Concurrent and longitudinal associations of dissatisfaction with height and weight, body mass index with sleep disturbance among adolescents in China.

Sleep disturbance in adolescents is a significant global public health issue that can result in various physical and mental disorders. Height and weight dissatisfaction, as subjective perceptions of body shape, are common in adolescence and may affect individuals' sleep situations. However, the association of them is unclear. This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among height dissatisfaction, weight dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and sleep disturbance in adolescents. A total of 27,260 participants completed measures of sleep disturbance, height and weight satisfaction, and BMI. The cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of height satisfaction, weight satisfaction, and BMI as well as their changes in sleep disturbance over time were tested. Height satisfaction (ps < 0.001) and weight satisfaction (ps < 0.001) were negatively associated with concurrent sleep disturbance after adjusting for socio-demographic covariates and previous sleep disturbance. Height satisfaction (ps < 0.001) and weight satisfaction (ps < 0.001) at T1 as well as their increases (ps < 0.001) over 6 months predicted decreases in sleep disturbance over time. The cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between BMI and sleep disturbance were not significant (ps > 0.42). Moreover, height dissatisfaction (ORs = 1.06 to 1.34) and weight dissatisfaction (ORs = 1.21 to 1.36) were risk factors for concurrent and long-term sleep disturbance while adjusting socio-demographic covariates and previous sleep disturbance. Greater attention to subjective perception of height satisfaction and weight satisfaction, instead of BMI is needed.

Bidirectional associations between short sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents.

This study investigates the prospective associations between short sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. This study utilized a three-timepoint repeated cross-sectional survey with two nested longitudinal subsamples. A total of 17,722 adolescents were assessed at baseline (April 21 to May 12, 2021) and six months later (December 17 to 26, 2021). Out of these, 15,694 adolescents provided complete responses to the questions at baseline and one year later (May 17 - June 6, 2022). A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure sample characteristics (at baseline), sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, and PLEs (at each assessment), and negative life events (at two follow-ups). Baseline short sleep duration and insomnia symptoms predicted frequent PLEs at both follow-up assessments. Additionally, baseline frequent PLEs also predicted insomnia symptoms at six months and one year later. However, when controlling for confounders, PLEs at baseline only predicted short sleep duration at six months, and not at one year. This study reveals bidirectional prospective relationships between short sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, and PLEs, even after controlling for covariates. Therefore, it is crucial to assess both sleep patterns and PLEs in order to promote optimal sleep and mental health among adolescents.

Visible-Light Self-Powered Photodetector with High Sensitivity Based on the Type-II Heterostructure of CdPSe3/MoS2.

Transition metal thiophosphates (MTPs) are a group of emerging van der Waals materials with widely tunable band gaps. In the MTP family, CdPSe3 is demonstrated to possess a wide energy band gap and high carrier mobility, making it a potential candidate in optoelectronic applications. Here, we reported photoelectric response behaviors of both CdPSe3- and CdPSe3/MoS2-based photodetectors (noted as CPS and CM, respectively); these showed prominent photoelectric performances, and the latter proved to be significantly superior to the former. These devices exhibited ultralow dark current at a magnitude order of 10-12 A and fine cycle and air stabilities. Compared with CPS, CM demonstrated the highest responsivity (91.12 mA/W) and detectivity (1.74 × 1011 Jones) at 5 V under 425 nm light illumination. Besides, CM showed self-powered photoelectric responses at zero bias, which was attributed to the improved separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers by the built-in electric field at the interface of the p-n junction. This work proves a prospect for the CM device in portable, self-powered optoelectronic device applications.

Prevalence, correlates, and mental health outcomes of social jetlag in Chinese school-age adolescents: A large-scale population-based study.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of social jetlag (SJL) in Chinese adolescents, as well as to test the relationships between SJL and mental health problems. METHODS: A total of 106979 students (Mage = 13.0 ± 1.8 years; Nmale = 58296 [54.5 %]) from Shenzhen, China completed an online survey from May 24th to June 5th, 2022. Information on sociodemographics, lifestyles, sleep characteristics, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariate and binary logistic regression were adopted for data analysis. RESULTS: 17.8 % of participants experienced SJL ≥ 2 h. To adjust the accumulated sleep debt, sleep-corrected SJL (SJLsc) was calculated and 8.3 % of individuals self-reported SJLsc ≥ 2 h. Both SJL and SJLsc show an increasing trend with age. Risk factors of SJL included females, poor parental marital status, being overweight, physically inactive, smoking, drinking, and having a late chronotype. Moreover, males, having siblings, boarding at school, short sleep duration, experiencing insomnia, and frequent nightmares were significantly associated with an increased risk of SJLsc. After adjusting for all covariates, adolescents with SJLsc ≥ 2 h were more likely to have anxiety symptoms (OR: 1.35, 95 % CI: 1.24-1.48) and depressive symptoms (OR: 1.35, 95 % CI: 1.25-1.46) than those with SJLsc < 1 h. CONCLUSIONS: SJL is common among Chinese school-age adolescents. This study is valuable for the development of prevention and intervention strategies for SJL in adolescents at the population level. Additionally, the strong links between SJLsc and emotional problems underscore the critical significance of addressing SJL as a key aspect of adolescent well-being.

Effects of empathy on the bidirectional relationships between problematic smartphone use and aggression among secondary school students: a moderated network approach.

Background: Existing literature on the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and aggression has primarily focused on examining their unidirectional association, with limited attention paid to the bidirectional nature of this relationship, particularly when considering the role of empathy. This study employs a novel moderated network approach to examine the bidirectional relationship between problematic smartphone use and aggression, while also investigating the moderating mechanism of empathy. Methods: A total of 2,469 students (49.1% female, Mean age = 13.83, SD age = 1.48) from 35 junior and senior high schools in Harbin, China, participated in this study. Empathy level, aggressiveness, and PSU symptoms were assessed using the Basic Empathy Scale, the Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire, and the Mobile Phone Addiction Index. Results: Analysis revealed that the relationship between PSU and aggression was complex and bidirectional. The strongest association was observed between "hostility" and "withdrawal/escape". In addition, "anger" had the highest Expected Influence (EI) in both affective and cognitive moderate network models. An important discovery was also made regarding the conditional effect of "productive loss" and "physical aggression" across different levels of affective empathy. Specifically, at lower levels of affective empathy, a positive bidirectional relationship was found between "productive loss" and "physical aggression". However, this relationship turned negative and bidirectional at higher levels of affective empathy. Conclusion: The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics between PSU and aggression and highlight the need for targeted interventions that promote affective empathy to mitigate the negative consequences of excessive smartphone use.

The impact of long-term online learning on social anxiety and problematic smartphone use symptoms among secondary school students with different levels of fear of missing out: Evidence from a symptom network and longitudinal panel network analysis.

Background: The advancement of communication technology and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an increased reliance on online education. However, the effects of the long-term use of smart devices for online learning on students' social anxiety and problematic smartphone use (PSU) and the role of fear of missing out (FoMO) in this process have yet to be fully explored. Methods: This study analysed longitudinal data from 2,356 high school students (female = 1,137 (48.26%), mean age = 13.84, SD age = 1.37) in China, divided into high- and low-FoMO groups based on their scores on the FoMO scale, to examine the impact of four months of online learning on social anxiety and PSU. The Social Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) were used to assess social anxiety and PSU symptoms. Results: The undirected symptom networks revealed more bridge symptoms among the students in the high-FoMO group, although their overall symptom scores decreased. The results of the directed cross-lagged panel networks showed that "productivity loss" predicted other symptoms in the low-FoMO group but that "afraid of negative evaluation" was the predictor in the high-FoMO group. Meanwhile, "withdrawal/escape" and "productivity loss" were the symptoms that were most affected by other symptoms in the high-FoMO and low-FoMO groups, respectively. Conclusions: The current study therefore sheds light on the changes in social anxiety and PSU symptoms among secondary school students during long-term online learning, as well as the moderating role of FoMO.

Tobacco smoking, second-hand smoking exposure in relation to psychotic-like experiences in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Previous literature supports that tobacco smoking and second-hand smoking (SHS) exposure were strongly associated with poor mental health in the general population. However, there is a lack of empirical data on the relationship between tobacco smoking, SHS exposure and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). This study conducted a cross-sectional survey to explore PLEs and the associations of PLEs with tobacco smoking and SHS exposure among adolescents in China. METHODS: A total sample of 67 182 Chinese adolescents were recruited from Guangdong province in China (53.7% boys, mean age = 12.79 years) from December 17 to 26, 2021. All adolescents have completed self-reported questionnaires on demographic characteristics, smoking status, SHS exposure and PLEs. RESULTS: Within the sample, only 1.2% of participants had an experience of tobacco smoking while approximately three-fifths reported being exposed to SHS. 10.7% of adolescents reported frequent PLEs over the past month. Adolescents who smoked showed a higher prevalence of PLEs than in non-smoking samples. After controlling for confounders, SHS exposure was a robust risk factor for PLEs with or without the effect of tobacco smoking. DISCUSSION: These findings support the importance of smoke-free legislation, and anti-smoking measures in educational settings directed at both adolescents and their caregiver, which may decrease occurring rates of PLEs among adolescents.

Mapping network connection and direction between anxiety and depression symptoms across the early, middle, and late adolescents: Insights from a large Chinese sample.

Depression and anxiety are two mental disorders prevailing among adolescents. However, issues regarding the trajectory of depression and anxiety are still controversial on both the disease and symptom dimensions. The novel method of network analysis was used to provide insight into the symptom dimension. 20,544 adolescents (female = 10,743, 52.3%) aged between 14 and 24 years (age mean ± sd = 16.9 ± 2.94) were divided into three subgroups according to age so that the course of depression and anxiety could be traced. Network analysis and the Bayesian network model were used in the current study. The results indicated that uncontrollable worry - excessive worry was the most significant edge for all adolescents, whereas concentration - motor had the highest edge weights for early adolescents, and anhedonia - energy was the most critical pairwise symptom for middle and late adolescents. Irritability can bridge anxiety and depression in the early and middle stages of adolescence, while suicide plays a bridging role in the early and late stages of adolescence. Restlessness and guilt can bridge anxiety and depression in middle- and late-stage adolescents, and feeling afraid plays a unique role in middle-stage adolescents. Except for sad mood, which can trigger middle adolescents' anxiety and depression, the other three subgroups were mainly triggered by nervousness. In addition, all results in our current study were shown to be stable and accurate. In treatment, targeting central and triggering symptoms at different stages of adolescence may be critical to alleviating the comorbidity of anxiety and depression.

Prospective network of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms across adolescent survivors with distinct trajectories of PTSD: A cohort study of the Wenchuan earthquake.

There are multiple trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following disasters. Unraveling the patterns of interactions between PTSD symptoms across distinct PTSD trajectories is crucial. This study was aimed at investigating the temporal sequences, changes, and predictive symptoms in PTSD networks over time across distinct PTSD trajectory groups. Data were exacted from the Wenchuan Earthquake Adolescent Health Cohort (WEAHC) study. The current study included 1022 adolescents (424 males) who participated in follow-up surveys at 12 months and 24 months post-earthquake. Self-reported PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale. The between-person network revealed significant differences across distinct trajectories. In the chronic dysfunction group, "Intrusive thoughts" had the strongest value in predicting on other PTSD symptoms. In contrast, "Difficulty in study or work" in the recovery group and "Physiological cue reactivity" in the resistance group were highly associated with the remission of other PTSD symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of "Difficulty in study or work" and "Physiological cue reactivity" for promoting the spontaneous remission of PTSD and further suggest that "Intrusive thoughts" maybe helpful to minimize the subsequent presence of other PTSD symptoms. Future research should investigate the causality and associations between within-person networks.

Network Analysis of Health-related Behaviors, Insomnia, and Depression Among Urban Left-behind Adolescents in China.

Mental health of urban left-behind adolescents (LBA) is a public issue of growing concern. This study aims to examine the symptom level associations among multiple health-related behaviors, insomnia, and depression in urban LBA. Data on a sample of urban LBA aged 11-19 (N = 3,601) from the Adolescent Mental Health Survey in Shenzhen, China, were used. Health-related behaviors (i.e., Internet use, physical inactivity, social jetlag, smoking, and alcohol consumption), insomnia, and depressive symptoms were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Graphical Gaussian Model (GGM) was used to describe key bridging nodes in an undirected network. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) was used to construct a directed network and estimate the most likely causal associations among behaviors/symptoms. In the undirected network, Internet use was identified as the key bridging node most strongly associated with insomnia and depression. Two other key bridging nodes include difficulty initiating sleep and appetite change. In the directed network, anhedonia emerged as the most pivotal symptom, which could cause insomnia symptoms and behavioral changes, either directly, or through triggering other depressive symptoms, such as low energy and appetite change. These findings have implications for understanding the occurrence and maintenance process of health-related behaviors, insomnia, and depression in urban LBA. In practice, Internet use should be considered a priority in targeting multiple health behavior interventions. Meanwhile, early screening and treatment for anhedonia are of great significance as well.

The Impact of Long-Term Online Learning on Internet Addiction Symptoms among Depressed Secondary School Students: Insights from a Cross-Panel Network Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic and the shift to online learning have increased the risk of Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents, especially those who are depressed. This study aims to identify the core symptoms of IA among depressed adolescents using a cross-lagged panel network framework, offering a fresh perspective on understanding the interconnectedness of IA symptoms. METHODS: Participants completed the Internet addiction test and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A total of 2415 students were initially included, and after matching, only 342 students (a cutoff score of 8) were retained for the final data analysis. A cross-lagged panel network analysis was conducted to examine the autoregressive and cross-lagged trajectories of IA symptoms over time. RESULTS: The incidence rate of depression rose remarkably from 14.16% (N = 342) to 17.64% (N = 426) after the four-month online learning. The symptom of "Anticipation" exhibited the highest out-expected influence within the IA network, followed by "Stay online longer" and "Job performance or productivity suffer". Regarding the symptom network of depression, "Job performance or productivity suffer" had the highest in-expected influence, followed by "Life boring and empty", "Snap or act annoyed if bothered", "Check email/SNS before doing things", and "School grades suffer". No significant differences were found in global network strength and network structure between waves 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: These findings prove the negative effects of online learning on secondary students' mental health and have important implications for developing more effective interventions and policies to mitigate IA levels among depressed adolescents undergoing online learning.

Centrality depression-anxiety symptoms linked to suicidal ideation among depressed college students--A network approach.

The long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have caused severe mental health problems among college students, which can eventually cause suicidal ideation. Therefore, through network analysis, this study aims to explore the new characteristics of the depression-anxiety symptom network that arose during the long-term lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the most influential symptoms linked to suicidal ideation. We used a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score above 10 as the cutoff and screened 622 participants with an inclination toward depressive disorders from 7976 college students, and then divided the sample into suicidal and nonsuicidal groups based on the presence or absence of suicidal ideation. The General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) was also used. Network analysis was used to identify the network structure of anxiety-depression and which symptoms were directly related to suicidal ideation in the network. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among Chinese college students in the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic was 7.8% and 17.8%, respectively. The most central symptoms in the nonsuicidal group were "excessive worry," "uncontrollable worry," and "nervousness," and in the suicidal group they were "excessive worry," "motor function," and "irritability." The network of the suicidal group was denser than that of the nonsuicidal group. The most influential symptom directly related to suicidal ideation was "guilt." The most influential central symptom of depression-anxiety comorbidity characteristics of Chinese adolescents showed a tendency to shift from depression-oriented (i.e., sad mood) to anxiety-oriented (i.e., excessive worry) with the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Treatments or interventions focused on these critical symptoms could be useful in preventing college students from suicide risk.

The More, the Better? Social Capital Profiles and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Past research suggests that offline and online social capital are empirically linked to adolescent psychological adjustment. However, little is known regarding the implications of distinctive combinations of social capital for adolescent internalizing symptoms. The present study aimed to examine adolescent social capital patterns and their associations with internalizing symptoms by using latent profile analysis. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among 1595 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 14.30 years, 50.7% male). All adolescents completed self-report questionnaires on their perceived offline and online social capital, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles of social capital: (1) Low Social Capital, (2) Moderate Social Capital, (3) High Social Capital, and (4) Only High Offline Social Capital. Further, analysis of covariance demonstrated that the Only High Offline Social Capital profile had significantly fewer internalizing symptoms than other three profiles. No statistical differences of internalizing symptoms were found between the other three profiles, except that the Moderate Social Capital profile showed fewer anxiety symptoms than the Low Social Capital profile. These findings suggest that more social capital does not equal to better mental health status. The social capital profiles and their associations with adolescent internalizing symptoms may provide practitioners with meaningful implications regarding the role of offline and online social capital in adolescent psychological adjustment.

Relationship between sleep disturbance and burnout among Chinese urban teachers: Moderating roles of resilience.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbance and burnout are prevalent among primary and secondary school teachers. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between sleep disturbance and burnout, and the mechanisms connecting this link. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between sleep disturbance and burnout among urban teachers, as well as to investigate this influencing mechanism further with resilience as a moderator. METHODS: 14,218 primary and secondary school teachers provided valid data. We assessed demographic information, sleep disturbance, burnout, and resilience. Multivariable logistic regression, Spearman correlation, and moderation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between sleep disturbance and burnout and the moderating role of resilience. RESULTS: Of the participants, the prevalence of sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation among teachers was 20.0% and 31.7%, respectively. Additionally, 58.4% of teachers reported moderate or severe burnout, and 15.3% had both sleep disturbance and burnout. Sleep disturbance was significant and positively related to burnout. Resilience was found to moderate the association between sleep disturbance and burnout. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested strong associations between sleep disturbance and burnout. Interventions in improving resilience may protect teachers with sleep disturbance from burnout.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines with mental health problems among Chinese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (recommendations for the optimal amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration per day) and mental health problems among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A two-wave longitudinal survey was conducted in Huizhou, Guangdong province. A total of 906 junior high school students were recruited in the six-month follow-up survey. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 score), and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score) were measured using a self-administered questionnaire. At baseline, participants were classified as meeting: 1) no recommendation, 2) one recommendation, 3) two recommendations, or 4) all three recommendations. RESULTS: Overall, the proportions of adolescents meeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep recommendations at T1 were 33.3%, 68.2%, and 64.7%, respectively. Cross-sectionally, the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms at T1 significantly decreased as the number of recommendations met increased (adjusted regression coefficients [95% CI] for three recommendations met versus none: -2.80 [-4.05, -1.55] and - 3.42 [-4.85, -1.99], respectively). Longitudinally, adolescents who met three recommendations at T1 displayed lower anxiety and depressive symptoms six months later than those who did not (adjusted regression coefficients [95% CI]: -1.00 [-1.98, -0.02] and - 1.43 [-2.53, -0.32], respectively). Furthermore, meeting three recommendations was associated with the alleviation of depressive symptoms (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 0.39 [0.17, 0.90]). CONCLUSIONS: Promoting adolescents to adhere to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines could be considered an intervention target for mental health problems at a population level.

Associations Between Family Function and Non-suicidal Self-injury Among Chinese Urban Adolescents with and Without Parental Migration.

The study aims to explore the effect of family function on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among Chinese urban adolescents with and without parental migration. Between April 21st to May 12th, 2021, adolescents were recruited from Shenzhen city of Guangdong province, China (n = 124,357). Of all the participants, 22,855 (18.4%) were left-behind children (LBC). Family function, NSSI, depression, and socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a series of self-reported questionnaires. Urban LBC had a higher NSSI frequency, while a lower level of family function than non-LBC. After controlling for confounders, parental migration was significantly associated with NSSI, and family dysfunction was a robust risk factor for NSSI as well. The protective effect of family function on NSSI of LBC was stronger than non-LBC. This implies that children with higher levels of family function tend to exhibit a lower frequency of NSSI, especially in those with parental migration. In practice, adolescents' NSSI prevention and intervention strategies should focus on improving family function.

Associations of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms with depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: A large population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms with depressive symptoms among adolescents. METHODS: A total of 37,871 junior high students completed an online survey between May 24th and Jun 5th, 2022. Insomnia symptoms were assessed by three items based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Social jetlag and depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire, respectively. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore the relationship between social jetlag and depressive symptoms. Joint effects of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms on depressive symptoms were estimated using additive interaction models. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 13.1%. Depressive symptoms were more common in adolescents with social jetlag ≥2 h (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.39-1.65) and insomnia symptoms (OR: 6.91, 95% CI: 6.41-7.44). There was a J-shaped relationship between social jetlag and depressive symptoms when we took social jetlag as a continuous variable. Moreover, a positive additive interaction of social jetlag ≥2 h and insomnia symptoms on depressive symptoms was found in female adolescents (RERI: 2.30, 95% CI: 0.11-4.49). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that social jetlag ≥2 h and insomnia are related to the occurrence of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Their coexistence additively enhances the strength of the association with depressive symptoms. Early screening and intervention for insomnia, as well as methods to reduce social jetlag, should be comprised as part of preventive strategies for depression in adolescents.

Effects of personal relative deprivation on the relationship between anger rumination and aggression during and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A longitudinal moderated network approach.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have demonstrated a directional link between rage rumination and aggression. However, recent research suggests that this relationship is bidirectional. The current study examined the complex relationships between anger rumination and aggression using a moderated network approach in a longitudinal design while considering personal relative deprivation. METHOD: A total of 665 participants (59.25% female, agemean±SD = 19.01 ± 1.25) were enrolled at two-time points. Assessments included self-report measures of the Anger Rumination Scale, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Relative Deprivation Scale. A Moderated Network Model (MMN) was used to test the complex links among anger rumination, aggression, and personal relative deprivation. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the link between anger rumination and aggression was complex and bidirectional. Notably, as the level of personal relative deprivation increased, verbal aggression had a positive conditional effect on anger afterthoughts in Wave 2, and thoughts of revenge had a positive conditional effect on verbal aggression in Wave 2. Moreover, as the first discovery, anger afterthoughts and anger had a negative conditional effect on each other across levels of personal relative deprivation in Wave 2. In addition, network comparison indicates that the MNMs structure was significantly different across timepoints, implying that anger rumination and aggression were inextricably linked in college students during isolation and that this complicated relationship was weakened after isolation. CONCLUSIONS: This study deepens our understanding of the bidirectional relationships between anger rumination and aggression and recognizes the moderating role of personal relative deprivation.

Comparing the centrality symptoms of major depressive disorder samples across junior high school students, senior high school students, college students and elderly adults during city lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic-A network analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, in the view of network analysis, depression has been conceptualized as a complex and dynamic network model combining individual symptoms. To date, no studies have systematically examined and compared depressive symptom networks across different populations. METHODS: A total of 36,105 participants were recruited and asked to complete the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among junior high school students, senior high school students, college students, and elderly adults who were more susceptible to depression during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. In the analysis, we applied the optimal cutoff score ≥ 8 for students and a score ≥ 6 for elderly adults to identify 5830 participants who were likely to be depressed. The index of "strength" was used to identify central symptoms in the network structure. RESULTS: The results showed that Sad Mood was the most central symptom among junior high school students, senior high school students, and college students, but the most central symptom in the elderly was Guilt. Among the top three central symptoms, Suicide Ideation was unique to senior high school students, while Anhedonia was most prevalent among college students. Guilt - Suicide Ideation, Anhedonia - Energy, Anhedonia - Sad Mood, and Sleep - Energy showed the strongest association among junior and senior high school students, college students, and elderly adults, respectively. NCT (i.e., Network Comparison Test) suggested that the network's global connectivity was ultimately inconsistent, but the network structure remained roughly intact. CONCLUSION: In treatment, targeting central symptoms may be critical to alleviating depression.

Sleep disturbance is predictive of psychotic-like experiences among adolescents: A two-wave longitudinal survey.

PURPOSE: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are prevalent among adolescents and are the most significant predictor of future mental disorders. This study aims to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sleep disturbance and PLEs in a large cohort of adolescents. METHODS: The 17,722 adolescents in our study were assessed from April 21 to May 12, 2021 (Time 1, T1) and again 6 months later from December 17 to 26, 2021 (Time 2, T2). The Youth Self Rating Insomnia Scale and 8-item Positive Subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences were used to assess sleep and PLEs, respectively. Sample characteristics and depression were also evaluated at T1, and negative life events were measured at T2. Sleep duration ≤6 h per night was considered as sleep deprivation, and sleep disturbance was defined as having insomnia or poor sleep quality. RESULTS: The prevalence of sleep disturbance and frequent PLEs at T1 were 14.1% and 14.5%, respectively. Sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation at T1 were significantly associated with increased risk for PLEs at T2 after adjusting for sample characteristics, depression, and negative life events. Furthermore, sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation also predicted the new onset and persistence of PLEs. CONCLUSION: Sleep disturbance predicts the development and persistence of PLEs. Early assessment and treatment of sleep disturbance may therefore contribute to a comprehensive strategy for the successful prevention and treatment of PLEs in adolescents.