[Cognitive consequences of COVID-19]. / Kognitivnaya disfunktsiya pri COVID-19.

An analysis of foreign publications illustrates changes in ideas about the etiology, pathogenesis, target organs, leading pathophysiological syndromes and clinical manifestations of nervous system damage in COVID-19 over 2.5 years of the pandemic. It has been demonstrated that, according to modern concepts, COVID-19 is considered as a pathology with a tendency to multiple organ damage, where the symptoms of damage to the nervous system not only determine the severity of the course of the disease, but also indirectly affect the development of severe somatic manifestations, such as distress syndrome. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of publications summarizing the available data on the frequency of cognitive deficit in the acute period of COVID-19 and in the post-COVID period, risk factors, recovery prospects. Putative mechanisms underlying cognitive deficit in COVID-19 are considered. Despite a significant number of observations and publications, many mechanisms of nervous system damage in COVID-19 and the selectivity of the cognitive deficit pattern remain unexplored. In modern publications, there is no information and long term forecast of the cognitive state dynamics, which is an important argument in favor of the need to continue research.

Sleep Disorders in Patients after COVID-19.

Healthy sleep is required to ensure the body's homeostatic stability, the consistency of immunological reactions, and optimum functioning of the internal organs, the nervous system, and cognitive functions. Patterns of changes to the circadian rhythms have been studied in many diseases, though infection with SARS-CoV-2 is a new reality and the basic mechanisms of functioning of the body in this pathology require deeper investigation. Despite the difficulty of analytical investigations in pandemic conditions, experience of the diagnosis of COVID-19 has now been acquired and treatment algorithms have been developed for different clinical situations; vaccines have been developed. Least studied are questions of the long-term sequelae of COVID-19. At the same time, there are good grounds for suggesting that patients need long-term rehabilitation in the post-covid period of SARS-CoV-2, for reasons including damage to the nervous system. Analysis of publications - from descriptions of clinical cases to literature reviews - allows empirical experience to be accumulated, providing the opportunity for future identification of prognostic markers for the disease for effective prevention of long-term sequelae. The results of current prospective studies draw attention to the occurrence of dyssomnia and obstructive sleep apnea not only as a common consequence of coronavirus infection, but also as a factor significantly worsening the prognosis in the acute period of illness. It has repeatedly been shown that sleep deprivation has adverse influences on the body's resistance, including to SARS-CoV-2, and requires correction to improve prognoses in the acute and long-term periods of illness in COVID-19 patients.

[Sleep Disorders in Patients After COVID-19]. / Rasstroistva sna u patsientov, perenesshikh COVID-19.

Healthy sleep is necessary to ensure the stability of the body's homeostasis, the consistency of immunological reactions, the optimal functioning of internal organs, the nervous system, and cognitive functions. The patterns of changes in circadian rhythms have been studied in many diseases, however, SARS-CoV-2 infection is a new reality, and the basic mechanisms of the body's functioning in this pathology require in-depth study. Despite the complexity of analytical work in a pandemic, experience in diagnosing COVID-19 has already been accumulated, treatment algorithms have been developed in various clinical situations, and vaccines have been developed. The least studied issues are the long-term consequences of COVID-19. At the same time, there is every reason to believe that patients need long-term rehabilitation in the «postcovid period¼ of SARS-CoV-2, including due to damage to the nervous system. Analysis of publications, from descriptions of clinical cases to literature reviews, allows us to accumulate empirical experience, which will make it possible in the future to establish markers of prognosis of the disease for effective prevention of long-term consequences. The results of current prospective studies draw attention to the presence of dyssomnias and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome not only as a frequent consequence of the postponed coronavirus infection, but also as a factor that significantly worsens the prognosis in the acute period of the disease. It has been repeatedly established that sleep deprivation adversely affects the body's resistance, including to SARS-CoV-2, and requires adjustment to improve the prognosis in the acute and long-term periods of the disease in patients with COVID-19.

[Cone-beam computed tomography in paleoanthropology].

OBJECTIVE: To study the capabilities of cone-bean computed tomography (CBCT) in estimating the bone structure when analyzing anthropological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four bone fragments (remains) of Napoléon Bonaparte Imperial Army soldiers who had died at a Königsberg military hospital during their retreat from Russia in the War of 1812 were examined by CBCT. A total of 28 tubular bones with different injury healing signs and a skull with maxillofacial trauma marks were investigated. Furthermore, an object from D.G. Rokhlin's paleopathological collection was used to analyze a complicated humeral infectious process. CBCT was performed by individually selecting the scanning foldings, physicotechnical conditions and regimens in relation to the anatomic location and size of fragments. RESULTS: Processing of the obtained images reveled fractures of different bones in 19 (65.5%) cases. The signs of ununited fractures were visualized in 20.7% of the samples. Image post-processing showed intraarticular consolidated fractures in 13.8% of the anthropological findings. The CBCT examination of bone fragments exhibited the signs of their fusion. A wound pattern was established in 31% of the samples. The specific features of a bone amputation stump could be characterized in detail in 17.2% of the anthropological findings. 51.7% of the cases were found to have signs of sustained bone inflammatory diseases of various genesis, which in 41.4% of them were presented by linear, bulbar, and assimilated periostal reactions and significantly detectable on CBCT scans. Sequestral cavities were imaged in 31% of the fragments. CONCLUSION: The CBCT images are characterized by high informative value (from 7.5 to 10.6 pixels/mm), optimal spatial resolution, definition, and hardness. The software of CBCT involves the parameters and possible postprocessing of images (building of panoramic and mulplanar reconstructions, assessment of the density characteristics of tissues), which allow an analysis of anthropological material, by needlessly destroying them.