Avocado oil (Persea americana) protects SH-SY5Y cells against cytotoxicity triggered by cortisol by the modulation of BDNF, oxidative stress, and apoptosis molecules.

Chronic psycho-environmental stress can induce neurological dysfunction due to an increase in cortisol levels. It is possible that some food supplements could attenuate its negative impact, such as avocado oil (AO), which is rich in fatty acids with beneficial effects on the brain. This hypothesis was tested by an in vitro model using undifferentiated neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) exposed to hydrocortisone (HC), an active cortisol molecule with and without AO-supplementation. Cortisol can induce oxidative stress, apoptosis events, and a lowering effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurogenic molecule. As AO protective effects on HC-exposed cells could involve these routes, some markers of these routes were compared among neuroblastoma cultures. In the first assay, the range concentrations of HC exposure that trigger cell mortality and range AO-concentrations that could revert the HC effect. AO at all concentrations tested (2-30 µg/ml) did not present a cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells, whereas HC at 0.3-10 ng/ml had a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on these cells. From these results, HC at 10 ng/ml and AO at 5 µg/ml were chosen for mechanistic analysis. AO was able to decrease the oxidative molecules; however, both AO- and HC-induced differential and varied gene expression modulation of these enzymes. AO partially reverted the protein and gene expression of apoptotic markers that were higher in HC-exposed cells. AO also increases the BDNF levels, which are lower HC-exposed cultures. The results indicate that AO could be a beneficial supplement in situations where cortisol levels are elevated, including chronic psycho-environmental stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Psychological chronic stress that induces high cortisol exposure has been linked to premature aging and decreased healthy life expectancy. Neurobiological models involving cortisol have suggested a neurotoxic effect of this molecule, increasing the risk of psychiatric and other CNTDs. This effect can have a high impact mainly in infants and elderly people. In child abuse situations, chronic cortisol exposure could induce extensive apoptosis events, causing impairment in synaptogenesis. In both age groups, chronic cortisol exposure increased the risk of psychiatric conditions, especially anxiety and major depression. However, it is possible that the negative effects associated with chronic cortisol exposure could be attenuated by some food supplements. This is the case for molecules acquired through diet, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3. As inadequate omega-3 levels in the brain can increase the risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders, it is possible to infer that some from food supplements, such as avocado oil, could attenuate the neurotoxic effects of chronic cortisol exposure. This hypothesis was tested using an exploratory in vitro protocol, and the results suggested that avocado oil could be used as a cytoprotective food supplement by decreasing the oxidative stress and apoptotic events induced by cortisol.

Superoxide imbalance triggered by Val16Ala-SOD2 polymorphism increases the risk of depression and self-reported psychological stress in free-living elderly people.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory states triggered by a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in superoxide dismutase manganese-dependent gene (Val16Ala-SOD2) have been associated with the risk of developing several chronic, nontransmissible diseases. However, it is still not clear whether the VV-SOD2 genotype that causes higher basal superoxide anion levels has any impact on the risk for depression and self-reported psychological stress in elderly people. METHODS: In the present study, we tested this hypothesis using a case-control study where depression was detected using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15). A total of 612 Brazilian free-living elderly subjects with a mean age of 67.1 ± 7.1 years old (number of controls, C = 497, and depressive individuals, D = 115) were included in this study. All participants had similar social, health, and lifestyle variables, with the exception of polypharmacy (≥5 medicines daily intake), which was higher in the D group, compared to C subjects. RESULTS: Our results showed that the VV-SOD2 genotype significantly increased the risk for depression and psychological stress in the elderly subjects, independently of sex/gender, age, and other prior diseases and health indicators (depression risk = 1.842, 1.109-3.061 95% CI, p = .018). VV-subjects also had a higher daily intake of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and anti-inflammatory drugs than A-allele subjects. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that genetically induced oxidative superoxide-hydrogen peroxide imbalance may be involved in an increased risk for developing depression and psychological stress in free-living elderly people without other chronic nontransmissible diseases.

Functional, balance and health determinants of falls in a free living community Amazon riparian elderly.

The aim of this study was to investigate socio-economic, clinical, anthropometric, balance and functional fitness factors present in Amazon riparian older persons that can be associated with a risk of falling. A cross sectional study was performed with 637 riverine elderly residents (≥60 years old) in Maués city Amazonas, Brazil. The elderly were grouped in two categories with and without a history of falls in the past six months. The following variables were compared between these groups: self-reported social and health conditions; biochemical and physiological variables related to the control of metabolic diseases; body composition; hand grip strength; functional fitness evaluation using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) battery, and balance condition using the Berg Balance Test (BBT). The prevalence of at least one fall in the past six months was 24.6% (n=157) and was similar between the sexes. The mean age between males and females with and without a history of falls was also similar (males with falls=72.67 ± 8.86; males with no falls=73.26 ± 7.58) female falls=71.78 ± 8.18, female with no falls=71.48 ± 8.17). A history of falls was associated with hospitalization in the last year and to self-health perception to both sexes and presence of chronic morbidity and percentage of body fat (BF) to women. However, the other variables including balance and functional fitness, did not present differences between elderly with and without a history of falls. These results suggest that falls experienced by the riparian elderly are strongly associated to accidents due to environmental conditions related to daily life.

Projeto Idoso da Floresta: indicadores de saúde dos idosos inseridos na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF-SUS) de Manaus-AM, Brasil / Elderly from the Forest Project: health indicators of elderly’s Family Health Strategy in Manaus-AM’s health districts, Brazil

Introdução: estudos sobre o idoso que vive na Região Norte do Brasil ainda são incipientes e necessários para subsidiar programas de saúde pública. Objetivos: o estudo aqui apresentado descreve o delineamento geral do Projeto Idoso da Floresta, analisando os principais indicadores de saúde de idosos inseridos no ESFSUS em Manaus-AM, distribuídos nos quatro distritos de saúde investigados. Metodologia: foi feita análise amostral por conglomerados em dois estágios: (1º) seleção das unidades básicas de saúde da família (UBS) como unidades de seleção; (2º) seleção do idoso como unidade amostral, escolhido randomicamente entre as famílias atendidas nas UBSs. Resultados: 1.509 idosos foram incluídos, sendo 810 (53,6%) mulheres (67,6±7,7 anos) e 699 (46,4%) homens com idade média de 66,8± 6,9anos. Em geral, o idoso investigado era casado/viúvo (94,8%), com nenhuma ou baixíssima escolaridade (46,5%), vivia em casas (94,7%), recebia algum auxílio (57,5%), era aposentado (64,5%), sem renda ou recebia até um salário-mínimo (67,9%). Destes, 85,5% eram autônomos e 10,3% possuíam mais de quatro morbidades. Os indicadores tenderam a ser significativamente diferenciados conforme o distrito investigado. Conclusão: em geral, os perfis socioeconômico e cultural, da prevalência de morbidades e dependência tenderam a ser similares ao descrito em outros estudos brasileiros. Entretanto, existiram diferenças entre os distritos que devem ser consideradas nas estratégias de atenção e saúde do idoso. Análises complementares que estratifiquem a amostra por sexo, idade e perfil socioeconômico e cultural precisam ser conduzidas.

Introduction: Studies on the elderly living in the Brazilian North Region are incipient and must be carried out to support health public policies. Objectives: this study describes the methodological design on the Projeto Idoso da Floresta, that analyzes the main health indicators of the elderly inserted in the Family Health Strategy, a Brazilian health public care program, in Manaus-AM. Methodology: a two-stage epidemiologic study was conducted as follows: (1st) selection of basic health units (UBS) as unit selection; (2nd) elderly selection as randomized sample unit from each UBS. Results: 1,509 elderly were included in the analysis, 810 (53.6%) women (67.6±7.7 years old) and 699 (46.4%) men (66.8± 6,9 years old). In general, the elderly investigated here were married/widowed 94,8%), illiterate or withvery low educational level (46.5%), lived in houses (94.7%), received some external support (57.5%), retired (64.5%) ,without or with lower economic income (67.9%).From the sample analyzed, 85.5% were independent and 10.3% reported to have> 4 morbidities. These results tended to be different in Manaus’s health districts. Conclusion: in general, the variables analyzed tended to be similar to results described in other Brazilian epidemiological studies. However, there are differences among districts that must be considered in the elderly’s health care strategy. Complementary analysis of the data described here, with sex, age and socioeconomic stratification need to be performed.