Meis2 as a critical player in MN1-induced leukemia.

Meningioma 1 (MN1) is an independent prognostic marker for normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with high expression linked to all-trans retinoic acid resistance and poor survival. MN1 is also a potent and sufficient oncogene in murine leukemia models, strongly dependent on the MEIS1/AbdB-like HOX protein complex to transform common myeloid progenitors, block myeloid differentiation, and promote leukemic stem cell self-renewal. To identify key genes and pathways underlying leukemic activity, we functionally assessed MN1 cell phenotypic heterogeneity, revealing leukemic and non-leukemic subsets. Using gene expression profiling of these subsets combined with previously published comparisons of full-length MN1 and mutants with varying leukemogenic activity, we identified candidate genes critical to leukemia. Functional analysis identified Hlf and Hoxa9 as critical to MN1 in vitro proliferation, self-renewal and impaired myeloid differentiation. Although critical to transformation, Meis1 knockdown had little impact on these properties in vitro. However, we identified Meis2 as critical to MN1-induced leukemia, with essential roles in proliferation, self-renewal, impairment of differentiation and disease progression in vitro and in vivo. Here, we provide evidence of phenotypic and functional hierarchy in MN1-induced leukemic cells, characterise contributions of Hlf, Hoxa9 and Meis1 to in vitro leukemic properties, and reveal Meis2 as a novel player in MN1-induced leukemogenesis.

A novel AHI-1-BCR-ABL-DNM2 complex regulates leukemic properties of primitive CML cells through enhanced cellular endocytosis and ROS-mediated autophagy.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies induce clinical remission with remarkable effects on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, very few TKIs completely eradicate the leukemic clone and persistence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) remains challenging, warranting new, distinct targets for improved treatments. We demonstrated that the scaffold protein AHI-1 is highly deregulated in LSCs and interacts with multiple proteins, including Dynamin-2 (DNM2), to mediate TKI-resistance of LSCs. We have now demonstrated that the SH3 domain of AHI-1 and the proline rich domain of DNM2 are mainly responsible for this interaction. DNM2 expression was significantly increased in CML stem/progenitor cells; knockdown of DNM2 greatly impaired their survival and sensitized them to TKI treatments. Importantly, a new AHI-1-BCR-ABL-DNM2 protein complex was uncovered, which regulates leukemic properties of these cells through a unique mechanism of cellular endocytosis and ROS-mediated autophagy. Thus, targeting this complex may facilitate eradication of LSCs for curative therapies.

Improved retroviral episome transfer of transcription factors enables sustained cell fate modification.

Retroviral vectors are versatile gene transfer vehicles widely used in basic research and gene therapy. Mutation of retroviral integrase converts these vectors into transient, integration-deficient gene delivery vehicles associated with a high degree of biosafety. We explored the option to use integration-deficient retroviral vectors to achieve transient ectopic expression of transcription factors, which is considered an important tool for induced cell fate conversion. Stepwise optimization of the retroviral episome transfer as exemplified for the transcription factor Oct4 enabled to improve both expression magnitude and endurance. Long terminal repeat-driven γ-retroviral vectors were identified as the most suitable vector architecture. Episomal expression was enhanced by epigenetic modifiers, and Oct4 activity was increased following fusion to a minimal transactivation motif of herpes simplex virus VP16. Based on kinetic analyses, we identified optimal time intervals for repeated vector administration and established prolonged expression windows of choice. Providing proof-of-concept, episomal transfer of Oct4 was potent to mediate conversion of human fibroblasts stably expressing Klf4, Sox2 and c-Myc into induced pluripotent stem cells, which were mainly free of residual Oct4 vector integration. This study provides evidence for suitability of retroviral episome transfer of transcription factors for cell fate conversion, allowing the generation of distinct patient- or disease-specific cell types.

Generation of iPSCs from genetically corrected Brca2 hypomorphic cells: implications in cell reprogramming and stem cell therapy.

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a complex genetic disease associated with a defective DNA repair pathway known as the FA pathway. In contrast to many other FA proteins, BRCA2 participates downstream in this pathway and has a critical role in homology-directed recombination (HDR). In our current studies, we have observed an extremely low reprogramming efficiency in cells with a hypomorphic mutation in Brca2 (Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27)), that was associated with increased apoptosis and defective generation of nuclear RAD51 foci during the reprogramming process. Gene complementation facilitated the generation of Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a disease-free FA phenotype. Karyotype analyses and comparative genome hybridization arrays of complemented Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs showed, however, the presence of different genetic alterations in these cells, most of which were not evident in their parental Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs could be differentiated in vitro toward the hematopoietic lineage, although with a more limited efficacy than WT iPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells, and did not engraft in irradiated Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) recipients. Our results are consistent with previous studies proposing that HDR is critical for cell reprogramming and demonstrate that reprogramming defects characteristic of Brca2 mutant cells can be efficiently overcome by gene complementation. Finally, based on analysis of the phenotype, genetic stability, and hematopoietic differentiation potential of gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ) (27) iPSCs, achievements and limitations in the application of current reprogramming approaches in hematopoietic stem cell therapy are also discussed.

MicroRNA-150-regulated vectors allow lymphocyte-sparing transgene expression in hematopoietic gene therapy.

Endogenous microRNA (miRNA) expression can be exploited for cell type-specific transgene expression as the addition of miRNA target sequences to transgenic cDNA allows for transgene downregulation specifically in cells expressing the respective miRNAs. Here, we have investigated the potential of miRNA-150 target sequences to specifically suppress gene expression in lymphocytes and thereby prevent transgene-induced lymphotoxicity. Abundance of miRNA-150 expression specifically in differentiated B and T cells was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Mono- and bicistronic lentiviral vectors were used to investigate the effect of miRNA-150 target sequences on transgene expression in the lymphohematopoietic system. After in vitro studies demonstrated effective downregulation of transgene expression in murine B220(+) B and CD3(+) T cells, the concept was further verified in a murine transplant model. Again, marked suppression of transgene activity was observed in B220(+) B and CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells whereas expression in CD11b(+) myeloid cells, lin(-) and lin(-)/Sca1(+) progenitors, or lin(-)/Sca1(+)/c-kit(+) stem cells remained almost unaffected. No toxicity of miRNA-150 targeting in transduced lymphohematopoietic cells was noted. Thus, our results demonstrate the suitability of miRNA-150 targeting to specifically suppress transgene expression in lymphocytes and further support the concept of miRNA targeting for cell type-specific transgene expression in gene therapy approaches.

Mechanisms controlling titer and expression of bidirectional lentiviral and gammaretroviral vectors.

Bidirectional lentiviral vectors mediate expression of two or more cDNAs from a single internal promoter. In this study, we examined mechanisms that control titer and expression properties of this vector system. To address whether the bidirectional design depends on lentiviral (LV) backbone components, especially the Rev/Rev responsive element (RRE) system, we constructed similar expression cassettes for LV and gammaretroviral (GV) vectors. Bidirectional expression levels could be adjusted by the use of different internal promoters. Furthermore, removal of the constitutive RNA transport element of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, used in first generation bidirectional LV vectors, improved gene expression. Titers of bidirectional vectors were approximately 10-fold reduced in comparison to unidirectional vectors, independent of the Rev/RRE interaction. We reasoned that titer reductions were due to the formation of interfering double-stranded RNA in packaging cells. Indeed, cotransfection of Nodamuravirus B2 protein, an RNA interference suppressor, increased bidirectional vector titers at least fivefold. We validated the potential of high titer bidirectional vectors by coexpressing a fluorescent marker with O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase from integrating, or with Cre recombinase from integrating and non-integrating GV and LV backbones. This allowed for the tracking of chemoprotected and recombined cells by fluorescence marker expression.

Leukemia induction after a single retroviral vector insertion in Evi1 or Prdm16.

Insertional activation of cellular proto-oncogenes by replication-defective retroviral vectors can trigger clonal dominance and leukemogenesis in animal models and clinical trials. Here, we addressed the leukemogenic potential of vectors expressing interleukin-2 receptor common gamma-chain (IL2RG), the coding sequence required for correction of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Similar to conventional gamma-retroviral vectors, self-inactivating (SIN) vectors with strong internal enhancers also triggered profound clonal imbalance, yet with a characteristic insertion preference for a window located downstream of the transcriptional start site. Controls including lentivirally transduced cells revealed that ectopic IL2RG expression was not sufficient to trigger leukemia. After serial bone marrow transplantation involving 106 C57Bl6/J mice monitored for up to 18 months, we observed leukemic progression of six distinct clones harboring gamma-retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) or SIN vector insertions in Evi1 or Prdm16, two functionally related genes. Three leukemic clones had single vector integrations, and identical clones manifested with a remarkably similar latency and phenotype in independent recipients. We conclude that upregulation of Evi1 or Prdm16 was sufficient to initiate a leukemogenic cascade with consistent intrinsic dynamics. Our study also shows that insertional mutagenesis is required for leukemia induction by IL2RG vectors, a risk to be addressed by improved vector design.