[Epidemiological study on the status of HIV/STDs and relative behaviors among MSM in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the infected status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted disease (STD) and relative risk behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing. METHODS: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was adopted to recruit target population and to conduct behavior and serological studies among MSM. RDSAT 5.5 was used to analyze data. RESULTS: Among 427 MSM, the age distribution was as follows: below 30 and less than 35 were 65.4% and 81.0% respectively. 69.2% (95% CI: 63.9-75.5) of them had 12 years or less of education. 73.3% (95% CI: 66.7-79.8) of them were non-Beijing registered residents. The urban and rural registered residents almost accounted for half of all the recruits. HIV positive rate was 4.6% (95% CI: 2.2-7.6) while 56.3% (95% CI: 50.9-62.5) of them reported having had bisexual sex preference. Only 14.8% (95% CI: 10.8-19.6) of them had ever had HIV test, while 22.8% (95% CI: 18.7-27.8) reported ever having had STDs. 55.3% (95% CI: 49.3-61.9) and 55.1% (95% CI: 48.7-61.3) of them had unprotected insert and receptive anal sex over the last 6 months. CONCLUSION: Data from the HIV positive rate showed that there was a trend of increase among MSM in Beijing which called for urgent care to them.

Epidemiological study on the status of HIV/STDs and relative behaviors among MSM in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the infected status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted disease (STD) and relative risk behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was adopted to recruit target population and to conduct behavior and serological studies among MSM. RDSAT 5.5 was used to analyze data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 427 MSM, the age distribution was as follows: below 30 and less than 35 were 65.4% and 81.0% respectively. 69.2% (95% CI: 63.9-75.5) of them had 12 years or less of education. 73.3% (95% CI: 66.7-79.8) of them were non-Beijing registered residents. The urban and rural registered residents almost accounted for half of all the recruits. HIV positive rate was 4.6% (95% CI: 2.2-7.6) while 56.3% (95% CI: 50.9-62.5) of them reported having had bisexual sex preference. Only 14.8% (95% CI: 10.8-19.6) of them had ever had HIV test, while 22.8% (95% CI: 18.7-27.8) reported ever having had STDs. 55.3% (95% CI: 49.3-61.9) and 55.1% (95% CI: 48.7-61.3) of them had unprotected insert and receptive anal sex over the last 6 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Data from the HIV positive rate showed that there was a trend of increase among MSM in Beijing which called for urgent care to them.</p>

Life table analysis of infant mortality and feto-infant mortality distributed on causes of death in Denmark 1983-1987.

The survival function of 263,322 singletons of the 1983-1987 Danish birth cohorts (262,159 liveborn and 1163 stillborn babies) with mortality distributed on functional groups of underlying causes of death is presented in two graphic forms on the basis of Kaplan-Meier estimates. About half of all first-day deaths in liveborn babies occurred during the first 4 hours. More than half of all first-week deaths happened during the first day. More than half of all deaths from 31 weeks to 76 weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) were either fetal deaths prior to the onset of labour unexplained by fetal factors or unexplained sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths. Graphic presentation of feto-infant mortality distributed on functional cause-of-death groups improved the expression of the relative contribution and timing of the different causes of deaths. Despite a high autopsy rate and a uniform coding practice the distribution on causes of deaths from register data should be interpreted with caution. Full use of the feto-infant approach is only achieved with data which include late abortions. Thus the feto-infant approach is of special interest in countries which have registers of live births and fetal deaths from week 22 of gestation or earlier. The integration of the life table approach and analysis of underlying causes of deaths should be further explored as a way of utilizing vital statistic databases for the evaluation of perinatal care.

[The use of free maternal preventive services among immigrant pregnant women in Denmark during 1983-1987]. / Gravide indvandrerkvinders brug af det svangreprofylaktiske tilbud i Danmark 1983-1987.

As part of an investigation of immigrants' living conditions in Denmark, we have investigated how pregnant immigrant women utilize the possibility of free examinations during pregnancy. The study is based on data on all deliveries in Denmark in the years 1983-1987, retrieved from the Danish Medical Birth Registry concerning parturient women with permanent address in Denmark and who were born in either one of the Scandinavian countries, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Pakistan, Marocco, Iran of Vietnam. The women born outside Scandinavia gave birth to about 6,500 infants during the study period; roughly half of these were borne by Turkish women. The largest percentage of young parturients were found among women from Turkey and Yugoslavia. Pakistani and Maroccan mothers had higher parity. These two groups were especially concentrated in the municipality of Copenhagen, where half of the parturient women lived. A few lived in the remainder of the country while a total of 85% lived in the metropolitan area. Four out of ten pregnant Turkish or Pakistani women had been examined by a midwife less than the five times recommended. Among those living in the metropolitan area. Danish women have an average total of almost 11 examinations compared to 8.2-8.9 among immigrants. The conclusion of the study is that the immigrant women have less contact with the free antenatal care system during their pregnancies than the Scandinavian women and that the differences are greatest when examinations by the midwife were concerned. Further discussion on antenatal care in Denmark, is required.

[Labor complications and interventions in immigrant and Danish women during the period 1983-1987]. / Fødselskomplikationer og indgreb blandt indvandrerkvinder og danske kvinder i perioden 1983-1987.

Based on data retrieved from the Danish Medical Birth Register, deliveries among Danish and immigrant women were compared in the years 1983-1987. The women were divided into two groups, primiparous and multiparous, and then compared by frequency and type of complications and interventions during labour. Five hospitals in the Copenhagen area were selected and more than 40,000 women were included in the survey. About 3,500 were from Yugoslavia, Turkey, Pakistan and Morocco and the remainder were from Denmark. An increased frequency of complications and interventions during labour was recorded among primiparous in comparison to multiparous during the period. This observation was not related to nationality. Stimulation of labour by intravenous drugs was more frequent among immigrant women than Danish women and was particular frequent among Moroccan and Pakistani women. Among these nationalities higher frequencies of complications were not recorded and the use of intravenous drugs did not imply more instrumental deliveries. It is presumed that one of the reasons why the use of intravenous drugs is more frequent among immigrant women is due to a feeling of insecurity during labour. This might be caused by defective communication between the woman in labour and the midwife. The subject calls for closer investigations based on case records and the women's own experiences. The necessities for special training of immigrant women and staff members in maternity wards are pointed out.

[Traffic accidents load on the Danish hospital system]. / Trafikuheldenes belastning af sygehusvaesenet.

During 1984, the police registered 14,383 injured persons resulting from traffic accidents. A total of 7,093 of these could be found again in the National Patient Register. The National Patient Register had further information about 8,095 persons who had been injured in traffic accidents. The total number of persons injured in traffic accidents in 1984 increases thus by 56% when these two registers are combined. Traffic accidents in 1984 were responsible for at least 204,020 bed-days. This corresponds to occupation of 716 of the beds in Danish hospitals throughout the year by the victims of traffic accidents. One third of these beds are occupied by the drivers/passengers of private cars, vans etc. The average number of bed-days is 13.4. Pedestrians have the longest periods of hospitalization with 24.1 per accident and cyclists have the shortest periods of hospitalization with 8.3 days per accident.

[Abnormalities among newborn children born to immigrants in Denmark in the period 1983-1987]. / Misdannelser blandt nyfødte indvandrerbørn i Danmark 1983-1987.

It has recently been discussed whether there was a higher incidence of congenital malformations among newborns of immigrant mothers than among Danish infants. The study is based on information retrieved from two registries in the Danish National Board of Health, both with national coverage: The Medical Birth Register and the Register of Congenital Malformations. All livebirths in Denmark, born to women from Denmark, Scandinavia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Pakistan, Morocco, Iran and Vietnam in the years 1983-1987, more than 240,000 infants, were included. When comparing the birth prevalence of congenital malformations in the various groups, the observed rate is corrected for maternal age and parity distribution, fathers' occupation (indicating the social position) and county of delivery, as ascertainment varies between hospitals. This part of the analysis did not support the observation of an increased incidence among offspring of immigrant women. A more detailed analysis, based on a multiplicative Poisson-model, compares the three largest groups: Danish, Turkish and Pakistani mothers. Evaluating the influence of maternal age, father's occupation and county of delivery, the result is that the differences observed can, to a large degree, be explained by these three factors, especially the county of delivery. The remaining differences are no larger than can be explained as random. We were thus unable to support the debated observation on a higher incidence of congenital malformations among infants born to immigrant mothers.

A statistical analysis of the seasonality in sudden infant death syndrome.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has a characteristic peak incidence in the winter months and a peak incidence at the age of two to four months. The present study examines whether the seasonality is related to the time of birth-the time of death or both. The data for the study relates to 116 cases of SIDS, representing 95% of all registered cases of SIDS in eastern Denmark in a three-year period 1981 to 1983. They were all autopsied at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen and evaluated by the same people. The framework of the analysis is a multiplicative Poisson-model with three sets of parameters describing the effects of the age of the infant, the time of death and the time of birth. The analysis proved the seasonality related alone to the time of death. An identical analysis was performed for 123 infants who in the period 1973-83 in eastern Denmark died from infectious diseases. In these cases no significant effect of the month of birth or the month of death was shown.