[The development of real-time multispectral imaging for the diagnostics of bladder cancer]. / Entwicklung der Echtzeitmultispektralbildgebung für die Diagnostik des Harnblasenkarzinoms.

The performance of white light (WL) cystoscopy in the diagnostics of bladder cancer can be optimized by the use of modern imaging modalities, such as photodynamic diagnostics (PDD) and narrow band imaging (NBI). Real-time multispectral imaging (rMSI) enables simultaneous imaging of reflectance and fluorescence modalities in multiple spectral bands. We created a multiparametric cystoscopy image by digital overlapping of several modalities, e.g. WL, enhanced vascular contrast (EVC), raw fluorescence mode, protoporphyrin IX and autofluorescence (AF). The technical development and the subsequent clinical implementation of rMSI required a structured preclinical evaluation process, including both ex vivo and in vivo trials before the technology can be applied in patients. This review article presents the phases of testing, validation and the first clinical application of rMSI in urological endoscopy.

Surgical outcomes after pediatric kidney transplantation at the University of Heidelberg.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation (KTx) is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). OBJECTIVE: An update of 48 years of surgical experience with pediatric KTx (PKTx) is presented, and the results between recipients of organs from deceased donors (DDs) and living donors (LDs) are compared. STUDY DESIGN: All patients younger than 18 years who underwent KTx between 1967 and 2015 were evaluated. Data from 540 PKTx operations (409 DD and 131 LD) were obtained from the transplant center database. Peri-operative data and graft and patient survival were analyzed in the DD and LD groups. RESULTS: Fewer recipients in the LD group underwent dialysis before PKTx than those in the DD group (50.8% in LD vs. 94.9% in DD, P < 0.001). The mean duration of dialysis (DD: 798 ± 525 days vs. LD: 625 ± 650 days, P = 0.03), time on the waiting list (DD: 472 ± 435 days vs. LD: 120 ± 243 days, P < 0.001), cold ischemia time (CIT) (DD: 1206 ± 368 min vs. LD: 140 ± 63 min, P < 0.001), operation time, and hospital stay were lower in the LD group. Except for arterial stenosis, the rates of postoperative vascular and urological complications were not different between the two groups. The cumulative 25-year graft and patient survival rates were 46.4% and 84.1% in the DD group and 76.5% and 96.1% in the LD group, respectively. DISCUSSION: PKTx is the treatment of choice for children with ESRD. Graft quality has a direct impact on KTx outcome and rate of graft failure. Better HLA compatibility and shorter CIT reduce the impairment of graft function after LD PKTx. In addition, Establishment of an interdisciplinary approach using an individualized risk assessment and prevention model can improve PKTx outcomes. CONCLUSION: Compared with DD PKTx, LD PKTx has better graft survival associated with a shorter duration of preceding dialysis, waiting time, and CIT and seems to be more beneficial for children.

Toward knowledge-based liver surgery: holistic information processing for surgical decision support.

PURPOSE: Malignant neoplasms of the liver are among the most frequent cancers worldwide. Given the diversity of options for liver cancer therapy, the choice of treatment depends on various parameters including patient condition, tumor size and location, liver function, and previous interventions. To address this issue, we present the first approach to treatment strategy planning based on holistic processing of patient-individual data, practical knowledge (i.e., case knowledge), and factual knowledge (e.g., clinical guidelines and studies). METHODS: The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) a formalized dynamic patient model that incorporates all the heterogeneous data acquired for a specific patient in the whole course of disease treatment; (2) a concept for formalizing factual knowledge; and (3) a technical infrastructure that enables storing, accessing, and processing of heterogeneous data to support clinical decision making. RESULTS: Our patient model, which currently covers 602 patient-individual parameters, was successfully instantiated for 184 patients. It was sufficiently comprehensive to serve as the basis for the formalization of a total of 72 rules extracted from studies on patients with colorectal liver metastases or hepatocellular carcinoma. For a subset of 70 patients with these diagnoses, the system derived an average of [Formula: see text] assertions per patient. CONCLUSION: The proposed concept paves the way for holistic treatment strategy planning by enabling joint storing and processing of heterogeneous data from various information sources.

Brain metastasis from gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BM) from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers are relatively rare. Despite those advances in diagnostic and treatment options, life expectancy and quality of life in these patients are still poor. In this review, we present an overview of the studies which have been previously performed as well as a comprehensive strategy for the assessment and treatment of BM from the GIT cancers. METHOD: To obtain information on brain metastases from GIT, we performed a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The collected data included patient characteristics, primary tumor data and brain metastases data. RESULT: In our search of the literature, we found 74 studies between 1980 and 2011, which included 2538 patients with brain metastases originated from gastrointestinal cancer. Analysis of available data showed that among 2538 patients who had brain metastases from GIT, a total of 116 patients (4.57%) had esophageal cancer, 148 patients (5.83%) had gastric cancer, 233 patients (9.18%) had liver cancer, 13 patients had pancreas cancer (0.52%) and 2028 patients (79.90%) had colorectal cancer. The total median age of the patients was 58.9 years. CONCLUSION: Brain metastases have been considered the most common structural neurological complication of systemic cancer. Due to poor prognosis they influence the survival rate as well as the quality of life of the patients. The treatment of cerebral metastasis depends on the patients' situation and the decisions of the treating physicians. The early awareness of a probable metastasis from GI to the brain will have a great influence on treatment outcomes as well as the survival rate and the quality-of-life of the patients.