RESUMO
We report on a case of reversible Pisa syndrome developed after treatment with galantamine in a patient with Alzheimer's disease without previous exposure to neuroleptic or other cholinesterase inhibitors. Complete and persistent resolution of the syndrome was achieved several weeks after botulinum toxin type-A injection.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/efeitos adversos , Distonia/induzido quimicamente , Galantamina/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Distonia/tratamento farmacológico , Distonia/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Galantamina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Fármacos Neuromusculares/uso terapêutico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , SíndromeRESUMO
The effect of GuHCl and of NaCl on the structural properties of the hemocyanin (Hc) from Carcinus aestuarii has been studied by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) using synchrotron radiation. SAXS data collected as a function of perturbant concentration have been used to analyze conformational states of hexameric holo and apoHc as well as the holo and apoforms of the monomeric subunit CaeSS2. In the case of the holoprotein in GuHCl, two concentration domains were identified: at lower concentration, the perturbant induces aggregation of Hc molecules, whereas at higher concentration the aggregates dissociate with concomitant denaturation of the protein. In contrast, with apoHc the denaturation occurs at rather low GuHCl, pointing to an important effect of the active site bound copper for the stabilization of Hc tertiary structure. The effects of NaCl are similar to those of GuHCl as far as CaeSS2 is concerned, namely oligomerization precedes denaturation, whereas in the case of the hexameric form no aggregation occurs. To improve data analysis, on the basis of the current models for Hc monomers and oligomers, the fraction of each aggregation state and/or unfolded protein has been determined by fitting experimental SAXS curves with form factors calculated from Monte Carlo methods. In addition, a global analysis has been carried out on the basis of a thermodynamic model involving an equilibrium between a monomer in a nativelike and denatured form as well as a class of equilibria among the monomer and other aggregates.
