas foram percebidas como inadequadas. O grupo TB-C apresentou a pontuação global mais baixa, não alcançando 3 pontos em nenhum domínio. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos domínios nem na pontuação global. Os participantes com TB deram pontuações mais baixas em todos os domínios, exceto no enfoque familiar, no qual a pontuação foi significativamente mais alta que a dos participantes sem TB; a pontuação global sem domínios secundários foi mais baixa nos participantes com TB que nos sem TB. Conclusões. De acordo com as percepções dos participantes com e sem TB, as funções da atenção primária à saúde são insatisfatórias, tanto dentro como fora das comunidades desfavorecidas.

Health as a Human Right: A Fake News in a Post-human World?

Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the 'health' concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights-as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights-to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. The article analyses COVID-19 both in the characteristics of its global dynamics and in its concrete management, as performed in a model medium income country, Argentina. In a world which has progressively assigned market values and goods an absolute strategic and political priority over the health needs and the rights to health of individual and peoples, the recognition of health as human right is confined to aspirational recommendations and rather hollowed out declarations of good will.

Evaluation of the first level of care for tuberculosis control in Buenos Aires, Argentina

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Evaluate primary health care functions from the perspective of patients with tuberculosis from slums in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods. Cross-sectional observational study with adult patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without TB (NoTB), living in slums (S) and outside them (NoS). Participants’ perceptions were evaluated using the Primary Care Assessment Tool for users (abbreviated version), which measures four main domains (first contact, ongoing care, coordination with specialists, and comprehensiveness) and selected secondary domains. A Likert scale was used, ranging from “No, not at all” (1 point) to “Yes, definitely” (4 points). Scores ≥ 3 were considered to indicate adequate performance of functions. Averages were calculated for each domain, as well as two overall scores: with and without secondary domains. Results. 83 participants were included (20 TB-S, 21 TB-NoS, 19 NoTB-S, and 23 NoTB-NoS). The evaluated functions were perceived as inadequate. The TB-S group gave the lowest overall scores, not reaching 3 points in any domain. There were no significant differences in domains or overall scores between groups. Participants with TB gave lower scores in all domains, except in family-centered care, where they gave a significantly higher score than NoTB participants. The overall score without secondary domains was lower for TB participants than for the NoTB groups. Conclusions. According to the perception of participants with TB and without TB, primary health care functions are not satisfactory, either in slums or outside them.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las funciones de la atención primaria de salud desde la perspectiva de los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) provenientes de villas de emergencia de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. Estudio observacional transversal con pacientes adultos con TB y sin TB (NoTB), residentes en villas de emergencia (V) y fuera de ellas (NoV). La percepción de los participantes se evaluó mediante el cuestionario Primary Care Assessment Tool-usuarios (versión abreviada) que mide cuatro dimensiones principales (primer contacto, longitudinalidad de los cuidados, coordinación entre servicios e integralidad) y algunas secundarias. Se utilizó una escala de Likert, desde “No, en absoluto” (1 punto) hasta “Sí, sin duda” (4 puntos). Puntajes ≥ 3 se consideraron como cumplimiento adecuado de las funciones. Se calcularon promedios para cada dominio y dos puntajes globales: con y sin dominios secundarios. Resultados. Se incluyeron 83 participantes (20 TB-S, 21 TB-NV, 19 NoTB-S y 23 NoTB-NoS). Las funciones evaluadas se percibieron como no adecuadas. El grupo TB-S tuvo los puntajes globales más bajos y en ningún dominio alcanzó 3 puntos. No hubo diferencias significativas en los dominios ni los puntajes globales entre grupos. Los participantes con TB dieron menores puntajes en todos los dominios, excepto en enfoque familiar que fue significativamente mayor que los de los participantes NoTB; el puntaje global sin dominios secundarios fue menor en los participantes con TB que en los NoTB. Conclusiones. Según la percepción de los participantes con TB y sin TB, las funciones de la atención primaria de salud no son satisfactorias, tanto dentro de las villas de emergencia como fuera de ellas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Avaliar as funções da atenção primária à saúde da perspectiva de pacientes com tuberculose (TB) provenientes de comunidades desfavorecidas na cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. Estudo observacional transversal com pacientes adultos com ou sem TB (TB, NãoTB), residentes ou não de comunidades desfavorecidas (C, NãoC). Avaliamos as percepções dos participantes utilizando questionário Primary Care Assessment Tool-usuários (versão reduzida), que mede quatro dimensões principais (primeiro contato, longitudinalidade da atenção, coordenação entre serviços e integralidade), bem como algumas dimensões secundárias. Utilizamos uma escala de Likert de 4 pontos, variando de “definitivamente não” (1 ponto) a “definitivamente sim” (4 pontos). Considerou-se que pontuações ≥3 indicavam o cumprimento adequado das funções. Calculamos as médias para cada domínio e duas pontuações globais: com e sem domínios secundários. Resultados. Ao todo, 83 participantes foram incluídos no estudo (20 TB-C, 21 TB-NãoC, 19 NãoTB-C e 23 NãoTB-NãoC). As funções avaliadas foram percebidas como inadequadas. O grupo TB-C apresentou a pontuação global mais baixa, não alcançando 3 pontos em nenhum domínio. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos domínios nem na pontuação global. Os participantes com TB deram pontuações mais baixas em todos os domínios, exceto no enfoque familiar, no qual a pontuação foi significativamente mais alta que a dos participantes sem TB; a pontuação global sem domínios secundários foi mais baixa nos participantes com TB que nos sem TB. Conclusões. De acordo com as percepções dos participantes com e sem TB, as funções da atenção primária à saúde são insatisfatórias, tanto dentro como fora das comunidades desfavorecidas.

Inequidad social, lugar de residencia y muerte prematura por cualquier causa en la Argentina / Social Inequity, Place of Residence and All-Cause Premature Death in Argentina

Introducción: Aunque recientemente se reportó la relación entre la muerte prematura y la condición socioeconómica en la Argentina, no existen análisis sobre el impacto que dicha condición tiene en distintas regiones del país. Objetivo: Describir el impacto que la condición socioeconómica presentó sobre la incidencia de muerte prematura en las distintas provincias de la Argentina durante el período 2000-2010. Material y métodos: Se utilizó un modelo ecológico, que evaluó las tasas estandarizadas de muerte prematura (≤ 74 años) durante el período 2000-2010. Asimismo, se examinó la relación entre la condición socioeconómica medida en deciles de necesidades básicas insatisfechas por departamento geográfico y la muerte prematura. La unidad de análisis fueron los 512 departamentos de la Argentina y las 15 comunas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Resultados: La condición socioeconómica estuvo significativamente asociada con la muerte prematura en la Argentina durante el período analizado. En todas las provincias y regiones se observó un gradiente lineal entre la muerte precoz y la condición socioeconómica. Sin embargo, la pendiente de desigualdad entre los componentes de la condición socioeconómica varió significativamente entre los distintos departamentos. Mientras que en toda la Argentina la diferencia absoluta en la tasa estandarizada de muerte prematura entre los componentes extremos de condición socioeconómica fue de 10 muertes (rango: 7,81-12,36) por cada 10.000 personas por año, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires esa diferencia fue de 61 muertes (rango: 53-69). Las comunas del sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires fueron las zonas con mayor desigualdad social y sanitaria de la Argentina. Conclusiones: Aunque la inequidad social tuvo un impacto significativo en la muerte prematura en todo el período en toda la Argentina, la ciudad de Buenos Aires se mostró como la región más desigual.

Background: Although the relationship between premature death and socioeconomic status has been recently reported in Argentina, there are no analyses on the impact of this condition in different regions of the country. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the influence of socioeconomic status on the incidence of premature death rate in different provinces of Argentina, from 2000 to 2010. Methods: An ecological model was used to evaluate standardized premature death rates (≤74 years) during the period between 2000 and 2010. In addition, the relationship between socioeconomic status, measured in deciles of unmet basic needs at geo-graphic departmental level and premature death was examined. The units of analysis were the 512 Argentine departments and the 15 communes of the city of Buenos Aires. Results: Socioeconomic status was significantly associated with premature death rate in Argentina during the study period. A linear gradient was observed between premature death and socioeconomic status in all provinces and regions. However, the slope index of inequality varied significantly between departments. While the absolute difference in standardized premature death rate between the extreme components of socioeconomic status was 10 deaths (range: 7.81-12.36) per 10,000 persons pers year in all Argentina, in the city of Buenos Aires this difference was 61 deaths (range: 53-69). The Southern communes of Buenos Aires were the areas with the highest social and health inequalities of Argentina. Conclusions: Although social inequity had a significant impact on premature death rate throughout Argentina during the study period, the city of Buenos Aires was the most unequal region.

Muerte prematura por accidente cerebrovascular y condición socioeconómica en la Argentina / Premature Death from Stroke and Socioeconomic Status in Argentina

Introducción: La asociación entre mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular y el nivel socioeconómico está escasamente descripta en la Argentina. La evaluación de las tendencias temporales de muerte precoz por accidente cerebrovascular y su relación con el nivel socioeconómico podría ser útil desde el punto de vista de la salud pública para la identificación de grupos de mayor vulnerabilidad. Objetivos: Describir la evolución temporal de la mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular y su asociación con el nivel socioeconómico en la Argentina entre 2000 y 2011. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico longitudinal. La mortalidad se cuantificó mediante tasas estandarizadas por edad y sexo y el nivel socioeconómico, mediante quintiles de necesidades básicas insatisfechas. Las unidades de observación fueron los departamentos de la Argentina. La asociación entre mortalidad y nivel socioeconómico se evaluó utilizando un modelo de regresión de Poisson para datos de panel. Resultados: La mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular aumentó progresivamente entre los quintiles de nivel socioeconómico (26,2, 28,4, 30,5, 34,5 y 36,9 por 100.000 personas para los quintiles 1 a 5, respectivamente, en el año 2000). La mortalidad en todos los grupos de nivel socioeconómico disminuyó, aunque persistieron diferencias entre ellos (17,2, 18,5, 20,1, 22,1 y 25,3 por 100.000 personas para los quintiles 1 a 5, respectivamente, en el año 2011). Las razones de tasas de incidencias fueron de 1,15 (IC 95% 1,09 a 1,22; p < 0,001), 1,27 (IC 95% 1,21 a 1,34; p < 0,001), 1,32 (IC 95% 1,26 a 1,39; p < 0,001) y de 1,48 (IC 95% 1,41 a 1,56; p < 0,001) para los quintiles 2 a 5, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren una asociación inversa entre el nivel socioeconómico y la mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular. Además, persistió una diferencia de mortalidad entre los niveles socioeconómicos durante el período de estudio.

Prescripción facilitada de drogas antihipertensivas y disminución de la muerte prematura por accidente cerebrovascular / Facilitated Prescription of Antihypertensive Drugs and Decreased Premature Death from Stroke

Introducción: Desde 2003, el programa Remediar (+Redes) distribuye gratuitamente medicación antihipertensiva. Durante este período, la mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular disminuyó, aunque con inequidades entre grupos socioeconómicos. Objetivos: Evaluar la asociación entre la mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular y la provisión de fármacos antihiperten-sivos. Estudiar la posible interacción entre los efectos de los antihipertensivos sobre la mortalidad y el nivel socioeconómico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico para datos de panel. La mortalidad se expresa como tasas estandarizadas. Los fármacos antihipertensivos están ajustados a la población entre la que se distribuyeron y se expresan en cuartiles de dispensación. El nivel socioeconómico se midió por las necesidades básicas insatisfechas. Resultados: Desde el inicio del programa en 2003, la distribución de antihipertensivos aumentó significativamente, sobre todo en los grupos menos afluentes (p < 0,001). No hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la tasa de dispensación de antihipertensivos y la mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular globalmente. Sin embargo, en los análisis de interacción se observó que en los quintiles 3 a 5 de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (menos afluentes), los cuartiles en los que se distribuyeron más antihipertensivos tuvieron significativamente menor mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular (p = 0,004, p = 0,015 y p = 0,017, para los quintiles 3 a 5 de nivel socioeconómico). Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente análisis sugieren la ausencia de efectos globales de la provisión de antihipertensivos sobre la mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular. Sin embargo, los datos muestran que, entre los grupos más desfavorecidos, la distribución de antihipertensivos estuvo asociada con una reducción de la mortalidad por esta causa.

Multivessel versus Single Vessel Angioplasty in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis.

BACKGROUND: Multivessel disease is common in acute coronary syndrome patients. However, if multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention is superior to culprit-vessel angioplasty has not been systematically addressed. METHODS: A metaanalysis was conducted including studies that compared multivessel angioplasty with culprit-vessel angioplasty among non-ST elevation ACS patients. Since all studies were observational adjusted estimates of effects were used. Pooled estimates of effects were computed using the generic inverse of variance with a random effects model. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included (n = 117,685). Median age was 64.1 years, most patients were male, 29.3% were diabetic and 36,9% had previous myocardial infarction. Median follow-up was 12 months. There were no significant differences in mortality risk (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.58 to 1.09; I2 67.9%), with moderate inconsistency. Also, there were no significant differences in the risk of death or MI (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.17; I2 62.3%), revascularization (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.55 to 1.05; I2 49.9%) or in the combined incidence of death, myocardial infarction or revascularization (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.03; I2 70.8%). All analyses exhibited a moderate degree of inconsistency. Subgroup analyses by design reduced the inconsistency of the analyses on death or myocardial infarction, revascularization and death, myocardial infarction or revascularization. There was evidence of publication bias (Egger's test p = 0.097). CONCLUSION: Routine multivessel angioplasty in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome patients with multivessel disease was not superior to culprit-vessel angioplasty. Randomized controlled trials comparing safety and effectiveness of both strategies in this setting are needed.

Premature Cardiovascular death and socioeconomic status in argentina. On the Opportunities and Challenges of Representing Vulnerable Populations / Muerte cardiovascular prematura y condición socioeconómica en la Argentina. Acerca de las oportunidades y desafíos de representar a poblaciones vulnerables

Background: Premature death is a challenge from the social, medical, sanitary and economic point of view. Many of these deaths are avoidable with the implementation of State policies. Scientific societies may and should participate in the guidance of public policies. However, precise data and an inclusive approach are necessary to accomplish this end. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the temporal trend of premature all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in Argentina during the period 2000-2010. Methods: An ecological model, evaluating the evolution of specific and standardized rates of premature death (≤74 years) was used. Additionally, the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and premature death was examined. The 513 departments of Argentina were the analysis unit. Results: Premature all-cause mortality (median per 10,000 persons/year; p value) declined from 42.65 in 2000 to 38.67 in 2011 (p<0.001). A similar result was obtained for cardiovascular death (from 12.75 in 2000 to 10.09 in 2011; p<0.001). A significant, linear relationship between SES and premature death was verified without threshold in all years. The velocity and relative reduction were significantly different across different SES strata. Conclusions: Although the mortality rate was reduced, the gap between SES and premature deaths widened in Argentina, indicating the need to think on whom and how we should pay closer attention.

Introducción: La muerte prematura constituye un desafío desde el punto de vista social, médico, sanitario y económico. Muchas son evitables con la implementación de políticas de Estado. Las sociedades científicas pueden y deben participar en el asesoramiento de políticas públicas. Sin embargo, para esto son necesarios datos precisos y una mirada inclusiva. Objetivo: Describir la tendencia temporal de muertes prematuras por todas las causas y cardiovasculares en la Argentina en el período 2000-2011. Material y métodos: Se utilizó un modelo ecológico, que evaluó la evolución de las tasas específicas y estandarizadas de muerte prematura (≤74 años). Asimismo, se examinó la relación entre la condición socioeconómica (CSE) y la muerte prematura. La unidad de análisis fueron los 513 departamentos de la Argentina. Resultados: La muerte prematura (mediana cada 10.000 personas/año; valor de p) por todas las causas se redujo significativamente desde el año 2000 (42,65) hasta el 2011 (38,7) (p < 0,001). Lo propio sucedió con la muerte cardiovascular (de 12,75 en el año 2000 a 10,09 en el año 2011; p < 0,001). La muerte prematura tuvo una asociación significativa con la CSE, existiendo un gradiente lineal, sin umbrales en todos los años entre CSE y muerte prematura. La velocidad y la reducción relativa fueron significativamente distintas entre los diversos estratos de CSE. Conclusiones: Aunque la tasa de mortalidad se redujo, la brecha entre la CSE y la muerte prematura se incrementó, lo que obliga a reflexionar sobre en quiénes y cómo debemos depositar la mirada.

On the hypothetical universal use of statins in primary prevention: an observational analysis on low-risk patients and economic consequences of a potential wide prescription rate.

PURPOSE: Recent guidelines expand indications for statins. However, research on practical economic feasibility and cost-effectiveness in low-risk people is lacking. We aimed to describe the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVE), their total direct costs and the hypothetical effects of wide provision of statins on those rates and expenditures. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study using administrative data among low risk individuals. Estimators of effects of statins were taken from Cholesterol Treatment trialist metaanalysis and from Heart Protection Study trial. Two statin prices were used for analyses: National Italian Health System (€ 0.36) and the International Drug Price Indicator (€ 0.021). RESULTS: Overall, 920,067 persons at low risk were identified and 14,849 CVE were registered (incidence rate 27.3 per 10,000 person-years). Direct costs for hospitalizations for CVE were 143 M €. Universal provision of statins would result in a significant decrease in CVE rates, from 27.3 to 17.5 per 10,000 person-years (PY) (95% confidence interval (CI): 15.8-19.4). Universal prescription of simvastatin 20 mg would cost 802 M €. Otherwise, provision of simvastatin at International Drug Price Indicator's prices would be both clinically effective and cost saving in men older than age 44 (observed expenditures 120 M €, expected 97.4 M €) but not in women (observed expenditures 22.7 M €, expected 36.5 M €). CONCLUSIONS: Among a low-risk population, hypothetical universal provision of low-cost simvastatin to men over 44 years could be both clinically effective and a cost-saving strategy.

Circulating cardiac biomarkers and postoperative atrial fibrillation in the OPERA trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and predicts increased morbidity and mortality. Identification of patients at high risk of POAF with the help of circulating biomarkers may enable early preventive treatment but data are limited, especially in contemporary surgical patients. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) were measured at enrollment, on the morning of cardiac surgery, at end surgery, and 2 days postsurgery in 562 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, randomized to perioperative supplementation with oral fish oil or placebo in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation trial (OPERA). The primary endpoint was incident POAF lasting ≥ 30 s, centrally adjudicated and confirmed electrocardiographically. RESULTS: Higher levels of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT before surgery were associated with older age, renal or cardiac dysfunction and EuroSCORE. NT-proBNP peaked on postoperative day 2 (2172 [1238-3758] ng/L, median [Q1-Q3]), while hs-cTnT peaked at the end of surgery (373 [188-660] ng/L). Fish oil supplementation did not alter the time course of the cardiac biomarkers (P > 0.05). Concentrations of NT-proBNP or hs-cTnT, on the morning of surgery, or changes in their level between morning of surgery and postsurgery, were not significantly associated with POAF after adjustment for clinical and surgical characteristics. CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT are related to clinical and surgical characteristics, have different perioperative time courses but are not independently associated with risk of POAF.