Preoperative Three-Dimensional Measurement-Based Periareolar Augmentation Mastopexy: Indication and Breast Crown Approach.

SUMMARY: At present, there is no uniform and quantitative indication standard for periareolar augmentation mastopexy. The authors proposed an indication algorithm and a matched approach to delineate the outer circle, to optimize the result of this operation. Five parameters, including both implant and breast characteristics, were incorporated to form an indication algorithm based on three-dimensional measurement. The indication follows the principle that the circumference of the outer circle should be no more than two times the inner circle. To delineate the outer circle, a "crown" was made on the breast. The above approaches were used on patients who came for periareolar augmentation mastopexy from October of 2015 to January of 2019. Data analyzed included BREAST-Q score, areola diameter, the distance of the sternal notch to the nipple preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively, the distance of nipple elevation 1 year postoperatively, and complication and revision rates. A total of 28 breasts (14 patients) were included in this study. BREAST-Q scores 1-year postoperatively showed significant increases in Satisfaction with Breasts, Psychosocial Well-Being, and Sexual Well-Being ( p = 0.000). The mean areolar diameter preoperatively and postoperatively was 6.7 ± 1.2 cm and 4.6 ± 0.4 cm, respectively ( p = 0.000), and the mean sternal notch-to-nipple distance preoperatively and postoperatively was 22.2 ± 1.9 cm and 18.6 ± 1.0 cm, respectively ( p = 0.000), with an average nipple elevation of 3.2 ± 1.1 cm. The overall complication rate was 7.1 percent ( n = 2); both cases were areolar spreading. The overall revision rate was 0 percent. This preliminary study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the indication and breast crown approach in reducing complication and revision rates. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Retroperitoneal dermoid cyst mimicking a liposarcoma based on imaging assessment: case report and literature review.

Dermoid cyst is a kind of mature cystic teratoma that contains only one germ layer. It usually occurs in the head and neck, retroperitoneal dermoid cysts are uncommon. Teratomas are characterized by mixed density and features like calcification or air-fluid level. Here, we present a case of 40-year-old female with a 12.1 cm × 10.0 cm retroperitoneal fatty mass which showed no calcification and few other specific characteristics of teratoma. Thin and uniform separations were observed. On PET-CT, it was adherent to several retroperitoneal organs like left adrenal gland and left kidney, and had a close relationship with several retroperitoneal vessels like aorta, superior mesenteric arteriovenous, left superior renal artery and inferior vena cava. On PET-CT, mild 18F-FDG uptake was observed. Based on the above imaging findings, a clinical diagnosis of liposarcoma was considered. After laparotomy and open surgery transit through a left vertical incision, the histopathologic examination revealed a retroperitoneal dermoid cyst. During a 2-month follow-up, the patient recovered well without discomfort and recurrence. Comparison between dermoid cyst and liposarcoma in imaging findings was performed. In dermoid cysts, there can be thin and uniform separations, rather than linear, localized and irregular high density in liposarcoma. The difference between dermoid cyst and mature cystic teratoma is yet to be clarified. A review of clinical and histopathological features of retroperitoneal dermoid cyst was also performed to enhance the level of the diagnosis and management.

Multiple myeloma complicated by skull plasmacytoma discovered after head injury.

Plasmacytoma is a malignant tumor originating from the plasma cells of the bone marrow. Those discovered after a head injury is rare. We report a case of a 48-year-old female who complained of scalp mass without other symptoms after head injury. Meningioma was considered preoperatively based on imaging findings, and surgical resection was performed. Postoperatively, multiple myeloma complicated by skull plasmacytoma was diagnosed by histopathology and systematic examinations in succession. When evaluating a head mass that appeared after a head injury, plasmacytoma should be considered at times. Osteolytic changes and biconvex form on imaging are beneficial to differentiation.

Comorbidity Burden and Health Services Use in Community-Living Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetes frequently coexists with other conditions, resulting in poorer diabetes self-management and quality of life, higher risk for diabetes-related complications and higher health service use compared to those with diabetes only. Few Canadian studies have undertaken a comprehensive, population-level analysis of comorbidity and health service utilization by older adults with diabetes. This study examined comorbidity and its association with a broad range of health services in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults with diabetes in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: We linked multiple administrative databases to create a cohort of 448,736 older adults with diabetes, described their comorbidities and obtained their 1-year use of health services (physician visits, emergency department visits, inpatient hospital admissions, home care use, nursing home admissions). We examined comorbidity patterns by age and gender and estimated the prevalence of 20 comorbid conditions and the most common condition clusters. The association between number of comorbidities and health service use was also examined. RESULTS: More than 90% of the cohort had at least 1 comorbid condition. The number of comorbidities increased with age for both genders, and hypertension was the most common, affecting 79.1% of the cohort. Other common conditions included other cardiovascular conditions, ischemic heart disease, arthritis and anxiety. Utilization of all health services increased with the number of comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Health service use was driven by the number of comorbid conditions, including diabetes and nondiabetes-related conditions, highlighting the importance of aligning diabetes care plans with patients' comorbidities.

Rates of prenatal screening across health care regions in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: It is recommended that all pregnant women be offered screening for Down syndrome and open neural tube defects, but emerging prenatal tests that are not publicly insured may compromise access. We evaluated screening rates for publicly insured screening tests across health care regions in the province of Ontario and determined whether maternal, provider or regional characteristics are associated with screening uptake. METHODS: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study involving pregnant women in Ontario who were at or beyond 16 weeks' gestation in 2007-2009. We ascertained prenatal screening rates using linked health administrative and prenatal screening datasets. We examined maternal, provider and regional characteristics associated with screening uptake. Rate ratios (RRs) were estimated. RESULTS: Of the 264 737 women included in the study, 62.2% received prenatal screening; uptake varied considerably by region (range 27.8%-80.3%). A greater proportion of women initiated screening in the first rather than the second trimester (50.0% v. 12.2%). Factors associated with lower screening rates included living in a rural area versus an urban area (adjusted rate ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.66), receiving first-trimester care from a family physician or midwife versus an obstetrician (adjusted rate ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.90-0.92, and 0.40, 95% CI 0.38-0.43, respectively) and being in a lower income quintile (adjusted RR for lowest v. highest 0.95, 95% CI 0.94-0.96). Being an immigrant or a refugee was associated with higher screening rates. INTERPRETATION: There were significant maternal, provider and regional differences in the uptake of prenatal screening across the province. With discrepancies expected to increase with the emergence of noninvasive prenatal tests paid for out of pocket by many women, policy efforts to reduce barriers to prenatal screening and optimize its availability are warranted.

Changes in patient health outcomes from admission to discharge in acute care.

Clinical databases comprising data that are available at a national level provide the opportunity to explore the relationships between nursing interventions and patient health outcomes. This research examined baseline and changes in patient health outcomes between admission and discharge using data from 59 157 acute-care hospital-based patient records at 44 hospitals in Canada. Statistically significant improvements in all of the health outcomes were noted, with the exception of pressure ulcers. The standardized indicators offer a mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness and quality of nursing care interventions.

Reduction in Clostridium difficile infection rates after mandatory hospital public reporting: findings from a longitudinal cohort study in Canada.

BACKGROUND: The role of public reporting in improving hospital quality of care is controversial. Reporting of hospital-acquired infection rates has been introduced in multiple health care systems, but its relationship to infection rates has been understudied. Our objective was to determine whether mandatory public reporting by hospitals is associated with a reduction in hospital rates of Clostridium difficile infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a longitudinal, population-based cohort study in Ontario (Canada's largest province) between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2010. We included all patients (>1 y old) admitted to 180 acute care hospitals. Using Poisson regression, we developed a model to predict hospital- and age-specific monthly rates of C. difficile disease per 10,000 patient-days prior to introduction of public reporting on September 1, 2008. We then compared observed monthly rates of C. difficile infection in the post-intervention period with rates predicted by the pre-intervention predictive model. In the pre-intervention period there were 33,634 cases of C. difficile infection during 39,221,113 hospital days, with rates increasing from 7.01 per 10,000 patient-days in 2002 to 10.79 in 2007. In the first calendar year after the introduction of public reporting, there was a decline in observed rates of C. difficile colitis in Ontario to 8.92 cases per 10,000 patient-days, which was significantly lower than the predicted rate of 12.16 (95% CI 11.35-13.04) cases per 10,000 patient-days (p<0.001). Over this period, public reporting was associated with a 26.7% (95% CI 21.4%-31.6%) reduction in C. difficile cases, or a projected 1,970 cases averted per year (95% CI 1,476-2,500). The effect was specific to C. difficile, with rates of community-acquired gastrointestinal infections and urinary tract infections unchanged. A limitation of our study is that this observational study design cannot rule out the influence of unmeasured temporal confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Public reporting of hospital C. difficile rates was associated with a substantial reduction in the population burden of this infection. Future research will be required to discern the direct mechanism by which C. difficile infection rates may have been reduced in response to public reporting. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

Recent health care transitions and emergency department use by chronic long term care residents: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Long term care (LTC) residents commonly experience transitions between health care settings that can have important health consequences. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of recent transitions on the risk of emergency department (ED) transfer among chronic LTC residents. Two types of transitions were considered: admission into LTC and discharge from hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data from Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: All chronic LTC residents in Ontario older than 66 years on the date of the 2005 provincial LTC facility census. MEASUREMENTS: Using facility census date as baseline, admission to LTC was defined as the number of days between LTC admission and baseline. Residents were categorized as one of: newly admitted (≤30 days), shorter-stay (31-90 days), or longer-stay (≥91 days). Within each group, residents were further subdivided based on having had a recent discharge from hospital. The first ED visit for each resident during the 6-month follow-up was counted, as were death and other competing risks. The cumulative incidence of ED transfer for each group was estimated and logistic regression was used to test whether differences between groups persisted after controlling for resident characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 64,589 residents, 3.0% were newly admitted, 4.9% were shorter-stay, and 92.1% were longer-stay. The 6-month cumulative incidences of ED transfers were 35.0% for newly admitted, 30.7% for shorter-stay, and 22.0% for longer-stay. The odds of an ED transfer were higher for newly admitted and shorter-stay residents relative to longer-stay residents, even after adjustment for resident characteristics (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval 1.9, 1.7-2.1; and 1.5, 1.4-1.7, respectively). Regardless of time since LTC admission, residents with a recent discharge from hospital had a cumulative incidence of nearly 40% and an increase in the odds of ED transfer of at least 50% compared with those who had not been in hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Health care transitions, especially those from hospital, are associated with an increase in ED transfers among older chronic LTC residents. These findings highlight the need for a stronger focus on transitional care, especially posthospital care, for LTC residents.