Outcomes in neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 during the second wave in India.

COVID-19 pandemic has affected all age groups globally including pregnant women and their neonates. The aim of the study was to understand outcomes in neonates of mothers with COVID-19 during the first and second waves of COVID-19 pandemic. A retrospective analysis of 2524 neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers was conducted during the first wave (n = 1782) and second wave (n = 742) of the COVID-19 pandemic at five study sites of the PregCovid registry in Maharashtra, India. A significant difference was noted in preterm birth, which was higher in the second wave (15.0%, 111/742) compared to the first wave (7.8%, 139/1782) (P < 0.001). The proportion of neonates requiring NICU admission was significantly higher in the second wave (19.0%, 141/742) as compared to that in the first wave (14.8%, 264/1782) (P < 0.05). On comparing regional differences, significantly higher neonatal complications were reported from Mumbai metropolitan region (P < 0.05). During the second wave of COVID-19, birth asphyxia and prematurity were 3.8- and 2.1-fold higher respectively (P < 0.001). Neonatal resuscitation at birth was significantly higher in second wave (3.4%, 25/742 vs 1.8%, 32/1782) (P < 0.05). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates was comparable (4.2% vs 4.6%) with no significant difference between the two waves. CONCLUSION: Higher incidence of adverse outcomes in neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers in the second wave of COVID-19 as compared to the first wave. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PregCovid study is registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2020/05/025423, Registered on 28/05/2020). WHAT IS KNOWN: • The second wave of COVID-19 was more lethal to pregnant women than the first wave. Newborns are at risk of developing complications. WHAT IS NEW: • Birth asphyxia, prematurity, and neonatal resuscitation at birth were significantly higher in the second wave as compared to those in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Predictors of mortality in children due to severe and very severe pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Mortality due to pneumonia in children is more than any other illness. Limited data is available to predict mortality in children with pneumonia from central India. AIM: To study predictors of mortality in children aged 1-59 months hospitalised with severe and very severe pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Present study was observational longitudinal study that was done in a tertiary care hospital of central India. Two hundred and ninety children, aged 1-59 months, presented with severe and very severe pneumonia were enrolled in this study. Outcome and predictors of mortality were studied. Data was analysed with Chi-square test, univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of 270 enrolled study subjects, maximum (108, 37.24%) were belonged to 1-6-months age group. Proportion of mortality was maximum (16, 64.00%) in that age group. Overall case fatality rate was 8.62%. Among significant variables, delayed hospital referral [adjusted odds ratio (OR)-52.09, 95% confidence interval (CI)- 6.74-402.39], incomplete immunisation (OR-12.28, 95% CI-2.15-69.93), severe malnutrition (Z score < -3) (OR-15.51, 95% CI- 2.04-117.83), refusal to feed (OR- 30.57, 95% CI- 2.47-378.26), and hypoglycaemia (OR- 6.98, 95% CI- 1.05-46.30) were found significant independently on multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Delayed hospital referral, incomplete immunisation, severe malnutrition, refusal to feed, and hypoglycaemia were independent predictors of mortality in children with severe and very severe pneumonia.