Enhancement of antibacterial activity through phyto-fabrication of silver nanoparticles with Ficus thonningii aqueous extracts.

The World Health Organisation reports higher levels of bacterial resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems of above 54%. The sufficient redox capabilities of Ficus thonningii phytochemicals for Ag+  reduction to Ag0 and ultimately aggregation to nucleation are exploited for the first time in attempting to enhance the antibacterial activity. Solution colour change to brown due to surface plasmon resonance phenomenon confirmed nanoparticle fabrication with a UV/Vis absorption peak at 426 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra revealed functional groups (C=C at 1620-1680 cm-1 ; C=H at 1400-1600 cm-1 aromatics) for encapsulation, stabilisation, and reduction of the silver ion. The Dynamic Light Scattering technique verified F. thonningii encapsulated silver nanoparticles particle size of 57.84 nm with a negative zeta potential (-19.8 mV) as proof of stability. The surface, shape and topographical features were shown by Scanning Electron Microscopy as spherical orientations. An enhanced antimicrobial efficacy was displayed by the nanoparticles (inhibition zones of 26.1, 24.1 and 15.2 mm from 11.5, 10.6 and 6.5 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes and Escherichia coli, respectively, compared to Flucloxacillin standard that was in the ranges of 21.5, 23.5 and 25.7 mm. The enhanced potency provides a basis for diversified approaches of generating novel drugs for treating bacterial infections.

COVID-19 data reporting systems in Africa reveal insights for future pandemics.

Globally, countries have used diverse methods to report data during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using international guidelines and principles of emergency management, we compare national data reporting systems in African countries in order to determine lessons for future pandemics. We analyse COVID-19 reporting practices across 54 African countries through 2020. Reporting systems were diverse and included summaries, press releases, situation reports and online dashboards. These systems were communicated via social media accounts and websites belonging to ministries of health and public health. Data variables from the reports included event detection (cases/deaths/recoveries), risk assessment (demographics/co-morbidities) and response (total tests/hospitalisations). Of countries with reporting systems, 36/53 (67.9%) had recurrent situation reports and/or online dashboards which provided more extensive data. All of these systems reported cases, deaths and recoveries. However, few systems contained risk assessment and response data, with only 5/36 (13.9%) reporting patient co-morbidities and 9/36 (25%) including total hospitalisations. Further evaluation of reporting practices in Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa as examples from different sub-regions revealed differences in reporting healthcare capacity and preparedness data. Improving the standardisation and accessibility of national data reporting systems could augment research and decision-making, as well as increase public awareness and transparency for national governments.