Preliminary profile of the gut microbiota from amerindians in the Brazilian amazon experiencing a process of transition to urbanization.

The Yanomami are one of the oldest indigenous tribes in the Amazon and are direct descendants of the first people to colonize South America 12,000 years ago. They are located on the border between Venezuela and Brazil, with the Venezuelan side remaining uncontacted. While they maintain a hunter-gatherer society, they are currently experiencing contact with urbanized populations in Brazil. The human gut microbiota of traditional communities has become the subject of recent studies due to the Westernization of their diet and the introduction of antibiotics and other chemicals, which have affected microbial diversity in indigenous populations, thereby threatening their existence. In this study, we preliminarily characterized the diversity of the gut microbiota of the Yanomami, a hunter-gatherer society from the Amazon, experiencing contact with urbanized populations. Similarly, we compared their diversity with the population in Manaus, Amazonas. A metabarcoding approach of the 16 S rRNA gene was carried out on fecal samples. Differences were found between the two populations, particularly regarding the abundance of genera (e.g., Prevotella and Bacteroides) and the higher values of the phyla Bacteroidetes over Firmicutes, which were significant only in the Yanomami. Some bacteria were found exclusively in the Yanomami (Treponema and Succinivibrio). However, diversity was statistically equal between them. In conclusion, the composition of the Yanomami gut microbiota still maintains the profile characteristic of a community with a traditional lifestyle. However, our results suggest an underlying Westernization process of the Yanomami microbiota when compared with that of Manaus, which must be carefully monitored by authorities, as the loss of diversity can be a sign of growing danger to the health of the Yanomami.

Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipoprotein subfractions and LDL particle quality.

Phytosterols are natural components of plant-based foods used as supplements because of their known cholesterol-lowering effect. However, their effects on lipoprotein subfractions and the quality of the LDL particle have not been studied in greater detail. We aimed to evaluate the effects of phytosterols supplements on lipids, lipoproteins subfractions, and on the quality of LDL. A prospective, pilot-type, open label, cross-over study, randomized 23 males in primary prevention of hypercholesterolemia to receive diet or diet plus phytosterol (2.6 g in 2 doses, with meals) for 12 weeks, when treatments were switched for another 12 weeks. Lipoprotein subfractions were analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (Lipoprint System®). The Sampson equation estimated the small and dense (sd) and large and buoyant (lb) LDL subfractions from the lipid profile. Quality of LDL particle was analyzed by Z-scan and UV-vis spectroscopy. Primary outcome was the comparison of diet vs. diet plus phytosterols. Secondary outcomes assessed differences between baseline, diet and diet plus phytosterol. Non-parametric statistics were performed with p < 0.05. There was a trend to reduction on HDL-7 (p = 0.05) in diet plus phytosterol arm, with no effects on the quality of LDL particles. Heatmap showed strong correlations (ρ > 0.7) between particle size by different methods with both interventions. Diet plus phytosterol reduced TC, increased HDL-c, and reduced IDL-B, whereas diet increased HDL7, and reduced IDL-B vs. baseline (p < 0.05, for all). Phytosterol supplementation demonstrated small beneficial effects on HDL-7 subfraction, compared with diet alone, without effects on the quality of LDL particles.This trial is registered in Clinical Trials (NCT06127732) and can be accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov .

Multilocus approach reveals distinct evolutionary units of the South American apapa Pellona flavipinnis (Valenciennes, 1837) (Clupeiformes, Pristigasteridae).

The discovery and characterization of cryptic diversity is important for conservation and management, especially for ichthyofauna, whose diversity is underestimated and understudied. Cryptic diversity is especially common in widely distributed species, and Pellona flavipinnis is one such species. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate and test whether P. flavipinnis harbours cryptic diversity. In this study we used the COI and control region sequences and microsatellite loci of 86-114 specimens from 11-12 locations throughout the Amazon basin, depending on the molecular marker used. We also included two COI GenBank sequences from the type locality of the species, the Paraná River. The results from COI sequences showed that P. flavipinnis from the Amazon basin presented two spatially structured lineages differentiated from P. flavipinnis from the Paraná River by 10.6%-9.8% (depending on the lineages) and 45 mutational steps. The genetic distance between the Amazon lineages was 2.4% using COI, with high population differentiation values (ФST = 0.8686 and ФST = 0.8483 for COI and control region, respectively). Among the five species delimitation methods employed, three indicated two lineages in P. flavipinnis in the Amazon basin, and all five methods indicated that the Amazonian lineages are different from that of Paraná. Results from microsatellite loci also showed that P. flavipinnis from the Amazon basin is composed of two evolutionary units. The results of 13 morphometric measurements indicated that there are no differences in shape between the P. flavipinnis lineages in the Amazon basin. The present findings suggest that there are two sympatric lineages of P. flavipinnis in the Amazon basin.

Mapping the hidden diversity of the Geophagus sensu stricto species group (Cichlidae: Geophagini) from the Amazon basin.

South American freshwater ichthyofauna is taxonomically the most diverse on the planet, yet its diversity is still vastly underestimated. The Amazon basin alone holds more than half of this diversity. The evidence of this underestimation comes from the backlog of morphologically distinct, yet undescribed forms deposited in museum collections, and from DNA-based inventories which consistently identify large numbers of divergent lineages within even well-studied species groups. In the present study, we investigated lineage diversity within the Geophagus sensu stricto species group. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed 337 individuals sampled from 77 locations within and outside the Amazon basin representing 10 nominal and six morphologically distinct but undescribed species. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and delimited lineages using four different single-locus species discovery methods (mPTP-15 lineages; LocMin-14 lineages; bGMYC-18 lineages; and GMYC-30 lineages). The six morphologically distinct but undescribed species were also delimited by the majority of the species discovery methods. Five of these lineages are restricted to a single collection site or a watershed and their habitats are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, agricultural activities and construction of hydroelectric plants. Our results also highlight the importance of combining DNA and morphological data in biodiversity assessment studies especially in taxonomically diverse tropical biotas.

Patient participation in care safety: Primary Health Care professionals' perception.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze health professionals' perception about the meaning and practice of patient involvement in care safety in Primary Health Care. METHODS: this is an exploratory, qualitative study, developed with 22 professionals in the Federal District, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was conducted between October and November/2018. Content analysis was carried out according to Bardin. RESULTS: nurses, physicians, dentists, among others, participated. The following categories emerged: Meaning of patient involvement in care safety; Factors intervening in patient involvement in care safety; Strategies for patient involvement in care safety; Qualification for patient involvement in care safety. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the meaning of patient involvement for care safety was associated with co-responsibility and patient-centered care. Professionals' practice revealed intervening factors and the use of involvement strategies. A gap was identified in training on patient involvement in care safety.

Doença de cushing e hipertensão arterial: relato de caso / Cushing disease and hypertension: a case report

Caso clínico de VNS, 23 anos, sexo feminino, branca, solteira, estudante, natural e procedente de São Paulo- SP com queixa de "pressão alta" há 4 anos. A paciente foi encaminhada para consulta ambulatorial após ter sido atendida em pronto-socorro (PS) com cefaleia, tonturas e pressão arterial (PA) 210x110 mm Hg e medicada com losartana 50 mg a cada 12 horas e hidroclorotiazida 25 mg ao dia. Na avaliação ambulatorial relatava episódios prévios de cefaleia holocraniana de forte intensidade, latejante, de início gradual há 4 anos com piora há 2 anos, que a levava ao pronto-socorro (PS) com muita frequência. Além disso, referia aumento de peso e fraqueza generalizada. Ao exame físico apresentava-se com níveis elevados da PA 160x100 mm Hg em uso das medicações prescritas no PS, obesidade grau III (IMC 41), adiposidade localizada (giba), acantose nigricans e estrias violáceas abdominais. Foi diagnosticada a doença de Cushing associada à hipertensão arterial não controlada, realizados ajustes dos agentes anti-hipertensivos (associado anlodipino 5 mg a cada 12 horas) e solicitados exames laboratoriais. A monitorização ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) de 24 horas caracterizou a hipertensão resistente, as dosagens de cortisol (cortisol salivar = 8h:172; após 23h:280, supressão com dexametasona =<2,5) e a ressonância nuclear magnética evidenciou um macroadenoma da hipófise confirmando o diagnóstico da doença de Cushing com base nos achados do exame físico, laboratorial e de imagem. A paciente foi tratada clinicamente com cetoconazol via oral sem sucesso e após isso submetida a ressecção transesfenoidal do macroadenoma de hipófise. Após o tratamento cirúrgico, houve perda de peso e resolução da hipertensão confirmada pelas medidas ambulatoriais de consultório e pela MAPA.

Clinical case of VNS, 23 years old, female, white, single, student, born and living in São Paulo-SP, complaining of "high blood pressure" 4 years ago. The patient was referred to an outpatient clinic after being seen in the emergency room (ER) with headache, dizziness and blood pressure (BP) 210x110 mm Hg and medicated with losartan 50 mg every 12 hours and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg daily. In the outpatient evaluation, she reported previous episodes of severe, throbbing holocranial headache, which started gradually over 4 years and worsened over 2 years ago, which took her to the ER very often. In addition, she reported weight gain and generalized weakness. On physical examination, he presented with high BP levels 160x100 mm Hg using the medications prescribed in ER, obesity grade III (BMI 41), localized adiposity (gib), acanthosis nigricans and abdominal violet streaks. Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed associated with uncontrolled arterial hypertension, adjustments were made to antihypertensive agents (associated with amlodipine 5 mg every 12 hours) and laboratory tests were requested. 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) characterized resistant hypertension, cortisol levels (salivary cortisol = 8:00 am: 172; after 11:00 pm: 280, dexamethasone suppression = <2.5) and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a macroadenoma of the pituitary gland confirming the diagnosis of Cushing's disease based on the findings of the physical, laboratory and imaging exam. The patient was clinically treated with oral ketoconazole and underwent transphenoid resection of the pituitary macroadenoma. After the surgery the patient was no longer hipertensive, without use of antihypertensive medications, outpatient office measurements were normal, as were measurements outside the office by ABPM

Patient participation in care safety: Primary Health Care professionals' perception / Participación del paciente en la seguridad de la atención: percepción de los profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud / Participação do paciente na segurança do cuidado: percepção de profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze health professionals' perception about the meaning and practice of patient involvement in care safety in Primary Health Care. Methods: this is an exploratory, qualitative study, developed with 22 professionals in the Federal District, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was conducted between October and November/2018. Content analysis was carried out according to Bardin. Results: nurses, physicians, dentists, among others, participated. The following categories emerged: Meaning of patient involvement in care safety; Factors intervening in patient involvement in care safety; Strategies for patient involvement in care safety; Qualification for patient involvement in care safety. Final Considerations: the meaning of patient involvement for care safety was associated with co-responsibility and patient-centered care. Professionals' practice revealed intervening factors and the use of involvement strategies. A gap was identified in training on patient involvement in care safety.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la percepción de los profesionales de la salud sobre el significado y la práctica del involucramiento del paciente en la seguridad de la atención en Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, cualitativo, desarrollado con 22 profesionales del Distrito Federal, Brasil. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada entre octubre y noviembre/2018. Se realizó análisis de contenido, según Bardin. Resultados: participaron enfermeras, médicos, dentistas, entre otros. Se revelaron las siguientes categorías: Significado de la participación del paciente en la seguridad de la atención; Factores que intervienen en la implicación del paciente en la seguridad asistencial; Estrategias para la participación del paciente en la seguridad de la atención; Calificación para la participación del paciente en la seguridad de la atención. Consideraciones Finales: el significado de la implicación del paciente para la seguridad asistencial se asoció con la corresponsabilidad y la atención centrada en el paciente. La práctica de los profesionales reveló factores intervinientes y el uso de estrategias de participación. Se identificó una brecha en la capacitación sobre participación del paciente en la seguridad de la atención.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde sobre o significado e a prática do envolvimento do paciente na segurança do cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: estudo exploratório, qualitativo, desenvolvido com 22 profissionais no Distrito Federal, Brasil. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada entre outubro e novembro/2018. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo, conforme Bardin. Resultados: participaram enfermeiros, médicos, odontólogos, dentre outros. Revelaram-se as categorias: Significado do envolvimento do paciente na segurança do cuidado; Fatores intervenientes ao envolvimento do paciente na segurança do cuidado; Estratégias de envolvimento do paciente na segurança do cuidado; Qualificação para o envolvimento do paciente na segurança do cuidado. Considerações Finais: o significado do envolvimento do paciente para a segurança do cuidado foi associado à corresponsabilização e ao cuidado centrado no paciente. A prática dos profissionais revelou fatores intervenientes e uso de estratégias de envolvimento. Identificou-se lacuna na formação sobre envolvimento do paciente na segurança do cuidado.

Acesso à insulinoterapia de usuários com diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus acompanhados em ambulatório especializado / Access to insulintherapy of users with diabetes mellitus accompanied in a specialized outpatient clinic

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil e o acesso à insulinoterapia dos usuários com diagnóstico de Diabetes Melittus atendidos no Ambulatório de Endocrinologia de um hospital universitário do Distrito Federal. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado de abril a maio de 2019. A amostra constituiu-se de 60 participantes com 18 anos ou mais. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado e os dados descritivos analisados pelo software PSPP. Resultados: Verificou-se que a maioria (86,7%) são mulheres, que os participantes obtêm insulina (93,3%), antidiabéticos orais (50,0%) e insumos (93,3%) no serviço público, e que metade desses participantes os adquirem na unidade de saúde. Ainda metade (53,3%) relatou ter interrompido o tratamento devido à falta desses medicamentos. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou as fragilidades no acesso às redes de saúde do Distrito Federal em decorrência da falta de investimentos na Atenção Básica e da cultura hegemônica, sendo urgente o investimento nas redes de cuidado à luz das políticas de acesso. (AU)

Objective: To characterize the profile and access to insulin therapy of users with diabetes mellitus treated in the Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic in an university hospital of Distrito Federal. Method: Cross-sectional study, performed from April to May 2019. The sample consisted of 60 participants with 18 years or more. A structured questionnaire was applied and the descriptive data analyzed by the PSPP software. Results: It was found that the majority (86.7%) were women, that participants obtain insulin (93.3%), oral antidiabetics (50.0%) and inputs (93.3%) in the public service, and that half of these participants acquire it at the health unit. Half (53.3%) reported having interrupted the treatment due to the lack of these medications. Conclusion: The study showed the weaknesses in access to networks of health of Distrito Federal due to the lack of investment in primary health care and the hegemonic culture, being urgent the investment in care networks of care in the light of the access policies. (AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil y el acceso a la terapia con insulina de los usuarios diagnosticados con Diabetes Melittus atendidos en la Clínica Ambulatoria de Endocrinología de un hospital universitario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio transversal, realizado de abril a mayo de 2019. La muestra consistió en 60 participantes de 18 años o más. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado y los datos descriptivos fueron analizados por el software PSPP. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría (86.7%) son mujeres, los participantes reciben insulina (93.3%), antidiabéticos orales (50.0%) e insumos (93.3%) en el servicio público, y la mitad de estos participantes los adquieren en el centro de salud. Todavía la mitad (53.3%) informó suspender el tratamiento debido a la falta de estos medicamentos. Conclusión: El estudio mostró las debilidades en el acceso a las redes de salud en el Distrito Federal debido a la falta de inversiones en atención primaria y cultura hegemónica, siendo urgente invertir en redes de atención a la luz de las políticas de acceso. (AU)

A escuta clínica: análise da linguagem simbólica de pessoas com estomias intestinais / Clinical listening: analysis of the symbolic language of people with intestinal ostomy

INTRODUÇÃO: O corpo pode ser compreendido a partir de uma perspectiva simbólica; por representações que abarcam a linguagem, em especial, a simbólica, cuja escuta atenta é importante para o entendimento da dimensão do sofrer. OBJETIVO: Analisar o emprego dos verbos páthicos (querer, poder e dever) na fala quotidiana de pessoas com estomias para compreensão do processo mental e da experiência vivida. MÉTODO: Estudo clínico-qualitativo, dados coletados por entrevistas abertas, submetidas à análise temática. Os sujeitos foram seis pessoas com estomia intestinal em acompanhamento em um hospital Universitário, no Brasil. Critérios de inclusão: ser usuário do serviço de estomaterapia do hospital em questão; apresentar estomia intestinal (definitiva ou provisória); aceitar participar do estudo; assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; ser maior de 18 anos. Critérios de exclusão: não se sentir em condições físicas e/ou psíquicas para participar. Pesquisa aprovada pelo CEP da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Brasília, sob o ofício de nº 033/12. RESULTADOS: Da análise emergiram duas categorias: 1) O corpo biológico: a experiência vivida no corpo efetivo material e, 2) O corpo vivido: a experiência vivida e sentida no corpo erótico-libidinal. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Em todos os casos apresentados os verbos páthicos se fizeram presentes marcando o movimento vivido. O método qualitativo permite a significação da linguagem ordinária configurando possibilidades para a praxis do cuidado.

INTRODUCTION: The body can be understood from a symbolic perspective; through representations that embrace language, especially symbolic, whose attentive listening is important for understanding the dimension of suffering. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to analyse the modal verbs will, power and duty in ostomized people everyday speech, in order to understand the mental process and the lived experience. METHOD: In this clinical-qualitative study, the data were collected through open interviews, submitted to thematic analysis. The subjects were six people with intestinal ostomy being followed up at a University hospital in Brazil. Inclusion criteria: being a user of the stomatherapy service of the hospital in question; having an intestinal stoma (permanent or temporary); accept to participate in the study; sign the Free and Informed Consent Form; be over 18 years old. Exclusion criteria: not feeling physically and / or psychically fit to participate. Research approved by the CEP of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Brasília, document nº 033/12. RESULTS: From the analysis two categories emerged: 1) The biological body: it deals with the experience lived in the material effective body and, 2) The lived body: it treats experience lived and felt in the erotic-libidinal body. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: In all the cases presented, the modal verbs marked the living movement. The qualitative method allows the signification of the ordinary language configuring possibilities for the praxis of the care.

Atendimentos pré-hospitalares em população jovem do Distrito Federal / Pre-hospital care in young population of the Federal District

Objective:To describe the types of pre-hospital care for young people, carried out by a Fire Department, and to compare them according to the characteristics of the victims and the incidents. Method:Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study, with a quantitative approach, composed of 198 incidents attended, in 2015, in the Federal District. Data retrieved from the service's file records. For the proposed comparison, the chi-square test and the likelihood ratio were applied, adopting p <0.05. Results:Most of those attended were male (54.0%) and over 18 years old (86.4%).The rescue with response time less than 10 minutes (83.8%) and severity classified as stable (98.0%) predominated. The comparison result was significant for the trauma category in terms of age, sex, place of incident and regional destination, all with p≤0,0001. Conclusion:The young population studied, with an emphasis on the male sex, is vulnerable to traumatic events, specifically on public roads. The exposed data point to the need for health education and intersectoral actions that promote the prevention of these incidents in the young population.

Objetivo: Descrever os tipos de atendimentos pré-hospitalares de jovens, realizados por um Grupamento do Corpo de Bombeiro, e compará-los segundo as características das vítimas e das ocorrências. Método: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico, com abordagem quantitativa, composto por 198 ocorrências atendidas, em 2015, no Distrito Federal. Os dados foram coletados a partir das fichas de atendimentos do serviço. Para comparação proposta, aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a razão de verossimilhança, adotando-se p<0,05.Resultados:A maioria dos atendidos era do sexo masculino (54,0%) e idade superior a 18 anos (86,4%). Predominaram-se os atendimentos com tempo de resposta menor que 10 minutos (83,8%) e gravidade classificada estável (98,0%). O resultado da comparação foi significativo para a categoria trauma quanto às características de idade, sexo, local de ocorrência e regional de destino, todas com p≤0,0001.Conclusão: A população jovem estudada, com ênfase ao sexo masculino, é vulnerável a ocorrências traumáticas, especificamente aos atendimentos ocorridos em via pública. Os dados expostos apontam para a necessidade de educação em saúde e ações intersetoriais que promovam a prevenção dessas ocorrências na população jovem.

Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

Pacus of the genus Myloplus represent a formidable taxonomic challenge, and particularly so for the case of M. asterias and M. rubripinnis, two widespread and common species that harbor considerable morphological diversity. Here we apply DNA barcoding and multiple species discovery methods to find candidate species in this complex group. We report on one well-supported lineage that is also morphologically and ecologically distinct. This lineage represents a new species that can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of dark chromatophores on lateral-line scales, which gives the appearance of a black lateral line. It can be further diagnosed by having 25-29 branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 18-24), 89-114 perforated scales from the supracleithrum to the end of hypural plate (vs. 56-89), and 98-120 total lateral line scales (vs. 59-97). The new species is widely distributed in the Amazon basin, but seems to have a preference for black- and clearwater habitats. This ecological preference and black lateral line color pattern bears a striking similarity to the recently described silver dollar Metynnis melanogrammus.(AU)

Pacus do gênero Myloplus representam um desafio taxonômico formidável, e particularmente o caso de M. asterias e M. rubripinnis, duas espécies amplamente distribuídas e comuns que abrigam uma considerável diversidade morfológica. Aplicamos aqui a tecnologia do DNA barcoding e múltiplos métodos de descoberta de espécies para encontrar possíveis espécies novas nesse grupo complexo. Registramos uma linhagem bem suportada que também é distinta morfológica e ecologicamente. Essa linhagem representa uma nova espécie que pode ser distinguida das demais congêneres por apresentar cromatóforos escuros nas escamas da linha lateral que conferem uma aparência de linha lateral preta. Ela pode ser adicionalmente diagnosticada por ter 25-29 raios ramificados na nadadeira dorsal (vs. 18-24), 89-114 escamas perfuradas do supracleitro até o final da placa hipural (vs. 56-89) e 98-120 escamas totais na linha lateral (vs. 59-97). A nova espécie é amplamente distribuída na bacia Amazônica, mas aparentemente possui preferência por habitats de água preta e clara. A preferência ecológica e o padrão de colorido escuro da linha lateral consistem em semelhanças impressionantes com o silver dólar recém descrito Metynnis melanogrammus.(AU)

Phylogenetic relationships of the neon tetras Paracheirodon spp. (Characiformes: Characidae: Stethaprioninae), including comments on Petitella georgiae and Hemigrammus bleheri

Neon tetras (Paracheirodon spp.) are three colorful characid species with a complicated taxonomic history, and relationships among the species are poorly known. Molecular data resolved the relationships among the three neon tetras, and strongly supported monophyly of the genus and its sister taxon relationship to Brittanichthys. Additionally, the sister-taxon relationship of the rummy-nose tetras Hemigrammus bleheri and Petitella georgiae was strongly supported by molecular and morphological data. Therefore, we propose to transfer the rummy-nose tetras H. bleheri and H. rhodostomus to the genus Petitella. Furthermore, Petitella georgiae is likely to be a species complex comprised of at least two species.(AU)

Os neon tetras (Paracheirodon spp.) são três espécies de caracídeos coloridos com uma complicada história taxonômica e as relações entre suas espécies são pouco conhecidas. Dados moleculares resolveram as relações entre os três neons tetras, suportando fortemente a monofilia do gênero e a relação de grupo-irmão com Brittanichthys. Adicionalmente, a relação de grupo-irmão entre os rodóstomos Hemigrammus bleheri e Petitella georgiae foi fortemente suportada por dados moleculares e morfológicos. Portanto, nós propomos transferir os rodóstomos H. bleheri e H. rhodostomus para o gênero Petitella. Além disso, é possível que Petitella georgiae seja um complexo de espécies composto por, pelo menos, duas espécies.(AU)

Efeitos da suplementação de resveratrol sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular / Effects of resveratrol supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors

O resveratrol, ou 3,5,4-triidroxiestilbeno, é um polifenol encontrado principalmente em uvas, vinho tinto, amendoins, chocolate amargo e algumas frutas silvestres. Diversos estudos investigaram sua ação sobre doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, doenças neurodegenerativas, diabetes, hiperglicemia, bem como seus possíveis efeitos sobre a longevidade. No entanto, os resultados ainda são inconclusivos, principalmente no que se refere à dose necessária, que dificilmente é atingida só com a alimentação. Portanto, foi feita uma revisão da literatura recente quanto à suplementação de resveratrol em seres humanos e seus efeitos sobre os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Foram incluídos 15 estudos que avaliaram a função endotelial, o perfil glicêmico, o perfil inflamatório, lipoproteínas, bem como a segurança do consumo por idosos. A suplementação de resveratrol mostrou-se segura em idosos e benéfica principalmente para a função endotelial em diferentes populações, tendo efeito positivo também sobre o perfil glicêmico de pacientes com resistência à insulina e inflamação. Além disso, verificou-se redução significativa da produção intestinal e hepática das lipoproteínas Apo B-48 e Apo B-100. Devido a todos esses aspectos, a suplementação com resveratrol pode exercer papel protetor contra o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares

Resveratrol, or 3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene, is a polyphenol found mainly in grapes, red wine, peanuts, dark chocolate and some berries. Several studies have investigated the impact of resveratrol on cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and hyperglycemia, as well as its potential effects on longevity. However, the results are still inconclusive, especially regarding the necessary dosage, which is unlikely to be achieved through diet alone. Therefore, we have reviewed the recent literature on resveratrol supplementation in humans and its effects on risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. We included fifteen studies that evaluated the endothelial function, glycemic profile, inflammatory profile, lipoproteins, and the safety of its consumption by the elderly. Resveratrol supplementation was proven to be safe for use in the elderly and mainly benefits endothelial function in different populations, also having a positive effect on the glycemic profile of patients with insulin resistance and inflammation. A significant reduction in the intestinal and hepatic production of lipoproteins Apo B-48 and Apo B-100 was also observed. Due to all these aspects, supplementation with resveratrol could play a protective role in the development of cardiovascular diseases

One thousand DNA barcodes of piranhas and pacus reveal geographic structure and unrecognised diversity in the Amazon.

Piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) are a charismatic but understudied family of Neotropical fishes. Here, we analyse a DNA barcode dataset comprising 1,122 specimens, 69 species, 16 genera, 208 localities, and 34 major river drainages in order to make an inventory of diversity and to highlight taxa and biogeographic areas worthy of further sampling effort and conservation protection. Using four methods of species discovery-incorporating both tree and distance based techniques-we report between 76 and 99 species-like clusters, i.e. between 20% and 33% of a priori identified taxonomic species were represented by more than one mtDNA lineage. There was a high degree of congruence between clusters, with 60% supported by three or four methods. Pacus of the genus Myloplus exhibited the most intraspecific variation, with six of the 13 species sampled found to have multiple lineages. Conversely, piranhas of the Serrasalmus rhombeus group proved difficult to delimit with these methods due to genetic similarity and polyphyly. Overall, our results recognise substantially underestimated diversity in the serrasalmids, and emphasise the Guiana and Brazilian Shield rivers as biogeographically important areas with multiple cases of across-shield and within-shield diversifications. We additionally highlight the distinctiveness and complex phylogeographic history of rheophilic taxa in particular, and suggest multiple colonisations of these habitats by different serrasalmid lineages.