Research utilization and the CNS: confronting the issues.

Utilization of research in nursing is still inconsistent despite nearly two decades of published models and studies on the subject, and of leaders urging that the profession must increase its use of research. In fact, several questions regarding research utilization in nursing remain unanswered. A review of selected models of research utilization is presented, as well as a review of the published studies of utilization barriers and facilitators. Three key questions for the profession as a whole and for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) in particular are advanced, and concrete answers for the practicing CNS are offered.

Some aspects of metabolism following a 35 km road run.

The metabolism of eight men (mean: age, 26.0 years; maximal oxygen consumption, 65.0 ml.kg-1.min-1; body fat, 10.3%) was measured on counterbalanced control (baseline values for 8 h) and experimental (post 35 km run values for 8 h) days. The excess postexercise volume of oxygen consumed of 32.37 l and increase in energy used of 594 kJ during the 8 h after completion of the run were equivalent to average increases of 23.7 and 21.1%, respectively, when compared with time-matched controls. Furthermore, the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure were still elevated by 12.7 (P less than 0.0005) and 9.7% (P = 0.001), respectively, at the end of this period but the fact that they had returned to baseline 24 h after the 35 km road run contrasts with some reports in the literature that metabolism is still elevated at this time following less demanding exercise intensities. Rectal temperature was elevated by 2.3 degrees C at the end of the run but the difference had decreased to 0.2 degrees C by 7 h postexercise. The respiratory exchange ratio and changes in blood metabolites (nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol and ketone bodies) indicated a greater postexercise utilisation of fat notwithstanding a 6300 kJ meal ingested on both control and experimental days. The highest measured serum creatine kinase enzyme activity of 1151 U.l-1 (P less than 0.05) occurred 24 h postexercise, as compared with the control value of 145 U.l-1, and indicates the possibility of skeletal muscle damage.

Muscle metabolism during 30, 60 and 90 s of maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer.

This study examined the anaerobic and aerobic contributions to muscle metabolism during high intensity short duration exercise. Six males [mean (SD): age 25.0 (6.0) years, height 179.0 (8.2) cm, mass 70.01 (7.42) kg, VO2max 4.63 (0.53) l.min-1, body fat 12.7 (2.3)%] performed three counterbalanced treatments of 30, 60 and 90 s of maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer. All treatments were also performed on days when biopsies were not taken from the vastus lateralis muscle and cannulae not inserted into a forearm vein to ascertain whether these procedures adversely affected performance. The mean results can be summarised as follows: (Table: see text). The muscle lactate and O2 deficit data suggested that 60 and 90 s were more appropriate durations than 30 s for assessing the anaerobic capacity on an air-braked cycle ergometer. The mean power outputs also indicated that the invasive procedures did not adversely affect performance [corrected].