Guiding function of positron emission tomography-computed tomography examination in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular adnexal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

AIM: To explore the role of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) examination in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular adnexal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (OAML). METHODS: The general clinical data, postoperative PET-CT results, treatment regimens, and the prognosis of 21 histopathologically confirmed OAML patients between October 2017 and September 2021 were collected. Among the 21 patients, five patients underwent surgical treatment alone, 13 patients underwent surgical treatment combined with radiotherapy, and three patients underwent surgical treatment combined with chemotherapy. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 79mo, with four cases of recurrence and no deaths. Through PET-CT examination, two patients exhibited both local ocular metabolic elevation and systemic metastasis, and one of these patients had cervical lymph node metastasis, while the other had submandibular and parotid gland metastasis. Nine patients showed only local ocular metabolic elevation, while 10 patients had no abnormal metabolic activity locally. CONCLUSION: PET-CT examination plays a crucial role in detecting residual lesions and recurrence following tumor resection, aiding in precise disease staging, and facilitating the development of personalized treatment plans, ultimately improving patient prognosis.

Treatment of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

AIM: To evaluate lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LGACC) of prognosis in patients who underwent different treatment regimens. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies done on the treatment of LGACC, between January 1987 and April 2022. A Meta-analysis was conducted to pool the 5-year overall survival rate (OR), and the 5-year recurrence rate (RR) and 5-year metastasis rate (MR) were assessed. RESULTS: The 30 studies involved 585 patients were included in the Meta-analysis. The pooled 5-year OR with surgery alone was 50%, the 5-year RR was 63%, and the 5-year MR was 34%. The pooled 5-year OR with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy combined was 67% (95%CI 61%,73%), the 5-year RR was 41%, and the 5-year MR was 35%. The pooled 5-year OR with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined was 72% (95%CI 59%, 84%), the 5-year RR was 48%, and the 5-year MR was 36%. The pooled 5-year OR with surgery, intra-arterial cytoreductive chemotherapy, and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined was 78% (95%CI 68%, 89%), the 5-year RR was 15%, and the 5-year MR was 27%. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive treatment is more effective than surgery alone. Surgery combined with intra-arterial chemotherapy and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy seems to add value to the therapeutic effect of comprehensive treatment of LGACC but further high-quality research is required to validate this.

Progress of Cancer Stem Cells in Retinoblastoma.

The theory of cancer stem cells is a breakthrough discovery that offers exciting possibilities for comprehending the biological behavior of tumors. More and more evidence suggests that retinoblastoma cancer stem cells promote tumor growth and are likely to be the origin of tumor formation, drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. At present, some progress has been made in the verification, biological behavior, and drug resistance mechanism of retinoblastoma cancer stem cells. This article aims to review the relevant research and explore future development direction.

Orbital liposarcoma: a retrospective, single-center study of thirteen patients.

AIM: To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of thirteen patients with orbital liposarcoma. METHODS: The clinical history data of thirteen patients diagnosed as orbital liposarcoma at Beijing Tongren Hospital, from 2006 to 2021 were collected and analyzed. The data includes age, gender, affected orbital side, course of disease, status of disease (primary or recurrent), clinical manifestations, preoperative visual acuity, operative treatment, the relations between liposarcoma and surrounding tissue, longest diameter of liposarcoma, histological subtype, immunohistochemical indicators, follow-up treatment and prognosis. RESULTS: The initial symptoms are diverse. Proptosis is the most frequent chief complaint and the others included vision loss, epiphora, diplopia, and eyelid palpable mass. Results of imaging examination [computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] showed orbital mass. In terms of treatment, 10 patients received tumor resection, and the mean longest diameter of the tumor was 3.39±1.36 cm. The other 3 patients had optic nerve invaded, so they received orbital exenteration. Pathological examination results confirmed the diagnose of liposarcoma for 13 patients. Six patients displayed as myxoid type, and three patients in each type of dedifferentiated and well-differentiated type. One patient was verified as pleomorphic, which was a rare type of liposarcoma. All of the patients showed Vimentin positive, and most showed CD34 and S-100 positive. Besides, four patients showed smooth muscle actin positive. All thirteen patients were alive. CONCLUSION: Orbital liposarcoma is a rare disease and it has no specific clinical manifestation. The diagnosis of liposarcoma should be considered when proptosis and orbital mass occurred in orbit. It is recommended to perform pathological examination to achieve early detection and early treatment.

Different serum levels of IgG and complements and recurrence rates in IgG4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion.

AIM: To analyze the differences in immune indicators and prognosis between IgG4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion (LGBLEL). METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective clinical study including 105 cases of IgG4-positive LGBLEL and 41 cases of IgG4-negative LGBLEL. Basic information, related indicators of peripheral venous blood samples using immunoscattering turbidimetry, treatment (partial surgical excision and glucocorticoid therapy) and prognosis (recurrence and death) were collected. Survival curves for recurrence were created using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze prognostic factors. RESULTS: The mean age was 50.10±14.23y and 44.76±11.43y (P=0.033) in IgG4-positive and negative group respectively. The serum C3 and C4 was lower in IgG4-positive group (P=0.005, P=0.002), while the serum IgG and IgG2 was higher in IgG4-positive group (P=0.000 and P=0.008). Twenty-one cases had recurrence in IgG4-positive group and 3 cases recurrence in IgG4-negative group. The 5-year recurrence-free cumulative percentages of IgG4-positive group was 81.85%, and 83.46% in the IgG-negative group (P=0.216). The history of preoperative glucocorticoid therapy, serum C4, IgG1 and IgG2 were the factors affecting recurrence in IgG4-positive group, while serum C4, and IgG1 were the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL. CONCLUSION: Serum C4 and IgG1 are the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL, while the IgG4 does not affect recurrence of LGBLEL.

Clinical analysis of 2790 children with retinoblastoma: a single-center experience in China.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of children with retinoblastoma (RB) in a single center in China with a large sample collection spanning 17 years. METHODS: The clinical data of 2790 children with RB treated in Beijing Tongren Hospital from 2005 to 2021 were collected, and a retrospective analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The median age of the participants was 28.3 months. There were 3624 affected eyes, 12.4% of which were in groups A-C, 67.1% in groups D-E and 16.2% were not specified. The primary symptom observed in most cases was a white pupil, accounting for 66.5%, followed by strabismus (12.8%). The median follow-up time was 59.7 months. The enucleation rate was 71.3% (703/986) in a single left eye and 72.5% (702/968) in a single right eye. The overall survival (OS) rate was 95.8% (2444/2552) because 237 patients dropped out, and 109 died. Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis showed that the median survival time (MST) was 125.92 months [95% confidence interval (CI) = 124.83-127.01]. Cox multivariate survival analysis showed that trilateral RB (P = 0.017), metastasis site (P = 0.001), and combined distant tissue metastasis (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for RB. The OS of 44 cases of familial RB was 93.2% (41/44), with an MST of 80.62 months (95% CI = 67.70-93.54). CONCLUSIONS: The timing of eye protection treatment and enucleation should be comprehensively judged to avoid worsening prognosis due to operation time delay. More importantly, the promotion and popularization of diagnosis and treatment technologies are necessary to further improve RB prognosis.

Analysis of clinical and pathological features of ciliary body medulloepithelioma.

AIM: To analyze and summarize the clinical and pathological features of ciliary body medulloepithelioma. METHODS: The clinical and pathological data of 11 patients (11 eyes) who were diagnosed with ciliary body medulloepithelioma at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, from 2007 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The initial symptoms of 11 patients included vision loss (6 eyes), atrophia bulbi (1 eye), proptosis (2 eyes), and leukocoria (2 eyes). Most patients suffered with corneal opacity, anterior chamber flare and hyphema. Iris neovascularization and synechia, complicated cataract, and secondary glaucoma occurred in several cases. Three patients even had lens subluxation and retinal detachment. B-scan ultrasonography showed vitreous opacity and a medium-high uneven echo mass in the eyeball. Ultrasound biomicroscopy examination showed a spherical or hemispherical ciliary body mass with uneven internal echoes and irregular cystic spaces. All of the 11 patients were diagnosed with malignant ciliary body medulloepithelioma by pathological evidence. In this study, 6 patients had enucleation (2 patients had systemic chemotherapy after surgery), and the other 5 patients had local tumor resection (1 patient had plaque radiotherapy after surgery). CONCLUSION: Ciliary body medulloepithelioma is a rare intraocular tumor and may be easily confused with retinoblastoma. Analyzing the clinical and pathological features of ciliary body medulloepithelioma is useful to further understand ciliary body medulloepithelioma, and can make an accurate diagnosis and better treatment.

Long-term survival outcomes of patients with primary ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma: A large single-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Primary ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (OAML) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and no consensus has been defined concerning the optimal treatment strategies. This study aims to investigate the associations of disease characteristics and different treatments with long-term outcomes of patients with localized OAML. METHODS: A large retrospective cohort study was conducted in a single-center of China, and 166 patients with newly diagnosed primary localized OAML were enrolled. Detailed data of disease characteristics at diagnosis and treatments were collected for all patients. We compared treatment response and progression-free survival (PFS) among patients with different characteristics and treatments. RESULTS: Of the 166 patients, 52 received complete resection of neoplasm, whereas 114 had residual lesion after surgery. Among the 114 patients, 61 underwent watchful waiting and 53 received further treatment including localized radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 49 months. A total of 31 patients had disease progression or relapse, including four patients with such event more than five years after initial treatment. The 5-year PFS was 73.9%, 70.6%, and 85.9%, whereas the 10-year PFS was 69.3%, 59.2%, and 79.3%, among patients with complete resection of neoplasm, patients in the watchful waiting group and patients with further treatment, respectively. Patients with further treatment had longer PFS, compared with patients in the watchful waiting group (p = 0.011). Bilateral involvement at diagnosis was associated with significantly inferior PFS (p = 0.029), whereas age, IPI score, or TNM staging were not associated with PFS. No serious adverse reaction was reported among patients with further treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral involvement was associated with poor prognosis. Among patients with residual lesions after surgery, further treatment was associated with improved survival. Patients with OAML might experience disease progression or relapse more than five years after initial treatment.

The outcome of surgical and non-surgical treatments for traumatic optic neuropathy: a comparative study of 685 cases.

Background: The choice and efficacy of surgical or/and surgical treatments for traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) remained controversial by now. This study aims to present the outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical treatments for TON in our center. Methods: A total of 685 consecutive patients were retrospectively included in the study. And divided into surgical and non-surgical groups. All cases were treated with corticosteroids for 3 days after admission. Endoscopic optic decompression was applied to 479 patients of surgical group; The other 206 patients of nonsurgical were administered with corticosteroids alone. The visual outcomes before and after treatment were compared with Wilcoxon rank and tests. The improvement rate between two groups were compared with chi-square test. Results: The visual acuity (VA) after treatment was significantly better than that before treatment (P=0.000). Overall VA improvement rate in the surgical group was better than that in non-surgical group (42.8% vs. 35.4%) with no significant difference (P=0.072). The VA improvement rate was significant greater in the surgical group than that in the non-surgical group in the patients with NLP before treatment (P=0.028). The VA improvement rate was better in the surgical group than that in the non-surgical group (71.9% vs. 57.8%) but with no significant difference. The final overall VA was 0.1 or better in 43 cases; 104 cases were able to count fingers; hand motion (HM) became perceivable in 132 cases; light perception (LP) was achieved in 53 cases; and no light perception (NLP) remained in 353 cases. Conclusions: Endoscopic optic nerve decompression (EOND) combined with corticosteroids or corticosteroids alone could reach the improvement for patients with TON. The EOND combined with corticosteroids could achieve better VA improvement in patients with NLP.

Clinical Analysis of 16 Distant Metastatic Retinoblastoma Cases with Event-Free Survival.

AIM: This study aimed to summarize the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of distant metastatic retinoblastoma with event-free survival. DESIGN: Retrospective interventional case series. METHODS: We screened patients with retinoblastoma who survived without events after the comprehensive treatment of distant metastases from June 2015 to February 2021 and collected information regarding their basic characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. All patients received systemic intravenous chemotherapy. Other treatments included surgical treatment, radiotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, and autologous stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: Among 780 hospitalized patients with retinoblastoma in the pediatric ward, a total of 94 patients with retinoblastoma were diagnosed with distant metastases, and 16 patients with distant metastatic retinoblastoma who survived more than 6 months without events were screened, including eight male and eight female patients. The median age of onset was 29 (range, 11-120) months. Among the 16 patients, central nervous system metastasis (8/16), bone metastasis (8/16), bone marrow infiltration (4/16), lymph node metastasis (4/16), and parotid gland metastasis (3/16) were presented. All patients received treatment for more than 6 months, completed their regimen by February 2021, and survived without events. The median survival time after the onset of retinoblastoma was 50.5 (range, 23-102) months, the median survival time after metastasis was 43.5 (range, 16-71) months, and the median event-free survival was 29.0 (range, 6-59) months. CONCLUSION: Metastatic retinoblastoma may benefit from comprehensive treatments including systemic intravenous chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, recurrence after treatment still needs attention, and patients in complete remission still need long-term follow-up.

Clinical analysis of 109 cases of lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma.

AIM: To monitor the prognosis of patients with lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma (LGPA) following surgical resection within the past 10y. The factors affecting patient prognosis are analyzed and the experience of surgical treatment is summarized. METHODS: In this retrospective, comparative case series, clinical records from 109 cases of LGPA treated chiefly at the same institution between November 2009 and May 2019 were reviewed. All 109 patients underwent surgery, histopathological examination, and imaging examination. For patients who underwent surgery for the first time, LGPA could be resected completely, including tumor and capsule tissues, using a surgical approach via the eyebrow arch or double eyelid crease. RESULTS: The ratio of males to females was 1:1.60, the ages ranged from 19 to 74 years old with a mean age of 43.64±13.07 years old, and the ratio of left to right eyes was 1:1.37. A total of 109 patients underwent surgical excision and five of these received radiotherapy after malignant transformation. Of these patients, 15 were lost to follow up within the April 1, 2020 deadline and 1 was diagnosed as a recurring pathology. The 5-year recurrence rate for 86 patients who underwent initial surgery was 7.27%. Single factor analysis revealed that the course of disease, bone destruction, invasion of surrounding tissues, tumor size, capsule integrity, and expression of Ki-67 were statistically significant (P<0.05). Binomial Logistic regression analysis showed that capsule integrity was a risk factor influencing recurrence (P=0.008). CONCLUSION: LGPA has a risk of recurrence and potential for malignant transformation. Complete removal of the tumor and capsule in the initial surgery is a key factor in preventing recurrence.

Fire-Retardant, Stable-Cycling and High-Safety Sodium Ion Battery.

The safety of energy storage equipment has always been a stumbling block to the development of battery, and sodium ion battery is no exception. However, as an ultimate solution, the use of non-flammable electrolyte is susceptible to the side effects, and its poor compatibility with electrode, causing failure of batteries. Here, we report a non-flammable electrolyte design to achieve high-performance sodium ion battery, which resolves the dilemma via regulating the solvation structure of electrolyte by hydrogen bonds and optimizing the electrode-electrolyte interphase. The reported non-flammable electrolyte allows stable charge-discharge cycling of both sodium vanadium phosphate@hard carbon and Prussian blue@hard carbon full pouch cell for more than 120 cycles with a capacity retention of >85 % and high cycling Coulombic efficiency (99.7 %).

The atmospheric lead emission, deposition, and environmental inequality driven by interprovincial trade in China.

Lead (Pb) as a hazardous air pollutant has raised widespread concerns due to its adverse and toxic effects on the ecological environment and human health. Here we integrated the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model and an atmospheric transport model to examine regional environmental inequality (REI) index induced by Pb emission transfers, and to evaluate the impacts of interprovincial trade on regional atmospheric Pb concentrations and dry deposition fluxes in China in 2012. In 2012, approximately 57.4% ~ 72.6% of Pb emissions in well-developed eastern regions (Beijing-Tianjin, Yangtze River Delta (YRD)) and the southern seaboard of China were embodied in other regions in China subject to the demands from these well-developed regions to industrial products and services. Our results, based on the net virtual flows of Pb emission and value-added, indicate that most provinces in the eastern seaboard of China outsource Pb emission and benefit from the interprovincial trade by reducing their Pb emissions. REI indexes show that the well-developed Guangdong province outsources its Pb emission but has low economic gains. Many less-developed provinces in central China enhance virtual Pb emission inflow but have high economic gains. Whereas, inland provinces in western China not only experience Pb emission increase, but also suffer from indirect economic loss due to trade with well-developed provinces to meet their increasing demands to Pb emission abundant industrial products from these provinces in eastern China which are mostly provided by less-developed but energy and mineral product abundant provinces in western China. For example, the province pair with highest REI index was Jiangsu-Inner Mongolia (REI = 2.47), which revealed that Jiangsu was the largest beneficiary which exported 37.2 t of net Pb emission and gained value-added of 521.4 billion RMB through trade with Inner Mongolia which suffered from both virtual Pb inflow and economic loss in 2012. As a result of interprovincial trade, Pb dry deposition in central and eastern China was decreased but increased in western China. Overall, interprovincial trade reduced 17.6% of atmospheric Pb dry deposition in China.

Similar therapeutic effects of 125I seed radiotherapy and γ-ray radiotherapy on lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate the survival outcomes of patients with lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma who underwent eye-sparing surgery combined with 125I seed implantation radiotherapy or local external γ-ray radiotherapy. METHODS: In this retrospective comparative case series, the clinical records of 27 primary and 8 recurrent patients were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with distant metastasis (DM), and the overall survival (OS) after the initial surgery was analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow-up after radiotherapy was 36mo (range 6-120mo). At the last follow-up after radiotherapy, 26 (74.3%) patients had no evidence of disease, 7 (20%) patients had DM, 2 (5.9%) patients died of DM, and 1 patient with DM was lost to follow-up. Univariate analyses showed that duration of symptoms, bone destruction, T stage classification, and wide excision surgery were risk factors influencing DM (P<0.05). The 5-year and 10-year OS rates after the initial surgery were 95.8% and 79.9%, respectively. The 5-year DM-free survival and disease-free survival rates after radiotherapy were 66.4% and 52.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: 125I seed radiotherapy and local external γ-ray radiotherapy may have similar therapeutic effects in preventing DM. Patients with T1/T2 stage disease have a better prognosis than those with T3/T4 stage disease.

[Gridded Emission Inventories of Major Criteria Air Pollutants and Source Contributions in Lan-Bai Metropolitan Area, Northwest China].

Lan-Bai Metropolitan Area in Gansu province is an important heavy-industry base with the highest level of total air pollutant emissions in Northwest China. It is significant to study the high-resolution pollutant emission inventory to forecast regional air quality and to simulate pollutant emission reduction, as well as provide early warnings and forecasts, and to control air pollution. Taking Lanzhou and Baiyin as the main research areas, this study established the gridded emission inventories of seven major criteria air pollutants in the Lan-Bai Metropolitan Area based on emission data and statistical yearbooks of 2015-2016. The spatial pollution characteristics and emission source contributions were also studied. The results showed that the total annual emissions of seven major criteria air pollutants in the Lan-Bai Metropolitan Area were as followings:NOx 2.22×105 t, NH3 4.53×104t, VOCs 7.74×104t, CO 5.62×105 t, PM10 4.95×105 t, PM2.5 1.91×105 t, and SO2 1.37×105 t. Among them, annual CO emissions were the highest, while the annual emissions of NH3 were the lowest. The comparison of this gridded emission inventories with the Peking and Tsinghua University's MEIC inventories, found that the consistency of the three inventories for traffic source was relatively high, but for the total emissions and industrial source emissions of CO, a 30%-40% difference was found when compared with emissions in the Peking and Tsinghua University's inventories. The main differences were from the collected emission factors and the different resolution and years for collected data. The industrial non-combustion process sources, accounting for the largest proportion, were mainly concentrated in urban areas for the other six major criteria air pollutants except for NH3. The main contributing sources of NH3 were from the use of nitrogen fertilizers and livestock emissions, so its spatial pollution distribution was mainly affected by farmland distribution and other factors. It can be concluded that countermeasures, such as controlling industrial non-combustion process sources, integrating high-quality and high-efficiency power supply, using clean energy, strict dust emission control on construction sites and industrial production facilities, as well as urban greening could effectively reduce the emissions of six major criteria air pollutants including NOx, VOCs, CO, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 in the Lan-Bai Metropolitan Area. The reduction of NH3 emission mainly depends on reducing the use of nitrogen fertilizer and controlling livestock emissions in the rural regions of Lan-Bai Metropolitan Area. This paper also used Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis to evaluate uncertainty in the gridded emission inventories, in which the maximum uncertainty was -31%-30% for NH3, the uncertainty of CO at -18%-16% was minimal. Therefore, the overall credibility was high for the established gridded emission inventories in this study.

Role of delayed wider endoscopic optic decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy: a single-center surgical experience.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to discuss the efficacy of delayed wider endoscopic optic decompression in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). METHODS: A total of 479 patients were treated with corticosteroids and delayed wider endoscopic optic decompression, including the injury-to-surgery interval, within 2 weeks in patients with no light perception (NLP), and within 1 month in patients with residual eyesight. Based on the traditional decompression range, the superior wall of the optic canal was further decompressed. The preoperative and postoperative visual acuities (VAs) were reviewed, and the therapeutic efficacy was analyzed. RESULTS: The final VA was 0.1 or better in 29 cases, finger count in 79 cases, hand motion in 99 cases, light perception (LP) in 25 cases, and NLP in 247 cases. A total of 136 patients (136/383, 35.5%) recovered after NLP treatment, and 78 patients (69/96, 71.9%) had improved residual eyesight. The improvement rate in patients with residual eyesight was significantly higher than that of patients with NLP (P<0.01). Moreover, the total VA after treatment was better than that before surgery (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed wider optic nerve decompression plus corticosteroids remains an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for patients with delayed treatment intervals of more than 1 week, especially for those with residual eyesight within 1 month.

Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children with unilateral retinoblastoma and intracranial segment of Retrobulbar optic nerve invasion.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children with unilateral retinoblastoma (RB) and intracranial segment of retrobulbar optic nerve invasion. METHODS: A total of 14 children with unilateral RB and intracranial segment of retrobulbar optic nerve invasion were enrolled in this retrospective study from January 2009 to December 2018. Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis were collected and analyzed. Survival curves were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of 14 cases, there were 7 male and 7 female, ranging in age from 22.85 to 121.97 months (median, 41.03 months). Seventy-one percent of patients came from first-tier cities in China and effected in the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results indicated that all patients presented with thickened and enhanced optic nerve and intracranial segment of optic nerve invasion. Nine patients received comprehensive therapeutic regimen (chemotherapy, eye enucleation, radiotherapy and intrathecal therapy). The patients were followed up to December 2019, with a median follow-up of 20.6 months. The median disease specific survival was 48.99 ± 8.62 months, and the overall survival (OS) rate was 64.3%. Radiotherapy and comprehensive therapeutic regimen had significant impact on survival time (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The overall prognosis of unilateral RB patients with intracranial segment of retrobulbar optic nerve invasion was poor. Chemotherapy and surgical treatment were necessary, but more attention should be paid to radiotherapy and intrathecal therapy for improving prognosis.

[Sources and Health Risks of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls in an Urban/Industrial Areas, Northwest China].

A passive air sampler was used to monitor the concentration and contamination profile of 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere over the urban and industrial area of Gaolan, a city in northwest China, during the non-heating and heating seasons of 2018, and the sources, pollutant transport, and the health risks of PCB exposure were analyzed and assessed using principle component analysis, trajectory modeling, and inhalation exposure modeling. The atmospheric concentration in the study area ranged from 110.2 to 429.9 pg·m-3, and the highest average concentration was found at the industrial estate. Tetra-PCBs and penta-PCBs were the dominant homologue groups, and the percentage of tetra-PCBs increased in the heating season. Combustion and industrial thermal processes, PCB-containing electrical equipment, and the combined source of volatilization from paint, combustion, and industrial thermal processes were considered to be the main sources, and the source of combustion and industrial thermal processes contributed the largest proportion of PCBs at 40.8%. Largely, the emission of UP-PCBs would significantly influence PCB pollution in the study area. Trajectory analysis results illustrated that PCBs emitted from sources in the study area would be transmitted to Lanzhou City atmospherically; local pollution would be the main source of PCBs contamination in the study area during the non-heating season, while the atmospheric input of PCBs transmitted from the northwest region would be another source during the heating season. Health risk analysis showed that the non-cancer risk of PCBs exposure was low in all age groups; however, lifetime cancer risks exceeded 10-6. PCBs emitted from combustion and industrial thermal processes sources would have a strong impact on resident exposure to PCBs, and adverse health effects would be caused due to long-term inhalation exposure of the inhabitants to PCBs contamination in the study area.