[Forensic assessment of neck organs alterations in hanging depending on the noose position]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka izmenenii v organokomplekse shei pri poveshenii v zavisimosti ot polozheniya petli.

OBJECTIVE: To reveal statistical patterns in the localization of alterations in organs and tissues of the neck in hanging depending on the noose location. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study 222 forensic examination reports of corpses of those who died from hanging, conducted in the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of Moscow Oblast for 2019, were investigated. Standard methods of mathematical statistics, including Mann-Whitney U Test and the Fisher's Exact Test, were used for calculations. Sex and age characteristics of hanging cases were given. RESULTS: Retrospective statistical analysis has shown that the pattern of injuries revealed in organs and tissues of the neck both depends (in cases of Amussat's sign) and does not depend (in cases of hemorrhages in the legs of sternocleidomastoid muscle, fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, Martin's sign) on the noose position. CONCLUSION: The obtained results can be used to develop measures aimed at improving the quality of forensic examination of hanging cases.

[Forensic medical examination of the age of living persons in Russia: problematic aspects and solutions]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza po ustanovleniyu vozrasta zhivykh lits v Rossii: problemnye aspekty i puti resheniya.

The article presents the results of the study of quantitative indicators and analytical compilation of forensic medical expert practice data in terms of the age of living persons in Russia examination as a whole and in individual federal districts and subjects of Russia in the period from 2003 to 2021. It has been established that against the background of the rather low number of expert examinations, performed to determine the living persons age, there has been an increase in this indicator since 2018, mainly due to the Central Federal District. Regional differences in the studied indicators were identified. A systematic survey study of literature (electronic search of publications in PubMed, Science Direct Scopus and eLIBRARY databases) was conducted on the issue of forensic medical assessment of living persons' age, including the methodical support of this examination type, to form an idea of existing scientific clusters. Search modes allowed to form an array of 184 publications indexed in the database Scopus, PubMed, and 8 publications presented in Russian Science Citation Index. The study results were used as a predictor of the efficacy of the package of measures to modernize this type of expert study. The proposed set of measures to improve the scientific and methodical support of forensic medical examination for age establishment will optimize practical activities and increase the evidential efficacy of expert opinions.

[Forensic medical characteristic of prevalence and structure of sudden juveniles' death in Moscow Region and St. Petersburg]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti i struktury vnezapnoi smerti lits molodogo vozrasta v Moskovskoi oblasti i Sankt-Peterburge.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to compare the prevalence and structure of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of nonviolent death in Moscow Region as a representative of the large region and St. Petersburg as a city of federal importance. Frequency and structure of this parameter, as well as its dynamics were analyzed. The comparison of obtained results with data of Federal State Statistics Service was done. Nonparametric analysis of the initial data has been conducted. Clustering and visualization, based on the following parameters of initial sample, have been done: «death rate from CVD in the structure of nonviolent death¼, «morbidity rate¼, «incomes¼ and «unemployment rate¼. Correlation dependences between death rate from CVD according to the Form №42 and mentioned parameters of medical and social state of the subject have been determined. Dependences between sudden death rate from CDV and a number of medical and social parameters have been established.

[Main milestones of forensic ballistics history in Russia]. / Osnovnye vekhi istorii sudebno-meditsinskoi ballistiki v Rossii.

The purpose of the scientific work is to outline the main stages of the development of forensic examination of gunshot injuries in Russia. The analysis of the special literature from 1865 to the present time has demonstrated that the issue of forensic examination of gunshot injuries has been analyzed quite deeply by Russian forensic specialists. Meanwhile, expert practice sets forth tasks that are associated with the emergence of new firearm samples and new methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis.

[Forensic medical characteristics of the rate and structure of sudden death due to cardiovascular diseases in young residents of the Tula region]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti i struktury vnezapnoi smerti ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii sredi lits molodogo vozrasta v Tul'skoi oblasti.

The objective is to study the prevalence and rate of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death in people under 35 in the Tula region as a representative of a small region of the Russian Federation. A comparison with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service was made. The overall trend was determined. A non-parametric analysis of the initial data, clustering and visualization were performed based on the following parameters of the initial sample: «mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death,¼ «morbidity,¼ and «number of doctors in the region.¼ The correlation of mortality from CVD according to Form 42 and the specified indicators of the medical and social status of the region was determined. The relationship between the rate of CVD-related sudden death and specified medical and social indicators was established.

[Microcirculation in fractures of long bones of the lower extremity]. / Kharakteristika mikrotsirkulyatornogo rusla pri perelomakh dlinnykh trubchatykh kostei nizhnei konechnosti.

The study objective was to investigate soft tissue microcirculation in the area of a lower limb long bone fracture. We studied fractures of the lower limb long bones from 0 to 7 days of age in 17 males and 37 females. The mean age of patients was 57.33±2.53 years. Histological examination of soft tissues from the area of the lower limb long bone fracture and at the distance from the fracture was performed. Standard hematoxylin and eosin staining was used. The thickness and diameter of arterioles, venules, and capillaries were evaluated by morphometry of the sections made. The observed pattern reflects the response of the microcirculation of the soft tissues to the mechanical impact. The relative ratio of the artery diameter to the small-caliber vein diameter was 1.01±0.13, and the artery wall thickness to the vein wall thickness was 2.03±0.28, which can be considered a natural reaction of the microcirculation blood vessels to the mechanical impact in 1-1.5 weeks after the formed fracture of the lower limb long bone.

[Morphological features of skin injuries caused by conducted energy weapons (CEWs)]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti povrezhdenii kozhi, prichinennykh vystrelami iz distantsionnykh elektroshokovykh ustroistv.

The objective of the study is to identify, compare and analyze morphological features of skin injuries resulting from the experimental firing of various models of conducted energy weapons (CEWs) In the experimental study, the design features of the provided CEWs models and characteristics of skin injuries were studied using a simulator, a pig carcass, shot without a barrier point-blank, and at the distance of 0.5 cm, 5 cm, 50 cm, and 4.5 m. The results of expert and experimental studies showed differences in morphological features of skin lesions from two different CEW models with different designs. To make an objective expert conclusion on the kind of CEW used to damage the skin, distance, and angle to the target, it is necessary to perform appropriate experiments with at least two different models of these devices.

[Forensic medical characteristics of the prevalence of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti vnezapnoi smerti ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii v sub"ektakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

The purpose of the study is to study the prevalence and frequency of sudden death (SD) from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death, taking into account the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. We analyzed the frequency of this indicator, compared it with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, and determined the overall dynamics. We conducted a non-parametric analysis of the initial data, carried out clustering and visualization based on the following parameters of the initial sample: «CVD mortality in the structure of non-violent death¼, «morbidity¼ and «per capita income level¼. Correlation dependences of the level of mortality from CVD according to the form 42 on the indicated indicators of the socio-economic condition of the subject were determined. Identified subjects of the Russian Federation with an increase in mortality from CVD; established the dependence of the level of VS on CVD and a number of medical and economic indicators.

[Possibility of determining «Paradox¼ and «Lancaster¼ barrel boring type by human body gunshot wounds morphology and clothing defects]. / O vozmozhnosti sudebno-meditsinskoi diagnostiki tipa sverlovki kanala stvola «Paradox¼ i «Lancaster¼ po morfologii ognestrel'nykh ranenii tela cheloveka i povrezhdenii odezhdy.

In the specialized forensic medical literature there is no data that allow to reliably and objectively confirm application «Paradox¼ or «Lancaster¼ boring firearms to cause injury. This study analyzes the literature in order to determine the possibility of diagnosing these types of weapon's barrel boring by the morphology of injury. The results of the analysis demonstrate a high probability of barrel boring type distinctive features existing. In addition, has been found the opportunity to determine the type of bullet in the cartridge used to damage. Concluded that it is necessary to do an additional experimental research of the specified conditions for causing firearm injuries.

[Forensic examination of air gun dart wounds]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka ranenii drotikami, metaemymi iz dukhovykh ruzhei.

The objective was to study the mechanism of formation of experimental wounds of the human body dummy by 12 different types of common air gun darts. The impact of dart tips design features on macro- and microscopic morphological patterns of wounds was established; the description of further laboratory diagnostics of the wounds was provided.

[Increased quality and accessibility of all types of forensic examinations as a result of the implementation of the 'Modern model of organization and performance of forensic examinations in the Russian Federation']. / Povyshenie kachestva i dostupnosti vsekh vidov sudebno-meditsinskikh ekspertiz kak rezul'tat realizatsii «Sovremennoi modeli organizatsii i proizvodstva sudebno-meditsinskikh ekspertiz v Rossiiskoi Federatsii¼.

To date, there is a clear need to improve the physical resources and staffing of bureaus of forensic medicine (BFM), which do not fully correspond to the volume of forensic studies performed and current requirements for their quality and completeness. The objective of the study is to analyze the main performance indicators of BFM for the development of the main provisions of the 'Modern model of organization and performance of forensic examinations in the Russian Federation'. The detailed analysis made it possible to determine goals, objectives and targets for a set of measures to improve the forensic medical examination service of the Russian Federation.

[Analysis of rates of fatal blunt and sharp force trauma in the Russian Federation]. / Analiz pokazatelei smertel'noi travmy tupymi i ostrymi predmetami v Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

The objective of the work was to study the incidence of fatal blunt and sharp force trauma in the Russian Federation determined during forensic medical examinations (studies) of corpses over the period from 2003 to 2019. Medical statistics methods were used; percentages were calculated and the epidemiology and the trends of relative indicators of fatal trauma were determined. It was shown that in some regions of the Russian Federation, the relative rates of fatal trauma with blunt and sharp objects were significantly higher than the national averages.

[The current state of the issue on explosive injury]. / Sovremennoe sostoyanie voprosa vzryvnoi travmy.

The review summarizes and systematizes the literature data characterizing the forensic medical aspects in the complex assessment of injuries received because of the impact of damaging factors of explosion in different peacetime conditions. The current state of forensic-medical examination of the explosive trauma is considered; the problems are revealed and the perspective directions in their solution are outlined. The analysis of publications on the issue of forensic examination of blast trauma injuries has shown that a more detailed characterization is given in the domestic literature than in the foreign one. Further study of this problem will make it possible to determine the formation laws of injuries received in explosive trauma, the distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the position of the victims and conditions of body trauma in confined spaces, as well as to refine the classification of explosive trauma depending on the conditions and circumstances of the explosion.

[Adverse outcome in post-operative period (small-shot wound) from arrosive bleeding in forensic practice]. / Neblagopriyatnyi iskhod v posleoperatsionnom periode (ognestrel'noe ranenie drob'yu) ot arrozionnogo krovotecheniya v sudebno-meditsinskoi praktike.

The aim of this work is to draw the attention of forensic experts to the need to use new methodological approaches in postmortem morphological diagnostics of the lifetime injuries and the duration of death rate in forensic medical practice. A case of a fatal outcome from a small-shot gun wound complicated by arrosive bleeding in the postoperative period is considered. The missed opportunity to effectively use new methodological approaches in solving issues related to the completeness and timeliness of medical care is shown. The authors draw attention to the inadmissibility of using the nosological form with the code X94.9 ICD-10 «Attack by shooting from a small-shot gun¼ in the death certificate and suggest discussing the possibility to edit it for the 11th revision of the ICD.

[Morphological specific damage of clothing by shots from a smooth-bore hunting rifle with cartridges of multi shells from various distances]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti povrezhdenii odezhdy, prichinennykh vystrelami s razlichnykh rasstoyanii iz gladkostvol'nogo okhotnich'ego ruzh'ya patronami s polisnaryadami.

The aim of the work is to study the design features of cartridges with multi shells for a smooth-bore hunting rifle of 12 mm caliber and results of firing these cartridges from various distances. Were revealed the morphological signs and features of injuries to tissue targets hit from a distance of 5-40 m. Was argued a necessity to continue a comprehensive study of the issue with the subsequent development of criteria for differential diagnosis of this type of shot injuries.

[«Dieseling¼ of airguns as a factor in the differential diagnosis of pneumoshot and gunshot damage]. / «Dizelirovanie¼ pnevmaticheskogo oruzhiya kak faktor differentsial'noi diagnostiki pnevmostrel'nogo i ognestrel'nogo kharaktera povrezhdenii.

The purpose of study is an objective solution to the issue of gunshot nature of the injury and its differential diagnosis from other injuries caused, for example, by shots from airguns. 11 objective morphological signs of firearms were established (X1-11), which allow categorically solving the question of gunshot nature of the injury and its difference from damage caused, for example, by shots from airguns. The phenomenon of "dieseling" of airguns is considered as a factor in the differential diagnosis of pneumoshot and gunshot injuries.

[Methodological analysis of basic concepts and terms used in forensic medical ballistics and most frequently common mistakes]. / Metodologicheskii analiz osnovnykh poniatii i terminov, ispol'zuemykh v sudebno-meditsinskoi ballistike, i naibolee chasto vstrechaiushchiesia pri ikh primenenii oshibki.

The objective of this work was to determine the reasons and to find the ways to prevent common mistakes in using conceptual and terminology framework in forensic medical ballistics. Basic research and dissertation papers, practice guidelines and textbooks, educational learning materials, as well as conceptual and terminology frameworks of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation had been analyzed. The study outcomes make it possible for a forensic medical expert to use basic definitions and terms of forensic medical ballistics in his/her practice methodologically correctly and in a well-argued manner, to reduce dramatically or completely exclude a possibility of expert's mistakes, to formulate reliable and sound conclusions upon the fact and conditions of a firearm use and upon a concrete mechanism of a gunshot wound formation in general.

[Peculiar features of experimental damages on fabric targets caused by ricocheted bullets fired from a smooth-bore hunting gun]. / Osobennosti éksperimental'nykh povrezhdenii tkannykh ob''ektov-mishenei, prichinennykh rikoshetirovavshimi puliami, vystreliannymi iz gladkostvol'nogo okhotnich'ego oruzhiia.

The objective of work was to study experimentally gunshot damages on fabric targets caused by ricocheted 'Poleva 2' bullets (12/70) fired from a smooth-bore hunting gun. An ultraconcrete plate fixed in a special uniquely designed installation was used as a barrier. During the experiments, the authors changed the angle of incidence between the bullet and the barrier, as well as the distance between the barrier and the target. The authors have determined relationships of the formation and objective signs of gunshot damages dependent upon the parameters and conditions of firing shorts.

[Feasibility study of the 3D-microscopic modeling method during the course of medical and forensic examinations of gunshot wounds]. / Vozmozhnosti primeneniia metoda 3D-mikroskopicheskogo modelirovaniia v khode proizvodstva mediko-kriminalisticheskikh ékspertiz ognestrel'noi travmy.

Presents the possibilities, as well as an example of the practical application, of the 3D-microscopic modeling method in forensic medicine when conducting medical forensic studies of a patch of skin with a bullet hole wound.

[Placental morphometric characteristics in women who have experienced mono- and mixed viral respiratory infections during pregnancy]. / Morfometricheskaia kharakteristika platsenty u zhenshchin, perenesshikh mono- i mikstvirusnuiu respiratornuiu infektsiiu v period beremennosti.

OBJECTIVE: To study placental morphometric parameters in women who have experienced mono- and mixed viral respiratory infections during pregnancy. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Three groups of placentas were studied. Group 1 consisted of 25 placentas from women with physiological pregnancy; Group 2 included 25 placentas from those who had experienced parainfluenza type 3; and Group 3 comprised 25 placentas from those who had mixed respiratory viral infection (parainfluenza type 3 concurrent with influenza A (H3N2)) in the second trimester of pregnancy. The weight of the placenta and its morphometric parameters were determined on hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections using a square multifaceted stereometric grid placed in the microscopic eyepiece (magnification 15×20). RESULTS: Group 3 versus Group 2 exhibited a reduction in placental weights along with an increase in the stroma, fibrinoid around the villi and in the stroma, pseudonecroses, calcification, intermediate immature villi, small avascular villi, and hemorrhages in the intervillous space and a decrease the volume of the circulatory bed. CONCLUSION: In women in the second trimester of pregnancy, mixed viral respiratory infection has a more pronounced negative impact on the formation of the placenta.