[Minimally invasive interventions for complications associated with intra-abdominal calculi after laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. / Vozmozhnosti minimal'no invazivnykh vmeshatel'stv v lechenii oslozhnenii, svyazannykh s vnutribryushnymi konkrementami posle videolaparoskopicheskoi kholetsistektomii.

OBJECTIVE: To study the possibilities of minimally invasive methods for removing intra-abdominal calculi after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 5 patients with abdominal abscesses associated with infected calculi after previous laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Care between 2020 and 2023. Mean age of patients was 55±12 years. There were 3 (60%) women and 2 (40%) men. All patients underwent minimally invasive treatment. RESULTS: Four patients (80%) underwent percutaneous drainage of abscess with subsequent replacement by larger drains and removal of calculi with endoscopic assistance. Event-free period after cholecystectomy was 44±32 months. One patient developed subhepatic abscess in 72 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This patient underwent transluminal removal of calculus through the duodenal wall. There was 1 calculus in 3 (60%) patients, 2 calculi in 1 (20%) patient and 3 calculi in 1 (20%) patient. CONCLUSION: The above-mentioned cases demonstrate successful minimally invasive interventions for symptomatic abdominal calculi after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Minimally invasive treatment can reduce surgical aggression and accelerate rehabilitation.

[Low-Molecular Thiols as a Factor Improving the Sensitivity of Escherichia coli Mutants with Impaired ADP-Heptose Synthesis to Antibiotics].

Low molecular-weight thiols as glutathione and cysteine are an important part of the cell's redox regulation system. Previously, we have shown that inactivation of ADP-heptose synthesis in Escherichia coli with a gmhA deletion induces the oxidative stress. It is accompanied by rearrangement of thiol homeostasis and increased sensitivity to antibiotics. In our study, we found that restriction of cysteine metabolism (ΔcysB and ΔcysE) and inhibition of glutathione synthesis (ΔgshAB) lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of the ΔgmhA mutant to antibiotics but not to its expected increase. At the same time, blocking of the export of cysteine (ΔeamA) or increasing import (Ptet-tcyP) into cells of the oxidized form of cysteine-cystine leads to an even greater increase in the sensitivity of gmhA-deleted cells to antibiotics. In addition, there is no correlation between the cytotoxic effect of antibiotics and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total pool of thiols, or the viability of the initial cell population. However, a correlation between the sensitivity to antibiotics and the level of oxidized glutathione in cells was found in our study. Apparently, a decrease in the content of low-molecular-weight thiols saves NADPH equivalents and limits the processes of protein redox modification. This leads to increasing of resistance of the ΔgmhA strain to antibiotics. An increase in low-molecular-weight thiols levels requires a greater expenditure of cell resources, leads to an increase in oxidized glutathione and induces to greater increase in sensitivity of the ΔgmhA strain to antibiotics.

[Metabolic Stress of Red Blood Cells Induces Hemoglobin Glutathionylation].

Metabolic stress caused by a lack of glucose significantly affects the state of red blood cells, where glycolysis is the main pathway for the production of ATP. Hypoglycemia can be both physiological (occurring during fasting and heavy physical exertion) and pathological (accompanying a number of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus). In this study, we have characterized the state of isolated erythrocytes under metabolic stress caused by the absence of glucose. It was established that 24 h of incubation of the erythrocytes in a glucose-free medium to simulate blood plasma led to a two-fold decrease in the ATP level into them. The cell size, as well as intracellular sodium concentration increased. These findings could be the result of a disruption in ion transporter functioning because of a decrease in the ATP level. The calcium level remained unchanged. With a lack of glucose in the medium of isolated erythrocytes, there was no increase in ROS and a significant change in the level of nitric oxide, while the level of the main low-molecular weight thiol of cells, glutathione (GSH) decreased by almost 2 times. It was found that the metabolic stress of isolated red blood cells induced hemoglobin glutathionylation despite the absence of ROS growth. The cause was the lack of ATP, which led to a decrease in the level of GSH because of the inhibition of its synthesis and, probably, due to a decrease in the NADPH level required for glutathione (GSSG) reduction and protein deglutathionylation. Thus, erythrocyte metabolic stress induced hemoglobin glutathionylation, which is not associated with an increase in ROS. This may have an important physiological significance, since glutathionylation of hemoglobin changes its affinity for oxygen.

Free prior informed consent in the extractive industry: Approaches to involving Indigenous peoples in decision-making in Russia.

Free prior informed consent is a principle for consulting, cooperating, and obtaining consent from Indigenous peoples through their representative institutions on matters affecting them. It is promoted by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which calls on nations to strengthen the civil, political, and economic rights of Indigenous peoples by securing their rights to land, minerals, and other natural resources. Extractive companies have been developing policies to address Indigenous peoples' concerns as part of legal compliance and voluntary actions under corporate social responsibility. The lives and cultural heritage of Indigenous peoples are continuously affected by operations of extractive industries. This is notable in the Circumpolar North, where Indigenous peoples have developed sustainable resource use practices in fragile natural environments. In this paper, we examine corporate social responsibility approaches to implementing free prior informed consent in Russia. We investigate how public and civil institutions influence the policies of extractive companies and their impact on Indigenous peoples' self-determination and participation in decision-making.

[The role of endosonography in the treatment of chemical ulcerative-necrotic burns of the esophagus]. / Rol' endosonografii v opredelenii taktiki lecheniya khimicheskogo yazvenno-nekroticheskogo ozhoga pishchevoda: klinicheskoe nablyudenie.

The authors present ultrasonography-assisted endoscopic diagnosis of chemical burn of the esophagus. This method early predicted decompensated cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus that was valuable to determine treatment strategy. Preventive mini-invasive endoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy provided adequate enteral nutrition in a patient with decompensated esophageal stenosis before reconstructive surgery.

[Blood-Brain Barrier Transwell Modeling].

In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) modeling with the use of the brain endothelial cells grown on a transwell membrane is widely used to investigate BBB disorders and factors intended to ameliorate these pathologies. Endothelial cells, due to tight junction proteins, ensure selective permeability for a number of substances. The low integrity (i.e., high permeability) of the BBB model, as compared to the physiological one, complicates evaluation of the effects caused by different agents. Thus, the selection of conditions to improve barrier integrity is an essential task. In this study, mouse brain endothelial cells bEnd.3 are used in experiments on transwell modeling. To determine which factors enhance BBB integrity, the effects of the cultivation medium, the number of cells during seeding, the state of the transwell membrane, and cultivation in the presence or in the absence of primary mouse neurons and matrigel as a matrix on the passage of a fluorescent label through the cell monolayer were assessed. The effect of fetal bovine serum on the tight junction protein claudin-5 was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. The obtained cultivation parameter data facilitate the solution to the problem of low integrity of the BBB transwell model and bring the model closer to the physiologically relevant indicators.

Differential Markers of Subpopulations of Epithelial Cells of the Larynx in Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

In squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, the population of epithelial cells in the tumor tissue is initially heterogeneous and, in addition to tumor cells invading the organ mucosa, includes normal epithelial cells of protein-mucous glands and cells of the stratified epithelium covering the mucous membrane. A search for differential markers to separate these subpopulations was carried out. The surface marker CD44 and cytokeratins 5 and 17 that are often used to verify carcinoma cells, are common markers for all epithelial cells of the larynx. In highly differentiated carcinoma, subpopulations of normal and tumor epithelial cells can be separated by the level of expression of cytokeratins 10 and 18 and nuclear markers Ki-67 and p63. However, in moderately differentiated carcinoma, tumor cells and normal cells of the basal layer of the stratified epithelium covering the mucous membrane of the larynx have similar phenotypes, which should be taken into account when conducting experimental studies.

[Combination of RNase Binase and AKT1/2 Kinase Inhibitor Blocks Two Alternative Survival Pathways in Kasumi-1 Cells].

Treatment of malignant neoplasms often requires the use of combinations of chemotherapeutic agents. However, in order to select combinations that are effective against specific tumor cells, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of action of the drugs that make up the combination. Bacillus pumilus ribonuclease (binase) is considered as an adjuvant antitumor agent, and the sensitivity of malignant cells to the apoptogenic effect of binase depends on the presence of certain oncogenes. In the acute myelogenous leukemia cell line Kasumi-1, binase blocks the proliferation pathway mediated by the mutant tyrosine kinase KIT, which, as shown in our work, activates an alternative proliferation pathway through AKT kinase. In Kasumi-1 cells, binase in combination with an Akt1/2 inhibitor induces apoptosis, and their toxic effects add up: the Akt1/2 inhibitor blocks the binase-induced pathway after suppression of the KIT-dependent pathway. Thus, a combination of binase and AKT kinase inhibitors can effectively block various pathways of tumor cell proliferation and be used for their elimination.

Chronic Effects of Modeled Myocardial Infarction, Thoracic Trauma, and Denervation of Hind Limb on Rheographic Parameters of Rat Femoral Arteries In Situ.

In experiments on narcotized male rats (n=85), the mean electroimpedance Z and peak-to-peak magnitudes (the swing ranges) of passive (ΔZp) and active (ΔZa) pulsatile electroimpedance oscillations of isolated segment of femoral arteries were determined in situ. These rheographic parameters (RP) were measured in intact animals and in those with modeled chronic myocardial infarction, chronic denervation of the right hind leg, as well as in rats subjected to sham operations to mimic denervation or infarction (with thoracic trauma). The rats with modeled myocardial infarction demonstrated decreasing trends of all RP. In sham-operated rats with thoracic trauma, ΔZp increased significantly on postsurgery months 2-4 by 4.3 times in comparison with the control. No essential correlation was found in denervated rats between RP of any femoral artery and severity of neuropathic pain syndrome assessed by autotomy of the operated leg. In these rats, the mean electroimpedance Z of any femoral artery was significantly greater than the control level. They demonstrated especially high values of ΔZp with significant difference between ΔZp of innervated and denervated hind leg. In denervated rats, ΔZa was significantly greater than the control value without significant difference between ΔZa of both femoral arteries. The paradoxically great increase of ΔZp (100- and 50-fold for innervated and denervated legs, respectively) and a significant 3-fold increment of ΔZa in both hind legs provoked by denervation of one of them are discussed in relation to searching for the ways of systemic influences on vascular network in clinics and experiments.

Thermodynamic approach for the understanding of the kinetics of heat effects induced by structural relaxation of metallic glasses.

We present a novel approach to the understanding of heat effects induced by structural relaxation of metallic glasses. The key idea consists in the application of a general thermodynamic equation for the entropy change due to the evolution of a non-equilibrium part of a complex system. This non-equilibrium part is considered as a defect subsystem of glass and its evolution is governed by local thermoactivated rearrangements with a Gibbs free energy barrier proportional to the high-frequency shear modulus. The only assumption on the nature of the defects is that they should provide a reduction of the shear modulus-a diaelastic effect. This approach allows to determine glass entropy change upon relaxation. On this basis, the kinetics of the heat effects controlled by defect-induced structural relaxation is calculated. A very good agreement between the calculation and specially performed calorimetric and shear modulus measurements on three metallic glasses is found.

Cavitation Resistance of WC-10Co4Cr and WC-20CrC-7Ni HVAF Coatings.

Machines operating in aqueous environments may be subjected to cavitation damage during operation. This study aims to evaluate the cavitation resistance of WC-10Co4Cr and WC-20CrC-7Ni coatings under cavitation erosion conditions with additional electrochemical effects. The coatings were deposited on AISI 1040 steel substrates using a high velocity air fuel thermal spray process. The microstructure of the coatings was observed by a scanning electron microscope, while their phase composition was analyzed using an energy-dispersive microanalysis system. In addition, the microhardness of the coatings and substrate was measured, and the surface topography of the eroded surface layers was observed using a 3D optical profilometer. The results revealed that the cavitation resistance of the WC-20CrC-7Ni coatings was better than that of the WC-10Co4Cr coatings. The observation of the structure and surface topography made it possible to identity the reasons for the differences between the cavitation resistance of both coatings: The WC-20CrC-7Ni coatings had a finer grain structure, lower pore density, and lower as-sprayed surface roughness. These differences, along with the presence of a high Cr and Ni content in the feedstock powder, that increased the coating corrosion resistance, contributed to improving the cavitation resistance and reducing the material loss of the WC-20CrC-7Ni coatings.

[Acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock in patient with COVID-19].

The conditions of the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) are associated with overloading intensive care units, conversion of hospitals, and changes in routing of patients with acute cardiovascular pathology. At the same time, medical practice is still challenged to provide medical care to patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients with COVID-19 and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at a higher risk of death while the incidence of this combination of diseases will be growing. This article describes a case of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in a 69-year-old patient who was urgently hospitalized with cardiogenic shock associated with ACS, electrocardiographic signs of complete left bundle branch block, and left ventricular ejection fraction of 19 %. Coronary angiography with stenting was successfully performed in the conditions of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The patient received long-term intensive therapy in the intensive care unit followed by symptomatic treatment in the cardiac surgery unit. The patient's condition gradually improved and he was discharged from the hospital on the 56th day. The strategy of intensive care and active follow-up helped saving life of the patient with COVID-19 and AMI.

Determination of the thermodynamic potentials of metallic glasses and their relation to the defect structure.

We performed calorimetric and shear modulus measurements on four bulk metallic glasses upon heating up to the temperature of the complete crystallization as well as in the fully crystallized state. On the basis of calorimetric experiments, we calculated the excess thermodynamic potentials with respect to the crystalline state-the enthalpy ΔH, entropy ΔSand Gibbs free energy ΔΦ-as functions of temperature. Using high-frequency shear modulus measurements we show that calorimetric determination of ΔH, ΔSand ΔΦ is consistent with the calculation of these potentials within the framework of the interstitialcy theory (IT) within a 15% uncertainty in the worst case for all MGs under investigation. It is concluded that the physical origin of the excess thermodynamic potentials in MGs can be related to a system of interstitial-type defects frozen-in from the liquid state upon melt quenching as suggested by the IT. The estimates of the defect formation enthalpyHfand entropySfshow thatHfscales with the shear modulus whileSfis quite large (10kBto 20kB), in line with the basic assumptions of the IT.

Relation of the fragility and heat capacity jump in the supercooled liquid region with the shear modulus relaxation in metallic glasses.

Fragility constitutes a major parameter of supercooled liquids. The phenomenological definition of this quantity is related to the rate of a change of the shear viscosityηat the glass transition temperature. Although a large number of correlations of the fragility with different properties of metallic glasses were reported, an adequate understanding of its physical nature is still lacking. Attempting to uncover this nature, we performed the calculation of the fragility within the framework of the interstitialcy theory (IT) combined with the elastic shoving model. We derived an analytical expression for the fragility, which shows its relation with the high-frequency shear modulusGin the supercooled liquid state. To verify this result, specially designed measurements ofηandGwere performed on seven Zr-, Cu- and Pd-based metallic glasses. It was found that the fragility calculated from shear modulus relaxation data is in excellent agreement with the fragility derived directly from shear viscosity measurements. We also calculated the heat capacity jump ΔCsqlat the glass transition and showed that it is related to the fragility and, consequently, to shear modulus relaxation. The ΔCsql-value thus derived is in a good agreement with experimental data. It is concluded that the fragility and heat capacity jump in the supercooled liquid state can be determined by the evolution of the system of interstitial-type defects frozen-in from the melt upon glass production, as suggested by the IT. This connection is mediated by the high-frequency shear modulus.

The response of two polar monocyte subsets to inflammation.

Macrophages are a central component of innate immunity that play an important role in the defense of the organism. Macrophages are highly plastic and are activated by interaction with other cells and environmental factors. In this work, we study the effect of lipopolysaccharide on macrophages derived from the two most polar (CD14+ and CD16+ monocytes) as well as the intermediate subset of blood monocytes from healthy donors and assess what happens to the subset most prone to polarization on the transcriptomic and proteomic level. It has been shown that, according to primary pro-inflammatory polarization markers, their cytokine profile, and their phagocytic activity, macrophages derived from CD14+ monocytes exhibit higher sensitivity to inducers of pro-inflammatory polarization. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increased levels of CD86, while secretome analysis demonstrated significant increase of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines observed in CD14+-derived macrophages, as compared to CD16+-derived macrophages in conditioned media. Assessment of the transcriptome and proteome of CD14+-derived macrophages with further bioinformatic analysis identified the most significant differences after polarization towards the pro-inflammatory phenotype. Immune-, membrane-, IFN-γ-, cytokine-, and defense-associated pathways were found significantly prevalent, while downregulated pathways were represented by RNA binding-, housekeeping-, exocytosis-, intracellular transport-, peptide and amide metabolic-related signaling. This data could be useful for macrophage-based cell therapeutics of cancer, as it provides additional background for the manipulation of donor monocytes intended for back transplantation.

2 J, 10 Hz, 1047 nm Nd:YLF master oscillator power amplifier laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality.

We report on a joule-level, 1047 nm Nd:YLF master oscillator power amplifier laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality. The master oscillator and two-stage two-pass amplifier were all-flashlamp-pumped. The laser produced 2 J output pulses with 3 ns duration at 10 Hz pulse repetition rate. High beam quality was achieved by using a liquid stimulated Brillouin scattering mirror and additional astigmatism compensation.

Activated carbon additives for technetium immobilization in bentonite-based engineered barriers for radioactive waste repositories.

Safe disposal of nuclear waste in a geologic repository will rely on natural geologic features and engineered barriers to greatly retard the movement of radionuclides from the repository. Clay minerals including bentonite are effective in retarding the migration of many radionuclides, but are ineffective for anionic radionuclides, of which pertechnetate is of particular concern owing to its relatively long half-life and the lack of natural isotopes that dilute it. Activated carbon is proposed as an additive material for reducing pertechnetate mobility in the nearfield. Activated carbon materials of different origins quantitatively sorb pertechnetate from aqueous solution under oxidizing conditions during the first day of contact, and sequential extraction showed that 73 % of this technetium is in the strongly bound fraction. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra both demonstrated that no reduction of technetium occurred in the studied systems. The interaction of technetium with a composite material consisting of bentonite and activated carbon was studied at the first time. Effective technetium sorption was shown, with distribution coefficients (Kd) up to 740 cm3. g-1.

[Direct Molecular Fishing of Zinc-Dependent Protein Partners of Amyloid-beta 1-16 with the Taiwan (D7H) Mutation and Phosphorylated Ser8 Residue].

We previously showed that the metal-binding domain 1-16 of intact amyloid-beta (Aß) is involved in interactions with a number of proteins from the cytosolic fraction of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells in a zinc-dependent manner only. It is known that hereditary mutations in the Aß metal-binding domain (Aß(1-16)), which accelerate the development of Alzheimer's disease and post-translational modifications of amino acid residues, can significantly affect the domain's structure in the presence of zinc ions. In this work, using the molecular fishing methodology for Aß(l-16) isoforms with the Taiwanese mutation (D7H) and a phosphorylated Ser8 residue, proteins from the cytosol of SK-N-SH cells were found that are able to form zinc-dependent non-covalent complexes with these domains. The partner proteins identified for these isoforms differed from those for intact Aß(1-16). In contrast, the Aß(1-16) isoform with the English mutation (H6R) and the Aß(1-16) isoform containing both an isomerized Asp7 residue and phosphorylated Ser8 residue did not interact with cytosolic proteins. The results are useful for developing methods for rational modulation of protein-protein interactions involving natural isoforms of beta-amyloid, and also indicate the possible role of beta-amyloid with phosphorylated Ser8 as a molecule involved in normal physiological processes.

A simple kinetic parameter indicating the origin of the relaxations induced by point(-like) defects in metallic crystals and glasses.

Computer simulation shows that an increase of the volume V due to point defects in a simple metallic crystal (Al) and high entropy alloy (Fe20Ni20Cr20Co20Cu20) leads to a linear decrease of the shear modulus G. This diaelastic effect can be characterized by a single dimensionless parameter K = dln G/dln V. For dumbbell interstitials in single crystals K ≈ -30 while for vacancies the absolute K-value is smaller by an order of magnitude. In the polycrystalline state, K ≈ -20 but its the absolute value remains anyway 5-6 times larger than that for vacancies. The physical origin of this difference comes from the fact that dumbbell interstitials constitute elastic dipoles with highly mobile atoms in their nuclei and that is why produce much larger shear softening compared to vacancies. For simulated Al and high entropy alloy in the glassy state, K equals to -18 and -12, respectively. By the absolute magnitude, these values are by several times larger compared to the case of vacancies in the polycrystalline state of these materials. An analysis of the experimental data on isothermal relaxations of G as a function of V for six Zr-based metallic glasses tested at different temperatures shows that K is time independent and equals to ≈-43, similar to interstitials in single-crystals. It is concluded that K constitutes a important simple kinetic parameter indicating the origin of relaxations induced by point(-like) defects in the crystalline and glassy states.

Comparative Analysis of the Paracrine Action of Neuronal and Glial Progenitor Cells Derived from Induced Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

We performed comparative analysis of paracrine activity of neuronal and glial progenitors derived from induced pluripotent stem cells under conditions of hypoxia modeled by addition of cobalt dichloride. Neuronal and glial progenitors produced neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects on SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells in co-culture during the post-hypoxic recovery and reduced the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Moreover, they produced a neurotrophic effect and promote the formation and growth of neurites in neuroblastoma cells. The paracrine effect of glial progenitors was more pronounced, which can be explained by more intensive expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors in these cells.