Recent advances of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for therapy of bacterial infection.

The rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance and the complicated bacterial infection microenvironments are serious obstacles to traditional antibiotic therapy. Developing novel antibacterial agents or strategy to prevent the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and enhance antibacterial efficiency is of the utmost importance. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CM-NPs) combine the characteristics of the naturally occurring membranes with those of the synthetic core materials. CM-NPs have shown considerable promise in neutralizing toxins, evading clearance by the immune system, targeting specific bacteria, delivering antibiotics, achieving responsive antibiotic released to the microenvironments, and eradicating biofilms. Additionally, CM-NPs can be utilized in conjunction with photodynamic, sonodynamic, and photothermal therapies. In this review, the process for preparing CM-NPs is briefly described. We focus on the functions and the recent advances in applications of several types of CM-NPs in bacterial infection, including CM-NPs derived from red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet, bacteria. CM-NPs derived from other cells, such as dendritic cells, genetically engineered cells, gastric epithelial cells and plant-derived extracellular vesicles are introduced as well. Finally, we place a novel perspective on CM-NPs' applications in bacterial infection, and list the challenges encountered in this field from the preparation and application standpoint. We believe that advances in this technology will reduce threats posed by bacteria resistance and save lives from infectious diseases in the future.

Fatal multiple organ dysfunction caused by commensal bacteria of urogenital tract infection in adult lung transplant recipients: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Infection following lung transplantation has been the focus of clinical concerns. The colonization rate of commensal bacteria of the urogenital tract, including Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), and herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2), is high, which may cause secondary infection after transplantation. CASE PRESENTATION: Twenty-three-year-old and 67-year-old women underwent lung transplantation for different causes. Shortly after the operation, they developed perineal skin ulcers, hypoxia, and intractable epilepsy. Subsequent computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed lung consolidation, and cranial CT showed shallowing sulci and gyri. UU and HSV-2 were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by next-generation sequencing, and HSV-2 was shown in the cerebrospinal fluid of both patients. Despite active treatment, both suffered irreversible brain function damage within 72 h of the seizure. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should know that commensal bacteria of urogenital tract infections can lead to fatal multiple organ dysfunction after lung transplantation.

The effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on type 2 diabetes remission outcomes in patients with body mass index between 25 kg/m 2 and 32.5 kg/m 2.

BACKGROUND: The effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with body mass index (BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared) higher than 25 kg/m2 but lower than 32.5 kg/m2, especially in East Asian population characterized by abdominal obesity, are still unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of LSG in T2D patients with BMI higher than 25 kg/m2 but lower than 32.5 kg/m2. METHODS: A total of 49 T2D patients with BMI(25-32.5 kg/m2) treated successfully with LSG were included in our study. The effect of LSG on T2D remission outcomes at 12 and 24 months after operation was analyzed. RESULTS: All patients were treated successfully with LSG without conversion. The mean preoperative body weight,BMI, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) and fasting C-peptide were 81.7 ± 10.0 kg, 29.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2, 10.4 ± 3.9 mmol/L,8.2 ± 1.5%, and 2.3 ± 1.1 nmol/L,respectively.The age, duration of diabetes and ABCD score were 48.6 ± 9.6 years,6.6 ± 5.1 years, and 2.9 ± 1.5. The mean fasting plasma glucose,A1c, and C-peptide levels were significantly decreased at 12 and 24 months after operation. At postoperative 24 months, 18 out of 49 patients (36.7%) reached diabetes complete remission (A1c levels≤6.0%).14 out of 49 patients (28.6%) reached partial remission (6.0% < A1c levels<6.5%). 8 out of 49 patients (16.3%) reached notable improvement (6.5% < A1c levels<7%). At 24 months after LSG, the complete remission rate of T2D patients with a BMI of 25-27.5 kg/m2 was 35.3%, the complete remission rate of patients with a BMI of 27.5-30 kg/m2 was 11.1%, and the complete remission rate of patients with a BMI of 30-32.5 kg/m2 was 47.8%.At postoperative 24 months, the complete remission rate of T2D patients with ABCD score≤2 was 5.0%, the complete remission rate of patients with ABCD score 3 to 4 was 52.4%, and the complete remission rate of patients with ABCD score≥5 was 75.0%. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that LSG could result in a significant effect on T2D in patients with BMI 30-32.5 kg/m2. In addition, our study indicates that higher ABCD score can predict a better diabetes remission outcome in diabetes patients with BMI ≤32.5 kg/m2.