Advances in the immunoescape mechanisms exploited by alphaherpesviruses.

Alphaherpesviruses, categorized as viruses with linear DNA composed of two complementary strands, can potentially to induce diseases in both humans and animals as pathogens. Mature viral particles comprise of a core, capsid, tegument, and envelope. While herpesvirus infection can elicit robust immune and inflammatory reactions in the host, its persistence stems from its prolonged interaction with the host, fostering a diverse array of immunoescape mechanisms. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in comprehending the immunoescape tactics employed by alphaherpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), feline herpesvirus (FeHV), equine herpesvirus (EHV), and caprine herpesvirus type I (CpHV-1). Researchers have unveiled the intricate adaptive mechanisms existing between viruses and their natural hosts. This review endeavors to illuminate the research advancements concerning the immunoescape mechanisms of alphaherpesviruses by delineating the pertinent proteins and genes involved in virus immunity. It aims to furnish valuable insights for further research on related mechanisms and vaccine development, ultimately contributing to virus control and containment efforts.

Utilizing Electrochemical Biosensors as an Innovative Platform for the Rapid and On-Site Detection of Animal Viruses.

Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis of animal virus infections is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases and reduce economic losses. To address the need for rapid diagnosis, electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising tools. Electrochemical methods present numerous benefits, including heightened sensitivity and selectivity, affordability, ease of use, portability, and rapid analysis, making them suitable for real-time virus detection. This paper focuses on the construction of electrochemical biosensors, as well as promising biosensor models, and expounds its advantages in virus detection, which is a promising research direction.

Environmental Governance, Public Health Expenditure, and Economic Growth: Analysis in an OLG Model.

This article studies the relationship between environmental governance, public health expenditure, and economic growth by introducing human health status into a three-period overlapping generation dynamic general equilibrium (OLG-DGE) model and conducting a policy simulation analysis in a Chinese scenario. The main findings are generalized as follows: (i) The increase in pollution emissions per unit of output will not only lead to the deterioration of public health but also hinder long-term economic growth, while the efficiency of pollution control will improve health and output per labor unit; (ii) Although levying environmental tax will improve health status and life expectancy, it has a non-linear impact on pollution emissions and output per labor unit, which means that there are trade-offs among environmental governance, public health improvement, and economic output; and (iii) Although the increase in the proportion of public health expenditure will improve health status, its impact on life expectancy and economic output is affected by the level of environmental tax. Only when the environmental tax rate is relatively low, will increasing the proportion of public health expenditure extend life expectancy and output per labor unit.

[Application of unilateral biportal endoscopy technique in single-segment thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum].

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) technique in the treatment of single-segment thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (TOLF). Methods: Between August 2020 and December 2021, 11 patients with single-segment TOLF were treated with UBE technique. There were 6 males and 5 females, with an average of 58.2 years (range, 49-72 years). The responsible segment was T 6, 7 in 1 case, T 7, 8 in 1 case, T 8, 9 in 2 cases, T 9, 10 in 2 cases, T 10, 11 in 2 cases, and T 11, 12 in 3 cases. Imaging examination showed that the ossification were located on the left side in 4 cases, on the right side in 3 cases, and on bilateral sides in 4 cases. The main clinical symptoms were chest and back pain or lower limb pain, all accompanied by lower limb numbness and fatigue. The disease duration ranged from 2 to 28 months (median, 17 months). The operation time, postoperative hospital stay, and complications were recorded. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the chest and back pain and low limb pain, and Oswestry disability index (ODI) and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score were used to evaluate functional recovery before operation and at 3 days, 1 month, 3 months after operation, and last follow-up. The anteroposterior diameter of the coronal spinal canal was measured by CT before and after operation to evaluate the effect of surgical decompression. Results: All operations were successfully completed. The operation time was 50-105 minutes, with an average of 80.0 minutes. No postoperative complication such as dural sac tear, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, spinal nerve injury, or infection occurred. The postoperative hospital stay was 2-5 days, with an average of 3.1 days. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 6-22 months, with an average of 14.8 months. CT measurement at 3 days after operation showed that the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal was (8.63±1.61) mm, which was significantly larger than that before operation [(3.67±1.37) mm] ( t=-12.181, P<0.001). The VAS score of chest and back pain and lower limb pain and ODI at each time point after operation were significantly lower than those before operation ( P<0.05). The above indexes were further improved after operation, except that there was no significant difference between at 3 months after operation and at last follow-up ( P>0.05), the differences between other time points were significant ( P<0.05). There was no recurrence during the follow-up period. Conclusion: UBE technique is a safe and effective method to treat single-segment TOLF, but its long-term effectiveness needs to be further studied.

Finite-Time Stochastic Stability Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Noise Perturbation.

In this paper, we study the finite-time stability of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with noise perturbation. To eliminate the chaos in a PMSM and allow it to reach a steady state more quickly within a finite time, we propose a novel adaptive controller based on finite-time control theory. Finite-time stability implies optimal convergence time and better robustness. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of our new results.

Driving Behavior Analysis of City Buses Based on Real-Time GNSS Traces and Road Information.

The driving behavior of bus drivers is related to the safety of all passengers and regulation of urban traffic. In order to analyze the relevant characteristics of speed and acceleration, accurate bus trajectories and patterns are essential for driver behavior analysis and development of effective intelligent public transportation. Exploiting real-time vehicle tracking, this paper develops a platform with vehicle-mounted terminals using differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) modules for driver behavior analysis. The DGNSS traces were used to derive the vehicle trajectories, which were then linked to road information to produce speed and acceleration matrices. Comprehensive field tests were undertaken on multiple bus routes in urban environments. The spatiotemporal results indicate that the platform can automatically and accurately extract the driving behavior characteristics. Furthermore, the platform's visual function can be used to effectively monitor driving risks, such as speeding and fierce acceleration, in multiple bus routes. The details of the platform's features are provided for intelligent transport system (ITS) design and applications.

[Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy combined with Coflex interspinous process dynamic reconstruction system in treatment of youth lumbar disc herniation].

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) combined with Coflex interspinous process dynamic reconstruction system for the treatment of youth lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods: The clinical data of 52 patients with LDH treated by PTED combined with Coflex were retrospectively analyzed between February 2013 and March 2015. The involved segments were L 4, 5 in 30 cases and L 5, S 1 in 22 cases. In 30 patients at L 4, 5 level, there were 18 males and 12 females with an average age of 25 years (range, 18-34 years) and a mean disease duration of 10 months (range, 6-16 months). In 22 patients at L 5, S 1 level, there were 10 males and 12 females with an average age of 25.5 years (range, 19-32 years) and a mean disease duration of 12 months (range, 6-18 months). The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. Oswestry disability index (ODI) and Japanese Orthpoaedic Association (JOA) score were used for effectiveness assessment. Radiograpic indexes were calculated on X-ray films before operation and final follow-up, including ventral intervertebral space height (VH), dorsal intervertebral space height (DH), intervertebral foramen height (IFH), the range of motion (ROM) of involved segment, and the ROM of upper adjacent segment. Results: The operations were successfully completed in 52 patients. The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were (89.7±16.5) minutes and (42.7±11.3) mL in patients at L 4, 5 level, and were (94.6±18.2) minutes and (47.6±13.4) mL in patients at L 5, S 1 level. Incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean,16 months) in patients at L 4, 5 level and 12-20 months (mean, 17 months) in patients at L 5, S 1 level. At final follow-up, ODI, and JOA score were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones in all patients ( P<0.05). X-ray films showed no complication of Coflex loosening, spinous process fracture, or articular process fracture occurred. At final follow-up, VH, DH, and IFH were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones in all patients ( P<0.05), and the ROM of involved segment was significantly reduced compared with preoperative one ( P<0.05), but the ROM of upper adjacent segment showed no significant difference when compared with preoperative one ( P>0.05). Conclusion: PTED combined with Coflex is a safe and effective minimally invasive surgery in treating youth LDH; however, it still needs further clinical studies.