Prevalence of Risk for Orthorexia in Athletes Using the ORTO-15 Questionnaire: A Systematic Mini-Review.

The article aims to summarize the literature about the profile of risk of orthorexia in athletes using the ORTO-15 questionnaire. The search was performed at PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Sport Discus databases, using the terms "orthorexia" AND "athletes" with the respective entry terms. A multistage process of selection followed the PRISMA 2020 recommendation. A total of 688 articles were identified, and six studies were available for the final process. The prevalence of risk for orthorexia was assessed by the articles by the ORTO-15 questionnaire and ranged between 38 and 35 points. The comparison between male and female athletes and, athletes and non-athletes was not significant in the six articles. In conclusion, the review highlights that athletes from different sports, included in the review, do not present a risk of orthorexia nervosa considering the cutoff of 40 points, but not 35 points. Also, athletes present the same orthorexic behavior compared to non-athletes, demonstrating that orthorexia is an issue that needs to be considered in the general population. Moreover, a special focus should be given on the ORTO-15 questionnaire, about the sensitivity to diagnose the prevalence of orthorexia, especially in athletes.

Competition phase affect motivation and perceived performance but not the pre-competitive anxiety on professional dancers

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of competition phase on pre-competitive anxiety, motivation and perceived of performance on professional contemporary dancers. Eight professional dancers from the same company were evaluated on basal condition, classificatory and final phase. Anxiety and motivation state were evaluated pre-competition and perceived of performance (PP) post-competition. ANOVA with repeated measures presented no difference for anxiety state between the competitive phases (p > 0.05). Motivation and PP were significantly higher during the final phase, tested by Friedman test (p ≤ 0.05). The data suggest competing in a final phase may lead to a major motivation and perceived of performance on professional contemporary dancers.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da fase da competição na ansiedade pré-competitiva, motivação e percepção de performance em dançarinos profissionais de dança contemporânea. Oito dançarinos profissionais da mesma companhia foram avaliados na condição basal, fase classificatória e final. O estado de ansiedade e motivação foram avaliados pré-competição e a percepção do desempenho (PP) pós-competição. ANOVA de medidas repetidas não apresentou diferença para a ansiedade entre as fases competitivas (p>0.05). Motivação e PP foram significativamente altas durante a fase final, testada pelo teste de Friedman (p ≤ 0.05). Os dados sugerem que competir na fase final pode levar a uma maior motivação e percepção de performance em dançarinos contemporâneos profissionais.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la fase de la competición en la ansiedad precompetitiva, motivación y percepción de desempeño en profesionales de danza contemporánea. Ocho bailarines profesionales fueron evaluados en la condición basal, fase clasificatoria y final. El estado de ansiedad y motivación fueron evaluados pre-competición y la percepción del desempeño (PP) post-competición. ANOVA de medidas repetidas no presentó diferencia para la ansiedad entre las fases competitivas (p> 0.05). Motivación y PP fueron significativamente altas durante la fase final, probada por Friedman (p ≤ 0.05). Los datos sugieren que competir en la fase final puede llevar a una mayor motivación y percepción de desempeño en bailarines contemporáneos profesionales.