Postnatal development of low [Mg2+] oscillations in neocortex.

One form of rhythmic activity intrinsic to neocortex can be induced in slices of adult somatosensory cortex by lowering [Mg2+]o to unblock N-methyl--aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It has been suggested that a population of intrinsically burst-firing (IB) neurons that are unique to cortical layer 5 may play a role in the rhythmic activity seen under these conditions. Whole cell patch-clamp and field-potential recordings in slices of somatosensory cortex from neonatal rats were used to study the development of IB cells and the development of 0 [Mg2+] oscillations. IB cells were not encountered before postnatal day 12 (P12) in layer 5, but from P13 to P19 an increasing proportion of cells had IB properties. Recordings from cells at P7, P17, and P19 in 0 [Mg2+] indicate that dramatic changes occur postnatally in 0 [Mg2+]-induced activity. At P7, cells largely showed trains of single action potentials. In contrast, at P19, cells showed organized bursts of rhythmic activity lasting 0.5-5 s separated by periods of relative quiescence. Cells recorded at P17 were found to have less organized rhythmic activity than cells from P19 cortex. Field-potential recordings in 0 [Mg2+] made at P7 showed infrequent and slowly occurring field depolarizations, whereas field-potential recordings at P19 consisted of spontaneous bursts of 4-12 Hz oscillations identical to those observed in the adult. Application of NE, which inhibits burst-firing of layer 5 IB cells, significantly altered the discharge pattern of 0 [Mg2+] oscillations at P19. These data suggest that the maturation of one type of rhythmic network activity intrinsic to neocortex is influenced by the development of the membrane properties of a single cell type.

NR2A subunit expression shortens NMDA receptor synaptic currents in developing neocortex.

NMDA receptors play important roles in learning and memory and in sculpting neural connections during development. After the period of peak cortical plasticity, NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs (NMDAR EPSCs) decrease in duration. A likely mechanism for this change in NMDA receptor properties is the molecular alteration of NMDA receptor structure by regulation of NMDA receptor subunit gene expression. The four modulatory NMDAR2A-D (NR2A-D) NMDA receptor subunits are known to alter NMDA receptor properties, and the expression of these subunits is regulated developmentally. It is unclear, however, how the four NR2 subunits are expressed in individual neurons and which NR2 subunits are important to the regulation of NMDA receptor properties during development in vivo. Analysis of NR2 subunit gene expression in single characterized neurons of postnatal neocortex revealed that cells expressing NR2A subunit mRNA had faster NMDAR EPSCs than cells not expressing this subunit, regardless of postnatal age. Expression of NR2A subunit mRNA in cortical neurons at even low levels seemed sufficient to alter the NMDA receptor time course. The proportion of cells expressing NR2A and displaying fast NMDAR EPSCs increased developmentally, thus providing a molecular basis for the developmental change in mean NMDAR EPSC duration.

The effects of therapy on spasticity utilizing a motorized exercise-cycle.

UNLABELLED: F-wave amplitudes have been used to demonstrate changes of motor neuron excitability in patients receiving pharmacological antispastic therapy as well as in those having physiotherapy. In this study it is shown that F-wave amplitudes can also be used to document changes of motor neuron excitability as an effect of the therapy with a motorized exercise-cycle, which moves the legs of paraplegic patients in a way similar to cycling. Ten F-waves were recorded immediately before and after the therapy with a motorized exercise-cycle in 70 legs of 35 patients with spastic paraparesis. Mean F-wave amplitude, mean F-wave/M-response ratio and maximum F-wave/M-response ratio were significantly lower after therapy than before. CONCLUSION: The antispastic effect of the therapy with a motorized exercise-cycle may be documented by a decrease of F-wave-amplitude parameters.