Specific Measures and Benefits of Comprehensive Nursing Model in Clinical Practice for Pediatric Purulent Tonsillitis.

Context: Pediatric purulent tonsillitis is a common infectious disease in children and can be difficult to cure and can recur with irritation of the throat. To improve treatment outcomes, alleviate symptoms, and promote recovery, an effective clinical-nursing intervention is often necessary. Objective: The study aimed to explore the specific measures of the comprehensive nursing model for pediatric patients with purulent tonsillitis and to analyze its practical value in improving patients' treatment outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in clinical application, to provide feasible references and guidance for medical practice. Design: The research team conducted a randomized controlled trial. Setting: The study took place at Mengcheng County First People's Hospital. Participants: Participants were 80 pediatric patients who had received a diagnosis of purulent tonsillitis at the hospital between December 2020 and March 2022. Interventions: The research team randomly divided participants into two groups, with 40 participants in each group: (1) the intervention group, who received comprehensive nursing care in addition to routine nursing care, and (2) the control group, who received routine nursing care only. Outcome Measures: The research team: (1) evaluated times to relief of throat pain and to improvement of hoarseness, (2) assessed times to recovery of body temperature, white blood cells, and tonsillar signs, (3) measured treatment compliance, and (4) conducted a health knowledge survey with the children' family members at baseline and postintervention using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: Compared to control group, the intervention group's (1) times to relief of throat pain and improvement time of hoarseness were significantly shorter (both P < .05); (2) times to recovery of temperature (P = .002), white blood cells (P = .006), and tonsillar signs (P = .024) were significantly shorter; (3) treatment compliance was significantly higher (P = .021); and (4) level of health knowledge of family members was significantly higher (P < .001). Conclusions: The comprehensive nursing model for pediatric purulent tonsillitis can effectively improve pediatric patients' treatment outcomes, shorten their recovery times, enhance the health knowledge of family members, and provide a better focus on the overall health of pediatric patients. The model has a positive significance for pediatric patients' rehabilitation and is worth promoting.

Effect of HER2-low expression on neoadjuvant efficacy in operable breast cancer / Efecto de la baja expresión de HER2 sobre la eficacia neoadyuvante en el cáncer de mama operable

Objective: To investigate the effects of HER2-low expression (HER2-low) and HER2-zero expression (HER2-0) on the pathological complete response (pCR) rate and survival of patients following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Eighty-six patients were followed up. Patients were divided into HER2-0 (immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 0 (IHC0)) and HER2-low (IHC1+ or IHC2+/in situ hybridization non-amplified (ISH-)) groups according to the IHC detection of puncture tissues. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the clinical characteristics, pCR rate and DFS were compared between the two groups. Results: There were 24 (27.9%) cases with HER2-0 and 62 (72.1%) cases with HER2-low. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) patients accounted for 77.4% of the HER2-low group, which was higher than 70.8% in the HER2-0 group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.524). There were statistical differences in the pT and pN stages between HER2-low and HER2-0 subgroups in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) group after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The HER2-low subgroup had an earlier T stage (p = 0.009), and the ratio of N0 to N1 in the HER2-low and HER2-0 subgroups was 92.9% and 71.4%, respectively (p = 0.037). The Ki-67 index and median PR value were significantly lower in the HER2-low group after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.002, p = 0.018). The HER2 IHC score was altered in the HER2-low group, and the HER-2 (2+) score changed significantly (p = 0.002). Seventy-eight patients with complete immunohistochemical data were analyzed. The discordance rate of the IHC score of HER2 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 38.5%, and eight patients with HER2-low showed HER2-0 status, with a discordance rate of 10.3%. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, The pCR rate was significantly lower in the HER2-low group compared with that in the HER2-0 group (4.8% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.914), but the recurrence and metastasis rates were lower in the HER2-low group...(AU)

Effect of HER2-low expression on neoadjuvant efficacy in operable breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of HER2-low expression (HER2-low) and HER2-zero expression (HER2-0) on the pathological complete response (pCR) rate and survival of patients following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Eighty-six patients were followed up. Patients were divided into HER2-0 (immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 0 (IHC0)) and HER2-low (IHC1+ or IHC2+/in situ hybridization non-amplified (ISH-)) groups according to the IHC detection of puncture tissues. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the clinical characteristics, pCR rate and DFS were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There were 24 (27.9%) cases with HER2-0 and 62 (72.1%) cases with HER2-low. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) patients accounted for 77.4% of the HER2-low group, which was higher than 70.8% in the HER2-0 group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.524). There were statistical differences in the pT and pN stages between HER2-low and HER2-0 subgroups in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) group after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The HER2-low subgroup had an earlier T stage (p = 0.009), and the ratio of N0 to N1 in the HER2-low and HER2-0 subgroups was 92.9% and 71.4%, respectively (p = 0.037). The Ki-67 index and median PR value were significantly lower in the HER2-low group after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.002, p = 0.018). The HER2 IHC score was altered in the HER2-low group, and the HER-2 (2+) score changed significantly (p = 0.002). Seventy-eight patients with complete immunohistochemical data were analyzed. The discordance rate of the IHC score of HER2 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 38.5%, and eight patients with HER2-low showed HER2-0 status, with a discordance rate of 10.3%. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, The pCR rate was significantly lower in the HER2-low group compared with that in the HER2-0 group (4.8% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.914), but the recurrence and metastasis rates were lower in the HER2-low group (9.7% vs. 20.8%; p = 0.165). There were no differences in DFS between the two groups at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months (p = 0.076; p = 0.518; p = 0.245; p = 0.406). The subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant difference in DFS between HER2-low and HER2-0 subgroups in the HR + and TNBC groups (p = 0.141, p = 0.637). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study indicates that HER2-low has no significant effect on neoadjuvant efficacy in operable breast cancer. There were no statistical differences in clinical characteristics, pCR rate, and DFS between the HER2-low and the HER2-0 groups. There was no evidence that a HER2-low status constitutes a unique biological subtype, suggesting that more clinical data might be needed to verify these observations.

Prognosis of different extrathoracic metastasis patterns in patients with M1c lung adenocarcinoma receiving immunotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer with extrathoracic metastases is classified as M1c. However, extrathoracic metastases can be further classified into different patterns. The purpose of this study was to analyze the survival differences between different patterns of extrathoracic metastases in patients with stage M1c lung adenocarcinoma after receiving immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 160 stage M1c lung adenocarcinoma patients and treated with immunotherapy. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: those with multiple extrathoracic metastases alone (EM group) and those with simultaneous multiple extrathoracic and intrathoracic metastases (EIM group). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The median PFS and OS in the whole group were 7.7 months and 25.4 months, respectively. The patients in the EM group show better PFS (13.0 months vs. 5.0 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.462, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.317-0.673, P < 0.0001) and OS (35.0 months vs. 18.9 months; HR 0.592, 95% CI 0.380-0.922, P = 0.019) compared with the EIM group. Furthermore, in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with simultaneous extrathoracic and intrathoracic metastases who received immunotherapy, immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has better PFS and OS than immunotherapy alone. There was no difference between immunotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with extrathoracic metastasis alone. CONCLUSION: The different patterns of extrathoracic metastasis were related to the efficacy and prognosis of immunotherapy in M1c cohort. In addition, patients with simultaneous extrathoracic and intrathoracic metastases were more recommended to choose immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy rather than immunotherapy alone.

LncRNA CDKN2B­AS1 sponges miR­28­5p to regulate proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in colorectal cancer.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CDKN2B­antisense RNA 1 (AS1) functions as a tumor oncogene in numerous cancers. However, the roles and mechanism of CDKN2B­AS1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been explored. The present study aimed to investigate whether and how CDKN2B­AS1 contributes to CRC progression. The data revealed that CDKN2B­AS1 expression was upregulated in CRC tissues. Loss­of­function assays demonstrated that CDKN2B­AS1 in CRC modulated cell proliferation and apoptosis, which was mediated by cyclin D1, cyclin­dependent kinase (CDK) 4, p­Rb, caspase­9 and caspase­3. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays indicated direct binding of microRNA (miR)­28­5p to CDKN2B­AS1. Moreover, the results herein revealed that the expression of miR­28­5p was negatively correlated with that of CDKN2B­AS1 in CRC tissue. Moreover, CDKN2B­AS1 acted as a miR­28­5p competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to target and regulate the expression of URGCP. These findings indicated that CDKN2B­AS1 plays roles in CRC progression, providing a potential therapeutic target or novel diagnostic biomarker for CRC.

Allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy exhibits promising clinical safety and prolongs the survival of patients with late-stage lung or liver cancer.

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are promising candidates for cellular tumor immunotherapy. Due to their HLA-independent mode of action, allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be considered for clinical application. To apply allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in adoptive immunotherapy, the methodology used to obtain adequate cell numbers with optimal effector function in vitro needs to be optimized, and clinical safety and efficacy also need to be proven. Therefore, we developed a novel formula to improve the expansion of peripheral γδ T cells from healthy donors. Then, we used a humanized mouse model to validate the therapeutic efficacy of expanded γδ T cells in vivo; furthermore, the expanded γδ T cells were adoptively transferred into late-stage liver and lung cancer patients. We found that the expanded cells possessed significantly improved immune effector functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and cancer cell killing, both in vitro and in the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, a phase I clinical trial in 132 late-stage cancer patients with a total of 414 cell infusions unequivocally validated the clinical safety of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Among these 132 patients, 8 liver cancer patients and 10 lung cancer patients who received ≥5 cell infusions showed greatly prolonged survival, which preliminarily verified the efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy. Our clinical studies underscore the safety and efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy, which will inspire further clinical investigations and eventually benefit cancer patients.

Accuracy and clinical influence of plasma EGFR mutation detection in management of advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of plasma EGFR status detecting according to tissue EGFR status, and further explore the correlation of plasma EGFR status with clinicopathological features and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. 157 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma were recruited. Paired tissue and plasma samples were collected before any prior treatments, EGFR gene mutation detection was performed using the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method. EGFR mutations were detected in 81 tissue samples and the mutation rate was 51.6%, while in 50 plasma samples and the mutation rate was 31.8%. The overall concordance rate of EGFR mutations between tissue and plasma samples was 76.4%. And the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the EGFR detection using plasma samples were 94.0%, 68.2%, 58.0 and 96.1% respectively. Patients with no-smoking (P = 0.039) and more number of metastatic sites (P = 0.012) presented a higher EGFR mutation frequency in plasma, but no association of plasma EGFR mutation with other clinicopathological features and PFS by targeted therapy was discovered. This study revealed that plasma EGFR mutation detection might be regarded as a good alternative biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma management, especially for patients who were not tolerant with obtainment of tissue samples, but further prognostic value needs to be investigated.

Two-stage induced differentiation of OCT4+/Nanog+ stem-like cells in lung adenocarcinoma.

Stem-like cells in solid tumors are purported to contribute to cancer development and poor treatment outcome. The abilities to self-renew, differentiate, and resist anticancer therapies are hallmarks of these rare cells, and steering them into lineage commitment may be one strategy to curb cancer development or progression. Vitamin D is a prohormone that can alter cell growth and differentiation and may induce the differentiation cancer stem-like cells. In this study, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4)-positive/Nanog homeobox (Nanog)- positive lung adenocarcinoma stem-like cells (LACSCs) were enriched from spheroid cultured SPC-A1 cells and differentiated by a two-stage induction (TSI) method, which involved knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) expression (first stage) followed by sequential induction with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3, VD3) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment (second stage). The results showed the HIF1α-knockdowned cells displayed diminished cell invasion and clonogenic activities. Moreover, the TSI cells highly expressed tumor suppressor protein p63 (P63) and forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1) and lost stem cell characteristics, including absent expression of OCT4 and Nanog. These cells regained sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro while losing tumorigenic capacity and decreased tumor cell proliferation in vivo. Our results suggest that induced transdifferentiation of LACSCs by vitamin D and SAHA may become novel therapeutic avenue to alter tumor cell phenotypes and improve patient outcome.The development and progression of lung cancer may involve rare population of stem-like cells that have the ability to grow, differentiate, and resist drug treatment. However, current therapeutic strategies have mostly focused on tumor characteristics and neglected the potential source of cells that may contribute to poor clinical outcome. We generated lung adenocarcinoma stem-like cells from spheroid culture and induced their transdifferentiation by a two-stage method of knocking down HIF1α expression followed by vitamin Dand suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (VD3/SAHA) treatment. We observed the induced cells lost stem-like characteristics, regained sensitivity to cisplatin, and displayed reduced tumorigenic capacity. These findings suggest that targeting stem-like cells by reverting them to more specialized state may be an approach to treat lung cancer.

Comparison of plasma and tissue samples in epidermal growth factor receptor mutation by ARMS in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and accuracy of blood-based circulating-free tumor DNA on testing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations. METHODS: In total, 219 non-small cell lung cancer patients in stages III-IV were enrolled into this study. All patients had tissue samples and matched plasma DNA samples. EGFR gene mutations were detected by the Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS). We compared the mutations in tumor tissue samples with matched plasma samples and determined the correlation between EGFR mutation status and clinical pathologic characteristics. RESULT: The overall concordance rate of EGFR mutation status between the 219 matched plasma and tissue samples was 82% (179/219). The sensitivity and specificity for the ARMS EGFR mutation test in the plasma compared with tumor tissue were 60% (54/90) and 97% (125/129), respectively. The positive predictive value was 93% (54/58) and the negative predictive value was 78% (125/161). The median overall survival was longer for those with EGFR mutations than for those without EGFR mutations both in tissue samples (23.98 vs. 12.16months; P<0.001) and in plasma (19.96 vs. 13.63months; P=0.009). For the 68 patients treated with EGFR- tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly prolonged in the EGFR mutant group compared to the non-mutation group in tumor tissue samples (12.26months vs. 2.40months, P<0.001). In plasma samples, the PFS of the mutant group was longer than that of the non-mutant group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (10.88months vs. 9.89months, P=0.411). CONCLUSIONS: The detection of EGFR mutations in plasma using ARMS is relatively sensitive and highly specific. However, EGFR mutation status tested by ARMS in plasma cannot replace a tumor tissue biopsy. Positive EGFR mutation results detected in plasma are fairly reliable, but negative results are hampered by a high rate of false negatives.

Downregulation of HIF-1α inhibits the proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H157 cells.

Lung cancer, specifically non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in the world. In previous years, almost no significant advancements have been made towards the molecular characterization of NSCLC, which highlights the requirement for novel target genes. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is known to be essential in tumorigenesis, as it regulates the expression of numerous factors that are involved in angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. However, no direct association between HIF-1α and NSCLC treatment has previously been established. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effect of HIF-1α on NSCLC and to explore the possible mechanism. Additionally, HIF-1α small interfering (si)RNA and diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) were used in combination to explore the combined effects on NSCLC cells. Lung carcinoma NCI-H157 cells were treated with HIF-1α small interfering (si)RNA, 5 µg/ml DDP or a combination of the two, and the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion ability of the cells were detected using a cell counting kit-8 assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and a Transwell assay, respectively. In addition, the protein levels of caspase-3/9, anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated (p-)PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), p-AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-ERK were detected using western blot analysis. Similar to DPP treatment, HIF-1α siRNA treatment may reduce cell proliferation and the invasiveness of tumor cells while promoting apoptosis. Additionally, HIF-1α siRNA may increase the levels of the apoptotic proteins caspases 3 and 9 and inhibit the expression of Bcl-2. These anti-tumor effects may be acting through the VEGF/PEDF, PI3K/AKT and Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK signaling pathways. The effects of HIF-1α siRNA may be strengthened by DDP. The present data indicated that HIF-1α siRNA is important in the inhibition of NSCLC cells. Additionally, the effects of HIF-1α siRNA may be strengthened by DDP, which suggests that HIF-1α siRNA may be combined with DDP for the treatment of tumors.

Notch 3 protein, not its gene polymorphism, is associated with the chemotherapy response and prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients.

AIM: To study the relation of NOTCH3 and its gene polymorphisms with the chemotherapy response and the prognosis of patients with Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A total of 594 patients with advanced stage of NSCLC (IIIA, IIIB and IV) NSCLC were enrolled. All patients received Platinum-based chemotherapy. The NOTCH3 expression in tumors and its gene polymorphisms were determined. In vitro, several NSCLC cell lines received the NOTCH3 over-expression vector and small interfering RNA (siRNA) to study the role of NOTCH3 in regulation the cellular biological behaviors. RESULTS: The genotype and the allele frequencies of NOTCH3 gene polymorphisms at 605C>T and 1735T>C were not significantly different between good responders and poor responders to chemotherapy. However, high NOTCH3 expression in tumor represented a significantly higher possibility of being resistant to chemotherapy. Also, patients with high NOTCH3 expression had a poorer prognosis than those with low NOTCH3 expression. In vitro studies showed that NOTCH3 inhibition dramatically suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasiveness abilities and prompted apoptosis in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION: NOTCH3 regulates the cellular behavior, including, proliferation, marker to predict the chemotherapy response and prognosis of advanced NSCLC. marker to predict the chemotherapy response and prognosis of advanced NSCLC.

Effect of uremia on semen quality and reproductive function in humans.

In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of uremia on semen quality and reproductive function in humans. For this purpose, 53 end-stage uremic patients were randomly selected. The semen samples were produced by masturbation. Fertility index (FI) was calculated according to the following formula: sperm density (×10(6)/ml) × sperm motility (%) × normal sperm morphology rate (% per 10,000). The semen samples of uremic patients were compared with those of fertile and infertile males. The results show that three patients failed to produce semen. There were no sperm found in four semen samples. The sperm motility, survival rate, sperm density, and normal sperm morphology rate of the remaining 46 patients were found to be significantly lower than those of controls. The uremic patients had the FI of 0.68(2.08) which was obviously lower than that of fertile 7.7(13.51) and infertile 4.13(5.77) males. It was, therefore, concluded that uremia caused a significant decline in sperm quality and reproductive function which resulted in consequential infertility in humans.

[Survival analysis of 1,742 patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: At present non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still the leading cause of death induced by cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic factors of advanced NSCLC. METHODS: Total 1,742 cases of stage IV NSCLC data from Jan 4, 2000 to Dec 25, 2008 in Shanghai Chest Hospital were collected, confirmed by pathological examinations. Analysis was made to observe the impact of treatment on prognosis in gender, age, smoking history, pathology, classification, clinical TNM stage. Survival rate, survival difference were evaluated by Kaplan-Meire method and Logrank test respectively. The prognosis were analyzed by Cox multivariate regression. RESULTS: The median survival time of 1,742 patients was 10.0 months (9.5 months-10.5 months). One, two, three, four, and five-year survival rates were 44%, 22%, 13%, 9%, 6% respectively. The median survivals of single or multiple metastasis were 11 months vs 7 months (P < 0.001). Survival time were different in metastasic organs, with the median survival time as follows: lung for about 12 months (11.0 months-12.9 months), bone for 9 months (8.3 months-9.6 months), brain for 8 months (6.8 months-9.1 months), liver, adrenal gland, distant lymph node metastasis for 5 months (3.8 months-6.1 months), and subcutaneous for 3 months (1.7 months-4.3 months). The median survival times of adenocarcinoma (n=1,086, 62%) and squamous cell carcinoma cases (n=305, 17.5%) were 12 months vs 8 months (P < 0.001). The median survival time of chemotherapy and best supportive care were 11 months vs 6 months (P < 0.001); the median survival times of with and without radiotherapy were 11 months vs 9 months (P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Gender, age, gross type, pathological type, clinical T stage, N stage, numbers of metastatic organ, smoking history, treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer were independent prognostic factors.

Comparison of PG-SGA, SGA and body-composition measurement in detecting malnutrition among newly diagnosed lung cancer patients in stage IIIB/IV and benign conditions.

Assessment tools and body-composition measurements are useful in diagnosing malnutrition. Which one is better for lung disease patients is unclear. The objectives of the present study are: to assess relationships between different methods of nutritional measurements in lung diseases patients; to determine which one is better in diagnosing malnutrition for lung disease patients; and to determine whether lung cancer patients can be differentiated from benign lung disease patients using different measurements. A total of 96 newly diagnosed primary lung cancer patients in stage IIIB/IV and 52 benign lung disease patients nutritional status were assessed according to the SGA, the scored PG-SGA, and serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, hemoglobin, total lymphocyte count, body mass index (BMI), and weight. A total of 40% of lung cancer patients were severely malnourished, with men or elder having a higher rate of malnutrition. Significantly lower values of weight, BMI, total lymphocyte count, transferrin, prealbumin and serum albumin were found for them. Age, sex, weight, weight half year ago and prealbumin are in the regression equation to predict them. For benign lung disease patients, 21.2% were severely malnourished with significantly lower values of weight and transferrin. Age and prealbumin are in the equation to predict severely malnourished benign lung disease patients. The highest receiver operation characteristic area under the curve was found for the PG-SGA score, BMI and weight. PG-SGA global rating, age and iron-transferring protein are in the equation for predicting disease status. The SGA and PG-SGA are appropriate for identifying malnutrition in lung disease patients. Lung cancer patients can be differentiated from benign conditions by PG-SGA.

Pathological changes at early stage of multiple organ injury in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a commonly seen acute abdominal syndrome characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and high mortality rate. The damage in peripheral organs may be more severe than that in the pancreas, and can even lead to multiple organ dysfunction. It is critical to recognize early pathological changes in multiple organs. This study aimed to assess the early pathological features of damaged organs in a rat model of SAP. METHODS: Thirty clean grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into a model control group (n=15) and a sham-operated group (n=15). The SAP rat model was induced by sodium taurocholate. Samples of blood and from multiple organs were collected 3 hours after operation. We assessed the levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1, MDA, amylases and endotoxin in blood and observed the early pathological changes in multiple damaged organs. RESULTS: Levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1 and MDA in serum and of amylase and endotoxin in plasma of the model control group rats were significantly higher than those of the sham-operated group (P<0.01). Different degrees of pathological change were observed in multiple damaged organs. CONCLUSION: Multiple organ injury may occur at the early stage of SAP in rats.

Effect of baicalin and octreotide on the expression levels of P-selectin protein in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis.

AIM: To investigate the effect of baicalin and octreotide on the expression levels of P-selectin protein in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control, baicalin-treated and octreotide-treated groups. At 3, 6 and 12 h after operation, the mortality rates of rats, the contents of plasma endotoxin as well as serum NO and ET-1, the pathological changes in multiple organs, and the expression levels of P-selectin protein in each group were observed. RESULTS: At 12 h after operation, the mortality rates of rats in treated groups were significantly lower than that in the model control group (P < 0.05), and the pathological severity scores in multiple organs in treated groups were also significantly lower than those in the model control group (P < 0.05). The contents of plasma endotoxin, serum PLA(2) (at 6 and 12 h after operation), ET-1 and NO (at 3 and 12 h after operation) in treated groups were significantly lower than those in the model control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). In the baicalin-treated group, the expression levels of P-selectin protein in liver (at 3 h after operation), kidney (at 3 and 6 h after operation), pancreas, lung and spleen were significantly lower than those in the model control group (P < 0.01). In the octreotide-treated group, the expression levels of this protein in lung, intestinal mucosa (at 6 and 12 h after operation), lymph nodes (at 3 and 6 h after operation), spleen and thymus were significantly lower than those in the model control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the products of the staining intensity and positive rate of P-selectin protein in pancreas, spleen (at 3 h after operation), intestinal mucosa (at 6 h after operation), thymus (at 6 h after operation) and lung (at 6 h after operation) in treated groups were significantly lower than those in the model control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both baicalin and octreotide can exert some protective effects on multiple organs and the former is superior to the latter in protecting pancreas. Furthermore, decreasing the expression levels of P-selectin protein in these organs is one of the possible mechanisms.

Effects of Baicalin and Octreotide on the serum TNF-alpha level and apoptosis in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis.

We investigated the effects of Baicalin and Octreotide on the levels of endotoxin and TNF-alpha in blood and the effects of apoptotic changes in multiple organs of SAP rats, and explored the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of Baicalin and Octreotide. In this study, 135 SAP rats were randomly divided into model control, Baicalin treated and Octreotide treated group (n = 45), respectively, the same number of normal rats were included in sham-operated group (n = 45). The above-mentioned groups were further subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h subgroups, respectively (15 rats in each subgroup). At 3, 6 and 12 h after operation, the mortality rate of rats, endotoxin and TNF-alpha levels in blood as well as the pathological severity scores, expression levels of Bax protein and apoptosis indexes in multiple organs were determined. Compared to model control group (1),both drugs can relieve the pathological injuries of multiple organs and decrease significantly the levels of endotoxin and TNF-alpha in blood and the mortality rate of rats in treated groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (2) the expression of Bax protein was upregulated in pancreas, lung, intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) but downregulated in spleen and lymph nodes (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) in Baicalin treated group; The apoptosis indexes significantly increased in pancreas, intestinal mucosa, lymph nodes and spleen (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) the expression of Bax protein was upregulated in pancreas and lung but downregulated in spleen and lymph nodes (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in Octreotide treated group; The apoptosis indexes significantly increased in lymph nodes and spleen in Octreotide treated group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Baicalin and Octreotide share a similar therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of SAP via a mechanism that is associated with inhibiting the levels of TNF-alpha in blood and induce apoptosis in multiple organs.

Preparation method of an ideal model of multiple organ injury of rat with severe acute pancreatitis.

AIM: To establish an ideal model of multiple organ injury of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: SAP models were induced by retrograde injection of 0.1 mL/100 g 3.5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of Sprague-Dawley rats. The plasma and samples of multiple organ tissues of rats were collected at 3, 6 and 12 h after modeling. The ascites volume, ascites/body weight ratio, and contents of amylase, endotoxin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrogen monoxidum (NO), phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma were determined. The histological changes of multiple organs were observed under light microscope. RESULTS: The ascites volume, ascites/body weight ratio, and contents of various inflammatory mediators in blood were higher in the model group than in the sham operation group at all time points [2.38 (1.10), 2.58 (0.70), 2.54 (0.71) vs 0.20 (0.04), 0.30 (0.30), 0.22 (0.10) at 3, 6 and 12 h in ascites/body weight ratio; 1582 (284), 1769 (362), 1618 (302) (U/L) vs 5303 (1373), 6276 (1029), 7538 (2934) (U/L) at 3, 6 and 12 h in Amylase; 0.016 (0.005), 0.016 (0.010), 0.014 (0.015) (EU/mL) vs 0.053 (0.029), 0.059 (0.037), 0.060 (0.022) (EU/mL) at 3, 6 and 12 h in Endotoxin; 3.900 (3.200), 4.000 (1.700), 5.300 (3.000) (ng/L) vs 41.438 (37.721), 92.151 (23.119), 65.016 (26.806) (ng/L) at 3, 6 and 12 h in TNF-alpha, all P < 0.01]. Visible congestion, edema and lamellar necrosis and massive leukocytic infiltration were found in the pancreas of rats of model group. There were also pathological changes of lung, liver, kidney, spleen, ileum, lymphonode, thymus, myocardium and brain. CONCLUSION: This rat model features reliability, convenience and a high achievement ratio. Complicated with multiple organ injury, it is an ideal animal model of SAP.