Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 22
Filtrar
3.
Addiction ; 113(10): 1785-1786, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29573364
4.
Behav Brain Sci ; 41: e142, 2018 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31064554

RESUMO

Direct replications are not always affordable or feasible, and for some phenomena they are impossible. In such situations, methods of blinded data analysis can help minimize p-hacking and confirmation bias, increasing our confidence in a study's results.


Assuntos
Pesquisa
6.
Annu Rev Law Soc Sci ; 13(1): 181-202, 2017 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34045931

RESUMO

Public support for legalizing marijuana use increased from 25% in 1995 to 60% in 2016, rising in lockstep with support for same-sex marriage. Between November 2012 and November 2016, voters in eight states passed ballot initiatives to legalize marijuana sales for nonmedical purposes-covering one-fifth of the US population. These changes are unprecedented but are not independent of the changes in medical marijuana laws that have occurred over the past 20 years. This article suggests five ways in which the passage and implementation of medical marijuana laws smoothed the transition to nonmedical legalization in the United States: (a) They demonstrated the efficacy of using voter initiatives to change marijuana supply laws, (b) enabled the psychological changes needed to destabilize the "war on drugs" policy stasis, (c) generated an evidence base that could be used to downplay concerns about nonmedical legalization, (d) created a visible and active marijuana industry, and (e) revealed that the federal government would allow state and local jurisdictions to generate tax revenue from marijuana.

7.
Psychol Sci Public Interest ; 16(3): 75-109, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26635334

RESUMO

The May 2015 release of the report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing highlighted a fundamental change in the issues dominating discussions about policing in America. That change has moved discussions away from a focus on what is legal or effective in crime control and toward a concern for how the actions of the police influence public trust and confidence in the police. This shift in discourse has been motivated by two factors-first, the recognition by public officials that increases in the professionalism of the police and dramatic declines in the rate of crime have not led to increases in police legitimacy, and second, greater awareness of the limits of the dominant coercive model of policing and of the benefits of an alternative and more consensual model based on public trust and confidence in the police and legal system. Psychological research has played an important role in legitimating this change in the way policymakers think about policing by demonstrating that perceived legitimacy shapes a set of law-related behaviors as well as or better than concerns about the risk of punishment. Those behaviors include compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. These findings demonstrate that legal authorities gain by a focus on legitimacy. Psychological research has further contributed by articulating and demonstrating empirical support for a central role of procedural justice in shaping legitimacy, providing legal authorities with a clear road map of strategies for creating and maintaining public trust. Given evidence of the benefits of legitimacy and a set of guidelines concerning its antecedents, policymakers have increasingly focused on the question of public trust when considering issues in policing. The acceptance of a legitimacy-based consensual model of police authority building on theories and research studies originating within psychology illustrates how psychology can contribute to the development of evidence-based policies in the field of criminal law.


Assuntos
Direito Penal/legislação & jurisprudência , Jurisprudência , Aplicação da Lei , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Justiça Social , Confiança/psicologia , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Estados Unidos
12.
Behav Brain Sci ; 37(1): 88-90, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24572230

RESUMO

I compare the collective behavior map proposed by Bentley et al. ("BOB" for short) with a similar "balance of pressures" (BOP) map proposed by MacCoun (2012). The BOB and BOP maps have important points of convergence, but also some differences. The comparison suggests that they are analogous to different map "projections" for maps of Earth - different ways of simplifying a complex reality.


Assuntos
Coleta de Dados , Tomada de Decisões , Comportamento Social , Rede Social , Humanos
13.
Front Psychiatry ; 4: 153, 2013 Nov 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24324446

RESUMO

There is a perennial expert debate about the criteria to be included or excluded for the DSM diagnoses of substance use dependence. Yet analysts routinely report evidence for the unidimensionality of the resulting checklist. If in fact the checklist is unidimensional, the experts are wrong that the criteria are distinct, so either the experts are mistaken or the reported unidimensionality is spurious. I argue for the latter position, and suggest that the traditional reflexive measurement model is inappropriate for the DSM; a formative measurement model would be a more accurate characterization of the institutional process by which the checklist is created, and a network or causal model would be a more appropriate foundation for a scientifically grounded diagnostic system.

14.
Law Hum Behav ; 36(2): 96-108, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22471414

RESUMO

Citizens awaiting jury service were asked a series of items, in Likert format, to determine their endorsement of various statements about principles to use in setting child support amounts. These twenty items were derived from extant child support systems, from past literature and from Ellman and Ellman's (2008) Theory of Child Support. The twenty items were found to coalesce into four factors (principles). There were pervasive gender differences in respondent's endorsement of the principles. More importantly, three of these four principles were systematically reflected, in very rational (if complex) ways, in the respondents' resolution of the individual child support cases they were asked to decide. Differences among respondents in their endorsement of these three principles accounted for differences in their patterns of child support judgments. It is suggested that the pattern of coherent arbitrariness (Ariely et al., Q J Econ 118(1):73-105, 2003) in those support judgments, noted in an earlier study (Ellman, Braver, & MacCoun, 2009) is thus partially explained, in that the seeming arbitrariness of respondents' initial support judgments reflect in part their differing views about the basic principles that should decide the cases.


Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Intuição , Jurisprudência , Compensação e Reparação/legislação & jurisprudência , Coleta de Dados , Família , Humanos , Princípios Morais
16.
Psychol Rev ; 119(2): 345-72, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22352358

RESUMO

Social influence rises with the number of influence sources, but the proposed relationship varies across theories, situations, and research paradigms. To clarify this relationship, I argue that people share some sense of where the "burden of social proof" lies in situations where opinions or choices are in conflict. This suggests a family of models sharing 2 key parameters, one corresponding to the location of the influence threshold, and the other reflecting its clarity--a factor that explains why discrete "tipping points" are not observed more frequently. The plausibility and implications of this account are examined using Monte Carlo and cellular automata simulations and the relative fit of competing models across classic data sets in the conformity, group deliberation, and social diffusion literatures.


Assuntos
Modelos Teóricos , Psicologia Social/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Social , Mudança Social , Conformidade Social , Simulação por Computador , Consenso , Comportamento de Ajuda , Humanos , Comportamento Imitativo , Liderança , Comportamento de Massa
17.
Addiction ; 107(5): 865-71, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21985069

RESUMO

AIMS: No modern jurisdiction has ever legalized commercial production, distribution and possession of cannabis for recreational purposes. This paper presents insights about the effect of legalization on production costs and consumption and highlights important design choices. METHODS: Insights were uncovered through our analysis of recent legalization proposals in California. The effect on the cost of producing cannabis is largely based on existing estimates of current wholesale prices, current costs of producing cannabis and other legal agricultural goods, and the type(s) of production that will be permitted. The effect on consumption is based on production costs, regulatory regime, tax rate, price elasticity of demand, shape of the demand curve and non-price effects (e.g. change in stigma). RESULTS: Removing prohibitions on producing and distributing cannabis will dramatically reduce wholesale prices. The effect on consumption and tax revenues will depend on many design choices, including: the tax level, whether there is an incentive for a continued black market, whether to tax and/or regulate cannabinoid levels, whether there are allowances for home cultivation, whether advertising is restricted, and how the regulatory system is designed and adjusted. CONCLUSIONS: The legal production costs of cannabis will be dramatically below current wholesale prices, enough so that taxes and regulation will be insufficient to raise retail price to prohibition levels. We expect legalization will increase consumption substantially, but the size of the increase is uncertain since it depends on design choices and the unknown shape of the cannabis demand curve.


Assuntos
Cannabis , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Drogas Ilícitas/legislação & jurisprudência , Fumar Maconha/legislação & jurisprudência , Publicidade/economia , Publicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/legislação & jurisprudência , California , Comércio , Política de Saúde/economia , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/economia , Drogas Ilícitas/provisão & distribuição , Fumar Maconha/economia , Impostos/economia , Impostos/legislação & jurisprudência
18.
Addiction ; 106(11): 1899-910, 2011 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21906196

RESUMO

AIMS: To examine the empirical consequences of officially tolerated retail sales of cannabis in the Netherlands, and possible implications for the legalization debate. METHODS: Available Dutch data on the prevalence and patterns of use, treatment, sanctioning, prices and purity for cannabis dating back to the 1970s are compared to similar indicators in Europe and the United States. RESULTS: The available evidence suggests that the prevalence of cannabis use among Dutch citizens rose and fell as the number of coffeeshops increased and later declined, but only modestly. The coffeeshops do not appear to encourage escalation into heavier use or lengthier using careers, although treatment rates for cannabis are higher than elsewhere in Europe. Scatterplot analyses suggest that Dutch patterns of use are very typical for Europe, and that the 'separation of markets' may indeed have somewhat weakened the link between cannabis use and the use of cocaine or amphetamines. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis consumption in the Netherlands is lower than would be expected in an unrestricted market, perhaps because cannabis prices have remained high due to production-level prohibitions. The Dutch system serves as a nuanced alternative to both full prohibition and full legalization.


Assuntos
Cannabis , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Legislação de Medicamentos , Fumar Maconha/tendências , Política Pública , Adolescente , Adulto , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Fumar Maconha/legislação & jurisprudência , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Restaurantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto Jovem
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...