Monkey Bar-Associated Pediatric Fractures: A National Epidemiologic Study of Emergency Department Visits.

INTRODUCTION: Emergency department (ED) visits because of pediatric fractures are not only burdensome for patients and their families but also result in an increased healthcare expenditure. Almost half of all children experience at least one fracture by the age of 15. Many fractures occur in playgrounds, with monkey bars and other climbing apparatuses noted as frequent mechanisms of injury. Our purpose was to identify the pattern of injury and the population sustaining monkey bar-associated fractures. METHODS: We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database for all monkey bar-associated injuries in patients aged 0 to 18 years from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2019. We described demographic data, patient disposition from the ED, fracture pattern, and injury setting using unweighted and weighted estimates. Weighted results that more closely reflect national estimates were calculated. RESULTS: During the study period, 30,920 (862,595 weighted) monkey bar-associated injuries presented to EDs; 16,410 (53.1%) (weighted injuries: 408,722 [47.4%]) were fracture injuries. The average age of kids sustaining fractures was 6.5 years, with most injuries (66.4%) occurring in kids between 6 and 12 years. A higher percentage of male patients presented to the ED with fractures compared with female patients (53% versus 47%). Upper extremity fractures were most common, 382,672 (94%) with forearm fractures constituting the majority (156,691 [38%]). Most children were treated and released (354,323 [87%]), with only 35,227 children (9%) being admitted for treatment. Places of recreation/sports were the most common setting of fractures (148,039 [36%]), followed by schools (159,784 [39%]). A notable association was observed between year and ethnicity and between month period and injury setting. CONCLUSION: Monkey bar-associated injuries are a major cause of upper extremity fractures in children, with most injuries occurring in recreational areas or schools. Young elementary school children are at the highest risk of injury. ED visits because of monkey bar-associated fractures have increased over the study period, and these injuries continue to be a major cause of fractures in children. Additional measures should be installed to decrease these preventable fractures among children, with schools as a potential starting point.

Comparison of Artificial Intelligence to Resident Performance on Upper-Extremity Orthopaedic In-Training Examination Questions.

Purpose: Currently, there is a paucity of prior investigations and studies examining applications for artificial intelligence (AI) in upper-extremity (UE) surgical education. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the performance of a novel AI tool (ChatGPT) on UE questions on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE). We aimed to compare the performance of ChatGPT to the examination performance of hand surgery residents. Methods: We selected questions from the 2020-2022 OITEs that focused on both the hand and UE as well as the shoulder and elbow content domains. These questions were divided into two categories: those with text-only prompts (text-only questions) and those that included supplementary images or videos (media questions). Two authors (B.K.F. and G.S.M.) converted the accompanying media into text-based descriptions. Included questions were inputted into ChatGPT (version 3.5) to generate responses. Each OITE question was entered into ChatGPT three times: (1) open-ended response, which requested a free-text response; (2) multiple-choice responses without asking for justification; and (3) multiple-choice response with justification. We referred to the OITE scoring guide for each year in order to compare the percentage of correct AI responses to correct resident responses. Results: A total of 102 UE OITE questions were included; 59 were text-only questions, and 43 were media-based. ChatGPT correctly answered 46 (45%) of 102 questions using the Multiple Choice No Justification prompt requirement (42% for text-based and 44% for media questions). Compared to ChatGPT, postgraduate year 1 orthopaedic residents achieved an average score of 51% correct. Postgraduate year 5 residents answered 76% of the same questions correctly. Conclusions: ChatGPT answered fewer UE OITE questions correctly compared to hand surgery residents of all training levels. Clinical relevance: Further development of novel AI tools may be necessary if this technology is going to have a role in UE education.

Validation of a Discharge Risk Calculator for Rural Patients Following Total Joint Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: As the volume of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in the US continues to grow, new challenges surrounding appropriate discharge surface. Arthroplasty literature has demonstrated discharge disposition to post-acute care facilities carries major risks regarding the need for revision surgery, patient co-morbidities, and financial burden. To quantify, categorize, and mitigaterisks, a decision tool that uses preoperative patient variables has previously been published and validated using an urban patient population. The aim of our investigation was to validate the same predictive model using patients in a rural setting undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: All TKA and THA procedures that were performed between January 2012 and September 2022 at our institution were collected. A total of 9,477 cases (39.6% TKA, 60.4% THA) were included for the validation analysis. There were nine preoperative variables that were extracted in an automated fashion from the electronic medical record. Included patients were then run through the predictive model, generating a risk score representing that patient's differential risk of discharge to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) versus home. Overall accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated after obtaining risk scores. RESULTS: Score cutoff equally maximizing sensitivity and specificity was 0.23, and the proportion of correct classifications by the predictive tool in this study population was found to be 0.723, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.788-both higher than previously published accuracy levels. With the threshold of 0.23, sensitivity and specificity were found to be 0.720 and 0.723, respectively. CONCLUSION: The risk calculator showed very good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting discharge location for rural patients undergoing TKA and THA, with accuracy even higher than in urban populations. The model provides an easy-to-use interface, with automation representing a viable tool in helping with shared decision-making regarding postoperative discharge plans.

Postoperative Communication Volume Following Total Joint Arthroplasty Can Be a Precursor for Emergency Department Visits.

Background: Unplanned calls, messages, and visits to the clinic can occur at a higher rate as newer technologies allow patients more accessibility and connectivity to clinicians. By reviewing postoperative patient phone calls and electronic portal messages, we compared the methods and frequency of communications between conventional and robotic joint arthroplasty cases. Methods: A retrospective review of total hip, total knee, and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty procedures by fellowship-trained adult reconstruction surgeons at our hospitals between 2017 and 2022 was performed. Any unplanned postoperative communication within 30 days of the postoperative period and unplanned emergency department visits were collected. Results: There were 12,300 robotic and manual consecutive primary total hip, total knee, and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty procedures performed on 10,908 patients over the study period. A total of 905 (40.4%) patients and 2012 (23.2%) patients sent an electronic text message (ETM) in the robotic and manual arthroplasty cohorts (P < .0001), respectively. Overall, 1942 (86.6%) patients in the robotic arthroplasty group and 6417 (74%) patients in the manual arthroplasty group had at least one phone call within the first month after their joint arthroplasty. Conclusions: Robotic arthroplasty patients place an increased demand on the orthopaedic surgery department in terms of unplanned patient contacts. Robotic arthroplasty patients had a significantly increased rate of unplanned postoperative ETMs and phone calls when compared to manual arthroplasty patients. An increased number of postoperative phone calls, but not ETMs, can also be indicative of an emergency department visit. These findings can be used in the perioperative setting to counsel and educate patients about expectations.

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain due to a de novo L369P mutation in the SCN11A gene with Heterotrophic Ossification - A Case Report.

Introduction: A male child with congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) due to a novel de novo L369P mutation in the SCN11A gene was found to have significant bilateral hip flexion contractures, followed by severe heterotopic ossification after contraction release. This is the first report to describe a patient with this specific mutation and subsequent clinical course. Case Report: A male child with CIP due to de novo L369P mutation in the SCN11A gene was found to have significant bilateral hip flexion contractures. The patient underwent bilateral hip contracture releases to improve his standing ability after failure of conservative treatment. In the coming months he developed significant heterotopic ossification that eventually bridged from the left pelvis to the left femur. Conclusion: Heterotrophic ossification (HO) in patients with CIP is a rare and poorly understood clinical manifestation. Our report describes a rare and aggressive manifestation of HO in a patient with CIP.

An analysis of cost and complications for patients sustaining a second, contralateral hip fracture within 1 year.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures are an increasingly common occurrence among the aging population. With increased life expectancy and advancements in medicine, patients sustaining a hip fracture are at an increasing risk of sustaining a contralateral hip fracture. Efforts are being made to better understand the environment of these hip fractures so that secondary prevention clinics and guidelines can be made to help prevent recurrent osteoporotic hip fractures. The estimated incidence of a contralateral hip fracture varies from 2 to 10% and is reportedly associated with a higher incidence of complications. Previous studies evaluating contralateral hip fractures compared a single cohort of patients sustaining a second hip fracture with patients who sustained only one hip fracture. We aimed to investigate the overall complications and associated costs as it relates to a patients first hip fracture and contrast this to the same patient's contralateral, second hip fractures. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients in our health systems electronic database who were found to have surgically treated hip fractures between January 2004 and July 2019. Patients with surgically treated hip fractures (CPT Codes: 27235, 27236, 27245, 27244), who sustained a second contralateral hip fracture were included. Medical complications within 30 days of either procedure (such as pneumonia, UTI, altered mental status and others), length of stay, orthopedic complications (such as wound complications, infection, hardware failure, nonunion), type of implants, costs, comorbidities, and ASA Class as well as Mortality were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 4,870 hip fractures were identified during the study period where 137 (2.8%) patients sustained a second hip fracture, and 47 (0.9%) of which were sustained within the first year after their index hip fracture. There was no statistical difference in length of stay (p = 0.68), medical (p>0.99) or orthopedic complications (p>0.99) between patients first and second hip fractures. There was an increased incidence of cognitive impairment with the second hip fracture (P = 0.0002). For patients that underwent operative treatment of a second hip fracture, the total cost of care was higher for the second surgery (mean difference 757. 38 USD) however the difference wasn't statistically significant (p = 0.31). The overall 1-year mortality rate was 14.9 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates there is no statistical difference between the first and second surgery regarding length of stay, medical or orthopedic complications and cost.

The Accident Environment Resulting in Fragility Fractures: A 20-year National Epidemiologic Study.

INTRODUCTION: Fragility fractures are an enduring source of morbidity in the elderly with unfortunate frequency and rising costs. Although the predominant cause of fractures is generally understood to be falls, the exact stratification of the causes of fractures presenting to the emergency department has not yet been described in the literature. We sought out to stratify the primary products associated with fractures in the elderly, further describing the anatomic location of the fracture and setting of injury. METHODS: We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database for all fractures in patients older than 65 years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019. We analyzed demographic data, patient disposition, anatomic fracture location, and injury setting for the top 20 causes of fractures. Trends, proportions and distributions were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 901,418 visits to the Emergency Department were reviewed. Of these, 216,657 (24%) were found to have fractures. The top 20 causes for fractures accounted for a total of 173,557 (19%) fractures. The average age in our population was 80.1 years (SD 8.7). Women constituted most of the patients (127,753 [74%]). Flooring (58,347 [33.6%]) was the most common product associated with the cause of fractures, with stairs/steps (29,804 [17.2%]) and bed/bed frames (19,004 [10.9%]) being the second and third most common, respectively. Lower extremity fractures (97,195 [56%]) were more common than upper extremity fractures (63,899 [37%]). The lower trunk (pelvis, femoral neck, and lower spine) was the most common anatomic location of fractures reported (64,132 [37.0%]). Most fractures occurred either at home (113,158 [65.2%]) or at a public setting (31,162 [18.0%]). CONCLUSIONS: Most products associated with fractures among mature adults were related to flooring, stairs, or bedding. This study offers a detailed understanding on the common products associated with fractures in mature adults and aids in discussing preventive measures for lowering fracture risk with patients, communities, and healthcare systems.

Hybrid Fixation of Open Distal Humerus Fracture With Acute Loss of Lateral Articular Condyle.

Acute, major articular bone loss associated with an open fracture is an uncommon injury. These injuries typically occur after high-energy trauma and are challenging to treat. Various approaches to treatment include allografts, prosthetic composite structures, custom implants, and total joint arthroplasty. These treatment options provide a wide array of variability in outcomes, costs, and challenges, especially in young and active patients. Two patients presented to our institution with open elbow injuries that included structural bone loss of the lateral column including the entire capitellar articular surface and a portion of the lateral trochlea. With the limited portions of bone available, the surgical principles for distal humerus fracture of articular repair followed by medial and lateral column restoration were followed. Each patient was treated with repair of the residual remnant of the articular surface. Then, repair of the columns of the distal humerus was performed by using a combination of internal fixation and hinged external fixation. In both cases, a plate was inserted to repair the medial column and a hinged external fixation was applied laterally to protect the lateral column. Immediate motion was allowed and progressed within each patient's tolerance. The lateral, hinged external fixator was removed at 8 weeks after injury and converted to a lateral column plate fixed distally into the lateral portion of the residual trochlea. At follow-up, both patients had radiographic evidence of reconstitution of the lateral column of the distal humerus and were able to return to heavy manual labor. [Orthopedics. 2022;45(3):e162-e167.].

Association of Clostridioides difficile with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with acute diverticulitis: A nationwide study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute diverticulitis (AD) is a common gastrointestinal disease with a significant health care-associated burden. Patients hospitalized with AD have many risk factors for developing Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). CDI is associated with poor outcomes in many diseases but has yet to be studied in AD. METHODS: We utilized data from the National Inpatient Sample from January 2012 to October 2015 for patients hospitalized with AD and CDI compared with AD alone. Primary outcomes, which were mortality, length of stay, and hospitalization cost, were compared. Secondary outcomes were complications of diverticulitis and need for surgical interventions. Risk factors for mortality in AD and risk factors associated with CDI in AD patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 767 850 hospitalizations for AD, 8755 also had CDI. A propensity score-matched cohort analysis demonstrated that CDI was associated with increased risk of inpatient mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30, 5.95), prolonged duration of hospitalization by 4.27 days (P < 0.0001), total hospital cost by $33 271 (P < 0.0001), need for surgery (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22, 1.71), and complications of diverticulitis (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.21, 1.74). Predictors of CDI among patients with AD included female gender (1.12 OR, 95% CI 1.01, 1.24), three or more comorbidities (1.81 OR, 95% CI 1.57, 2.09), and admissions to teaching hospitals (1.44 OR, 95% CI 1.22, 1.70). CONCLUSIONS: Clostridioides difficile infection in AD is associated with increased mortality, length of stay, and hospital cost. Preventative measures should be made for at-risk patients with AD to decrease infection rate and poor outcomes.

Refusal of Cancer-Directed Surgery in Patients with Colon Cancer: Risk Factors of Refusal and Survival Data.

INTRODUCTION: Colon cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although there have been numerous advancements in treatment options, electing to undergo surgery is a difficult decision, and some patients may be hesitant to undergo surgery. We sought to understand the risk factors associated with refusal of surgery and predictors of mortality in patients with colon cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients diagnosed with colon cancer from 1995 to 2015. We stratified patients according to whether they underwent surgery or refused recommended surgery. We analyzed numerous demographic, surgical, and oncologic variables and performed univariate analysis to assess predictors for refusal of surgery as well as survival and mortality risk in those refusing surgery. RESULTS: Our analysis included 288,322 patients with primary colon cancer where 284,591 (98.7%) underwent cancer-direct surgery and 3731 (1.3%) refused recommended surgery. Those refusing cancer directed surgery were more likely to be > 70 years old, non-Hispanic black patients, and have distant staged cancer (all p < 0.001). In those refusing surgery, risks for mortality included older age, female gender, widowhood, higher grade or distant-staged cancer, and a positive CEA. CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in care related to patient race, gender, and insurance status were related to patients who refused surgical interventions. This study helps to identify patients who are more likely to refuse surgery and may assist in navigating conversations with patients who are contemplating treatment options.

Malignant Phyllodes Tumor in an Adolescent Female: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Primary breast neoplasms are rare in adolescent females, most of which are benign. Phyllodes tumors constitute a remarkably small subset of breast neoplasms (0.3-0.9%) with malignant phyllodes tumors being even more uncommon. Malignant phyllodes tumors tend to progress rapidly though only 1.5% metastasize. They are also associated with a higher rate of recurrence than their benign counterparts, underlying the importance of adequate surgical margins. It is therefore imperative to be able to identify these tumors early allowing for prompt resection and close follow-up. Here, we present the rare case of a 17-year-old female presenting with a rapidly enlarging breast mass, which was ultimately found to be a malignant phyllodes tumor. We further performed a review of the literature to highlight only 22 other cases reported in adolescent females.

Primary cutaneous mucormycosis of the abdomen at the site of repeated insulin injections.

A 71-year-old woman with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with a necrotic lesion on her lower abdomen. Further history revealed that this was the site of repeat insulin injections with reuse of the same needles. On investigation, biopsy of the site was positive for broad, aseptate, right-angle branching fungal hyphae consistent with mucormycosis. Studies have shown that insulin needle reuse is a common practice among diabetics for several reasons, including cost and convenience. While the current American Diabetes Association guidelines suggest that this is an acceptable practice among the general population of diabetics, they advise against it in patients who are actively ill or immunocompromised. Discussion about insulin needle reuse should be of utmost importance among providers and their diabetic patients, especially for patients who are immunocompromised.

HIV-Associated "Double-Hit" Lymphoma of the Tonsil: A First Reported Case.

Double-hit lymphoma (DHL) is a unique subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by atleast two rearrangements involving MYC, BLC2, and/or BCL6. These lymphomas are uncommon and aggressive, responding poorly to typical chemotherapy regimens. Lymphomas rarely arise from the oral cavity or tonsils, and those presenting as a neck mass are predominantly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To date, primary DHL of the tonsils has yet to be described in the literature. Here, we report a case of a 44 year-old male patient with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who presented with a sore throat. He subsequently developed acute respiratory compromise due to a rapidly enlarging tonsillar mass. Pathologic and genetic analysis confirmed the presence of BCL6 and MYC rearrangements suggestive of DHL of the tonsils. In a young patient with HIV and a neck mass, it is essential that lymphoma remains on the list of differential diagnoses as prompt diagnosis and treatment may prevent complications from its rapid expansion.

Next-Generation Sequencing in 305 Consecutive Patients: Clinical Outcomes and Management Changes.

PURPOSE: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly used to identify actionable mutations for oncology treatment. We examined the results and use of NGS assays at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 305 consecutive patients who had NGS testing of tumor samples from March 2014 to April 2017. NGS was performed by FoundationOne. RESULTS: Of the 305 tissue samples sent to FoundationOne, 189 reports were potentially usable. Of these reports, 76 (40.21%) demonstrated an aberration targetable by on-label therapies and 126 (66.67%) by off-label therapies, and 170 (89.94%) revealed actionable aberrations via all potential avenues, including clinical trials; 21 of these 189 potentially usable reports (11.1%) yielded a change in management, including use of on-label therapies (n = 7), use of off-label therapies (n = 6), enrollment in a clinical trial (n = 6), and discontinuation of a medication with a predicted poor response (n = 3; one report was used twice). For the six patients with off-label use, median duration of treatment was 46 days and discontinued after death (n = 3) or progression (n = 3). CONCLUSION: Only a minority of NGS assay results (6.9% percent of all tests ordered and 11.1% of useable tests) resulted in a management change. A small minority of patients started off-label therapy on the basis of NSG assay results and overall had poor responses to off-label treatment. Although in theory NGS assays may improve oncologic outcomes, the results of our initial 305 patients showed low clinical utility.

Cluster-Randomized Trial of Opiate-Sparing Analgesia after Discharge from Elective Hip Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons have traditionally relied on opiates after hip replacement, despite a growing epidemic of abuse. This study assessed the efficacy of multimodal analgesia and impact of conservative opiate prescribing after discharge from hip surgery. STUDY DESIGN: In this cluster-randomized trial, 235 patients undergoing hip replacement (5 surgeons) received 1 of 3 discharge pain regimens: scheduled-dose multimodal analgesia with a minimal opiate supply (group A), scheduled-dose multimodal analgesia with a traditional opiate supply (group B), or a traditional pro re nata (as needed) opiate regimen alone (group C). Each of the surgeons comprised a distinct cluster and alternated in a randomized sequence between interventions. The multimodal regimen comprised fixed-schedule doses of acetaminophen, meloxicam, and gabapentin. Primary outcomes were daily visual analogue scale pain and opiate use for 30 days. Secondary outcomes included satisfaction, sleep quality, opiate-related symptoms, hip function, and adverse events. The primary intent-to-treat analysis was performed using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Daily pain was significantly lower in group A (coefficient [Coeff] -0.81; p = 0.003) and group B (Coeff -0.61; p = 0.021) relative to group C. Although daily opiate use in group A (Coeff -0.77; p < 0.001) and group B (Coeff -0.30; p = 0.04) was lower than group C, opiate use for group A was also lower than group B (Coeff -0.46; p = 0.002). Duration of opiate use was significantly shorter for group A (1.14 weeks) and group B (1.39 weeks) compared with group C (2.57 weeks). There were fewer opiate-related symptoms, most commonly fatigue, in group A compared with C, but groups B and C were not significantly different. Both multimodal regimens improved satisfaction and sleep, and there were no differences in hip function or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal analgesia with minimal opiates improved pain control while significantly decreasing opiate use and opiate-related adverse effects. It is time to rethink our reliance on opiates after elective operations.

Recurrent Adolescent Giant-Cell Tumor of the Scaphoid: Scaphoid Excision with Intracarpal Fusion after Failed Curettage and Bone Grafting.

We present a case of the giant-cell tumor of bone in the scaphoid of a 17-year-old female. Imaging revealed an expansile lytic lesion of her scaphoid, and the diagnosis was confirmed with open biopsy. She was treated with curettage and iliac crest bone graft, in an effort to spare reconstruction of her wrist. After one year, she developed increasing tightness and pain. Local recurrence was apparent on radiographs, and CT revealed increased lucency with bony destruction in the area of prior excision. She was successfully treated, without recurrence to date, with complete scaphoid excision and a four-corner wrist fusion. Local recurrence of the giant-cell tumor of bone is high, especially in carpal bones. When treating patients with advanced lesions, more aggressive initial options should be considered.

Fever and Erythema are Specific Findings in Detecting Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Current diagnostic modalities are based almost exclusively on laboratory findings and the role of clinical presentation remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of clinical presentation in detecting periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study evaluated 279 patients undergoing revision surgery for failed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between 2001-2016. Patients were classified as undergoing septic revisions based on major MSIS criteria. Aseptic revisions were defined as cases of single stage revision that did not have suspected PJI, fulfill MSIS criteria, or subsequently fail within one year of follow-up. Clinical presentation included pain, fever, presence of joint effusion or erythema, and reduced range of motion. Serum and synovial laboratory markers were also evaluated. The diagnostic value of each test was assessed and a Fagan's nomogram was constructed. A subset of MSIS-negative patients was used to demonstrate the value of various clinical presentations in detecting PJI. Post-test probability for infection was calculated taking into account clinical presentation together with serum and synovial markers. Our results show that fever and erythema are the most important signs for diagnosing PJI with a positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 10.78 and 8.08, respectively. Effusion had a LR of 2.42. Pain and reduced ROM were not as strongly correlated with PJI diagnosis; LR was 1.02 and 1.51. Of the 35 MSIS-negative patients treated for PJI, 33 had a post-test probability of infection greater than 90% when taking clinical presentation into account. Clinical presentation should be used to guide which future diagnostic tests should be ordered and in the interpretation of their results. Our results indicate that pain, fever, presence of joint effusion or erythema, and reduced range of motion should prompt further workup for infection. We propose a nomogram that may be used in interoperating their individual weight together with laboratory findings. Fever and erythema are highly specific findings in patients with PJI and future studies should assess whether they may be added as minor criteria to current definitions for infection.